Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

Procedure Oriented Programming gives importance to ...........

1. Instructions only ✓
2. Instructions and data
3. Data only
4. None of these

Explanation

As Procedure Oriented Programming follows Top-down

approach so the focus is on the steps or instructions to solve a
problem.

Question 2

Procedure Oriented Programming mainly uses ...........

1. Top-down approach ✓
2. Top-down and bottom-up approach
3. Bottom-up approach
4. None of these

Explanation

In Top-down approach, we first list down the main steps

involved in solving a problem. After that we break up each of
those steps into their sub-steps and so on. This is similar to
Procedure Oriented Programming where we first write a main
function and then call sub-functions from the main function to

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 perform each of these steps.

Question 3

Object Oriented Programming mainly uses ...........

1. Top-down approach
2. Top-down and bottom-up approach
3. Bottom-up approach ✓
4. None of these

Explanation

In Bottom-up approach to programming, the smallest

individual parts of the system are first identified and specified
in detail. These individual parts are then linked together to
form larger and larger components until the entire program is
ready. Object Oriented Programming follows bottom-up
approach because in OOP we first identify the smallest parts of
the program i.e. the objects. We then combine these objects to
develop the complete program.

Question 4

An object belonging to a particular class is known as a/an ........... of

that class.

1. Interface
2. Instance ✓
3. Alias
4. Member

Explanation

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 The terms object and instance are often interchangeable.

Question 5

Objects that share the same attributes and behaviour are grouped
together into a/an ...........

1. Interface
2. Instance
3. Alias
4. Class ✓

Explanation

A class is a template or blueprint for multiple objects with

similar features and maybe regarded as a specification for
creating similar objects.

Question 6

........... is the technique of binding both data and functions together

to keep them safe from unauthorised access and misuse.

1. Abstraction
2. Inheritance
3. Encapsulation ✓
4. Polymorphism

Explanation

This is the definition of Encapsulation.

Question 7

........... refers to the act of representing essential features without

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 including the background details.

1. Abstraction ✓
2. Inheritance
3. Encapsulation
4. Polymorphism

Explanation

This is the definition of Abstraction.

Question 8

........... is the feature by means of which one class acquires the

properties of another class.

1. Abstraction
2. Inheritance ✓
3. Encapsulation
4. Polymorphism

Explanation

This is the definition of Inheritance.

Question 9

The ability of a function or object to take on multiple forms is called

...........

1. Abstraction
2. Inheritance
3. Encapsulation
4. Polymorphism ✓

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 Explanation

This is the definition of Polymorphism.

Question 10

The term OOP stands for

1. Object Oriented Procedure

2. Object Oriented Packet
3. Object Oriented Programming ✓
4. Object Orientation Procedure

Explanation

Short form of Object Oriented Programming is OOP

State whether the given statements are True

or False
Question 1

Low-level languages are closer to computer hardware.

True

Question 2

In a procedural language, code and data are held separately.

True

Question 3

In object-oriented programming, code and data are held separately.

False

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 Question 4

Wrapping up data and related functions in a single unit represents

encapsulation.
True

Question 5

The object is also known as an instance.

True

Question 6

The class that is derived from another class is called a superclass.

False

Question 7

Classes can be derived from other classes.

True

Question 8

Inheritance allows a class to acquire the properties of another class.

True

Question 9

A class is a blueprint for the attributes and behaviours of a group of

objects.
True

Question 10

Objects from the same class do not share the same definition of

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 attributes and behaviours.
False

Assignment Questions
Question 1

What are programming languages? Describe the various

generations of programming languages.

Answer

A Programming Language is a set of commands and syntax used to

create a computer program. The various generations of
programming languages are:

1. First Generation Programming Language — Machine

language is the first-generation programming language (1GL).
It is made up of binary number 0 (Zero) and 1 (One) so
instructions in Machine language are sequences of zeros and
ones. It is a low-level language.
2. Second Generation Programming Language — Assembly
language is second-generation language (2GL). It uses
symbolic operations called mnemonics instead of binary digits
that can have up to maximum of five letters. Assembly
language is also a low-level language.
3. Third Generation Programming Language — A third-
generation language (3GL) is close to English in vocabulary.
These languages are easier to read and require less time to
write programs. Third-generation programming languages are
high-level programming languages, such as FORTRAN, Java,
C, and C++.
4. Fourth Generation Programming Language — A fourth-

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 generation language (4GL) is closer to a natural language (for
example, English) than a third- generation language. These
languages are non-procedural. It means that the programmer
specifies what is required as opposed to how it is to be done.
Database languages such as Structured Query Language
(SQL), report generators such as Oracle Reports, and Python
are examples of fourth-generation languages.
5. Fifth Generation Programming Language — A fifth-
generation language (5GL) is designed to solve a given
problem using constraints given to the program, rather than
using an algorithm written by a programmer. The fifth-
generation languages are mainly used in Artificial Intelligence.
Smalltalk, Prolog, and Mercury are good examples of the fifth-
generation languages.

