Define PR? Explain different stages of pattern recognition?

Pattern Recognition (PR) is the process of identifying or Define dimensionality reduction? Why do we reduce dimension of
classifying objects, patterns, or signals based on their features feature vectors?
and regularities. It is a key area in machine learning, computer Dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the number of
vision, and data analysis, enabling systems to recognize and features (or dimensions) in a dataset while preserving as much of
interpret data from the real world. the relevant information as possible.
Stages of Pattern Recognition: The pattern recognition process We reduce the dimensions of feature vectors to:
can be broken down into the following stages: *Simplify data visualization and interpretation.
Sensing (Data Acquisition) Objective: Collect raw data from *Remove noise and redundant features.
sensors or data sources. *Improve computational efficiency.
3. Feature Extraction - Objective: Identify and extract *Prevent overfitting in machine learning models.
meaningful features or attributes from the data that help
differentiate between patterns.
Classification/Decision Making- Objective: Use extracted Define classification? Explain different classification tasks?
features to assign the input to one of the predefined categories or Classification is a supervised learning task where a model predicts
classes. the category of input data.
Postprocessing - Objective: Refine and interpret the output of the Types of Classification Tasks
classification stage. 1. Binary Classification: Two classes (e.g., spam vs. not
Evaluation- Objective: Assess the performance of the pattern spam).
recognition system. 2. Multiclass Classification: More than two classes (e.g., fruit
types).
Explain any two real time examples of pattern recognition? 3. Multilabel Classification: Multiple labels per instance
Facial Recognition in Security Systems (e.g., tags for a news article).
Use Case: Unlocking devices, identifying individuals in 4. Imbalanced Classification: Uneven class distribution (e.g.,
surveillance footage, or granting access to secure areas. fraud detection).
How It Works: 5. Ordinal Classification: Ordered classes (e.g., ratings: poor,
Data Acquisition:: A camera captures an image or video of a good, excellent).
face.
Preprocessing::- The system adjusts the image for lighting, scales
it to a standard size, and aligns facial features.
Real-World Examples: Explain the importance of vector, matrix and tensor at feature
*Apple Face ID: Unlocking iPhones using 3D facial recognition. extraction process?
*CCTV Surveillance: Identifying persons of interest in public Importance of Vectors, Matrices, and Tensors in Feature
places. Extraction
Spam Email Detection Vector: Represents individual data points (e.g., pixel intensity,
Use Case: Filtering unwanted or malicious emails in email numerical features) and enables calculations like distance and
inboxes (e.g., Gmail, Outlook). transformation.
How It Works: Matrix: Organizes multiple data points, used for linear
Data Acquisition::- Incoming emails are collected along with transformations, dimensionality reduction (e.g., PCA), and image
metadata (sender, subject, body content). data representation.
Preprocessing::- Text from emails is cleaned by removing stop Tensor: Handles high-dimensional data (e.g., videos, 3D images),
words, punctuation, and irrelevant characters. essential for deep learning and convolution operations.
Real-World Examples:Google Gmail: Uses machine learning to
filter 99.9% of spam emails.
Outlook's Focused Inbox: Prioritizes legitimate emails over
potential spam
How do you define similarity between two feature
vectors? Explain any one technique to analysis the
distance between two features vectors.
Define features? Explain different types of learning mechanism to Defining Similarity
extract features automatically? Similarity between feature vectors measures how
Features are individual measurable properties or characteristics of
data that are used as inputs for machine learning models. They close they are, often using distance metrics.
help the model identify patterns or make predictions. Euclidean Distance
Types of Learning Mechanisms to Extract Features Formula: d(A,B)=∑i=1n(ai−bi)2d
Automatically:
Supervised Learning::*Uses labeled data to learn features that
Steps:
correlate with output labels.*Example: CNNs in image *Subtract corresponding elements of the vectors.
classification. *Square the differences, sum them up, and take the
Unsupervised Learning::: *Uses unlabeled data to discover square root.
patterns or structures.*Example: PCA for dimensionality
reduction. Use:
Self-Supervised Learning::*The model generates its own labels) Common in clustering (e.g., K-means) and
…*Example: BERT for text learning by predicting masked words. nearest-neighbor tasks.
Semi-Supervised Learning:*Combines both labeled and Effective with normalized data.
unlabeled data to learn features.*Example: Speech recognition
systems using a mix of labeled and unlabeled audio.