Question 2

What are programming paradigms? Briefly explain two popular

programming paradigms.

Answer

A programming paradigm is an approach or style of programming

that is used to classify programming languages. Each programming
language uses one or more programming paradigms. Two popular
programming paradigms are:

1. Procedure Oriented Programming — In this programming

paradigm, a complex programming problem is solved by
dividing it into smaller problems using functions (or
procedures).
2. Object Oriented Programming — In this programming
paradigm, data and functions are wrapped into a single unit.

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 Question 3

What are the characteristics of procedural programming?

Answer

The characteristics of procedural programming are:

1. Procedural programming follows a top-down approach.

2. The program is divided into blocks of codes called functions,
where each function performs a specific task.
3. Procedural programs model real-world processes as
'procedures' operating on 'data'.
4. The data and functions are detached from each other.
5. The data moves freely in a program.
6. It is easy to follow the logic of a program.
7. A function can access other function's data by calling that
function.

Question 4

What are the limitations of procedural programming?

Answer

The limitations of procedural programming are:

1. Procedural programming mainly focuses on procedures or

functions. Less attention is given to the data.
2. The data and functions are separate from each other.
3. Global data is freely moving and is shared among various
functions. Thus, it becomes difficult for programmers to
identify and fix issues in a program that originate due to
incorrect data handling.

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 4. Changes in data types need to be carried out manually all over
the program and in the functions using the same data type.
5. Limited and difficult code reusability.
6. It does not model real-world entities (e.g., car, table, bank
account, loan) very well where we as a human being, perceive
everything as an object.
7. The procedural programming approach does not work well for
large and complex systems.

Question 5

Write a short note on Object Oriented Programming.

Answer

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm

which revolves around the behaviour of an object, and its
interactions with other objects and classes. In OOP, the program is
organised around data or objects rather than functions or
procedures. It follows the design principles of Data Abstraction,
Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.

Question 6

Explain the phrase, "Everything is an object".

Answer

The world around us is made up of objects such as people,

vehicles, buildings, streets, mobiles, television, etc. Each of these
objects has the ability to perform specific actions and each of these
actions influences the other objects in some way or the other. The
objects around us can be divided into the following categories:

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 1. Tangible Objects — These are the objects that we can see
and touch. For example, chair, pen, book, door, etc.

2. Conceptual Objects — These objects exists as a conceptual

entity that we cannot touch. We may or may not be able to see
them. For example, an email, a bank account, a song, patents,
etc.

3. Roles — Roles played by people, such as a student, a teacher

or a clerk.

4. Events — An event is something occurring in a system or an

organisation. For example, a sale or a purchase in a
departmental store, someone's birthday, etc.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of object-oriented programming?

Answer

The characteristics of object-oriented programming are:

1. It follows a bottom-up approach.

2. The program resulting from object-oriented programming is a
collection of objects. Each object has its own data and a set
of operations.
3. OOP restricts the free movement of data and the functions
that operate on it.
4. A properly defined class can be reused, giving way to code
reusability.
5. The concept of object-oriented programming models real-
world entities very well.

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 6. Due to its object-oriented approach, it is extremely useful in
solving complex problems.

Question 8

What are the limitations of object-oriented programming?

Answer

Limitations of object-oriented programming:

1. The size of the programs created using this approach may

become larger than the programs written using procedure-
oriented programming approach.
2. Software developed using this approach requires a substantial
amount of pre-work and planning.
3. OOP code is difficult to understand if you do not have the
corresponding class documentation.
4. In certain scenarios, these programs can consume a large
amount of memory.

Question 9

What do you mean by Abstraction? Give suitable examples.

Answer

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features

without including the background details. For example, a building
can be viewed as a single component (e.g., hospital) rather than
separate components like cement, bricks, and rods. Abstraction is
relative to the perspective of the viewer.

Question 10

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 Differentiate between the Owner's and the Vet's perspective in
Figure 1.24

Answer

From the viewpoint of the dog's owner, the things that are essential
for the dog are his favorite food, the colour of his food bowl, his
favorite game that he enjoys playing with his owner, his preferred
time for walk, etc. From the viewpoint of the dog's vet (doctor for
animals), the important things about the dog are whether the dog's
body functions are normal or not to ensure that the dog is healthy.
Like this, there can be two abstractions for the dog — one for the
dog's owner and the other for the dog's vet.

Question 11

Differentiate between the Car Mechanic's and Car Driver's

perspective in Figure 1.25

Answer

From the viewpoint of the driver, a car is one single object. It can be
operated using gears, indicators, accelerator, brake, etc. The driver
doesn't need to know or understand the internal mechanisms of
how these components actually work. From the viewpoint of the
mechanic, it is important for him to understand how the internal
mechanisms like gears, indicators, accelerator, brake, etc. actually
work so that they can identify and fix issues with the cars. For a
mechanic, each car part is a single object.

Question 12

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 Explain the term Encapsulation using appropriate examples.

Answer

Encapsulation is a mechanism that binds together code and the

data it manipulates. It keeps them both safe from the outside world,
preventing any unauthorised access or misuse. Only member
methods, which are wrapped inside the class, can access the data
and other methods. For example, an ATM contains different
denominations of currency notes and it provides a set operations to
the user to withdraw money. The different denominations of
currency notes is the data, the set of operations are the methods
and the ATM encapsulates them into a single unit enabling us to
withdraw cash conveniently.

Question 13

Provide real-life examples to explain the term, Inheritance.

Answer

To explain Inheritance, let's take the example of traffic on the road.

This traffic has some commonalities. It consists of things that can
move on the road and transport people and goods from one place
to another. We call these things vehicles. These vehicles differ from
each other in certain aspects like whether it transports passengers
or goods, how many passengers it can accommodate at a time,
whether it is a two-wheeler or four-wheeler, etc. So, we have
different types of vehicles like Cars, Bikes, Scooters, Auto rickshaw,
Buses, Trucks, etc. We can represent this traffic using Inheritance
as shown below. Here, Vehicle is the base class having the common
characteristics and behaviours of all Vehicles. Then we have Car,
Bike, Bus, Truck as subclasses of Vehicles.

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 Question 14

Polymorphism means different forms. Explain Polymorphism in Java

and provide examples to support your answer.

Answer

Polymorphism is the ability of a method or an object to take on

multiple forms. In OOP, polymorphism allows an operation to exhibit
different behaviour in different instances. The behaviour depends
upon the type of data used in the operation. For example, consider
the operation of addition. For two numbers, the operation will
generate a sum. If the operands are strings, then the operation
would produce a third string by concatenation.

Question 15

Write a short note on the principles of Object Oriented

Programming.

Answer

There are four principles of Object Oriented Programming:

1. Data Abstraction — It refers to the act of representing

essential features without including the background details.
2. Encapsulation — It is a mechanism that binds the data and
code (functions) together into a single unit.
3. Inheritance — It is a powerful mechanism by which one class
acquires the properties of another class.
4. Polymorphism — It is the ability of a function or object to take
on multiple forms.

Question 16

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 Explain the difference between Inheritance and Encapsulation with
suitable examples.

Answer

Encapsulation is a mechanism that binds together code and the

data it manipulates whereas Inheritance is the mechanism by which
a class acquires the properties and methods of another class. An
ATM binding together the different denominations of currency
notes and all the operations required to withdraw cash is an
example of Encapsulation. Classifying Vehicles as Car, Bike, Bus,
Truck, etc. is an example of Inheritance.

Question 17

What are the differences between Procedural Programming and

Object-oriented Programming?

Answer

Procedural Programming Object-Oriented Programming

Follows a top-down approach Follows a bottom-up approach
Instruction Oriented Data Oriented
The abstraction is at The abstraction is at object (class)
procedure (function) level. level.
The sequence of events in a
large program is divided into Entire program is divided into objects.
functions.
Interaction with program is via Interaction with program is via
direct function calls. functions defined in the class only.
Real world is represented by Real world is represented by objects
'procedures' operating on and the operations that can be
data. performed on these objects.

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 Data and functions are Data and functions are encapsulated
separate. into a single unit.
Data security is less as it
It is more secure as one of its primary
contains lesser features to
features include data hiding.
protect the data.
A function can access any Only the data whose access has been
other function's data by calling granted can be accessed by another
that function. function.
Limited and difficult code
Versatile and easy code reusability.
reusability.
Code is difficult to modify, Code is easy to modify, extend and
extend and maintain. maintain.
Some examples of Procedural
Some examples of Object Oriented
Programming languages are C,
languages are C++, Java, C#.
COBOL, Pascal.

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