Module 4:
STOICHIOMETRY
Carreon, Angelique
Daynolo, Joanne Samantha
Delgado, Leah Cris
De Gracia, Dominique Izze
De La Cruz, Ysabel
In this experiment, we are to
investigate the composition of substances
Introduction
and quantities of materials consumed and
produced in chemical reactions. The first
part of the experiment covers the
Composition Stoichiometry, wherein, the
formula of a compound from an
experimental data is determined. The
second part covers the Reaction
Stoichiometry, wherein, the amount of
reactant needed or amount of product
formed during the reaction is calculated.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Apparatus Chemicals
1 unit Analytical Balance 0.5 g Copper wire/turnings
1 unit Drying Oven 5 mL Concentrated nitric acid
2 pcs 100 mL Beaker 20 mL 6M Sodium hydroxide
1 pc 25 mL Graduated Cylinder 3g Sodium bicarbonate
1 unit Hot Plate 1 mL Methyl orange indicator
1pc Funnel 15 mL 6M Hydrochloric acid
1pc Funnel Holder
1 pc Watch Glass
Experimental Procedure
A. Composition Stoichiometry
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Recording of the Weighing to record the Addition of 5 mL
mass of a piece of exact mass of polished concentrated nitric acid
filter paper with an piece of copper wire with to the beaker with copper
identifying mark. steel wool or sandpaper, wire to the hood, until the
then to be placed in a formation of nitric oxide
100-mL beaker. has stopped and the
solution is deep blue.
Experimental Procedure
A. Composition Stoichiometry
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
Addition of 20 mL of Making of copper oxide Using the pre-weighed
6M sodium hydroxide through placement of the filter paper in step 1,
solution to this solution solution on a warm hot filter the solution. Rinse
and stir. The solution plate, and stir with the beaker and the filter
may be removed from heating for a few paper until transfer is
the hood when minutes. complete and no residue
precipitate is visible. is left.
Experimental Procedure
A. Composition Stoichiometry
Step 7 Step 8 Step 9
Weighing again the Determining the mass of
Determining the formula
dried filter paper with copper oxide made from
of copper oxide with the
sample on a watch the combined mass of
use the initial mass of
glass using the drying paper and sample.
copper and the final mass
oven.
of copper oxide.
Experimental Procedure
B. Reaction Stoichiometry
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Determining the Addition of 2 drops
Recording the Dissolving the
mass of a clean of bromothymol
combined mass NaHCO3 by
and dry 50-mL blue indicator.
of beaker and 2 swirling the
beaker. Formation of blue
grams of beaker with an
colored solution
NaHCO3. additional 5 mL
indicates a basic
water.
solution.
Experimental Procedure
B. Reaction Stoichiometry
Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8
Calculation of the
Addition of 3M Heating the Computation of the
theoretical yield of
hydrochloric mixture in the mass of the residue
the product and
acid to the hot plate by difference of
the percentage
solution in the moderately until measured beaker
yield.
beaker in a only a dry and the residue at
careful manner. residue is left. room temperature.
Results and Discussion
I. Composition Stoichiometry
(a) Mass of copper used 0.463 grams
(b) Mass of filter paper 1.356 grams
(c) Mass of filter paper + copper oxide 1.938 grams
(d) Mass of copper oxide (= c - b) 0.582 grams
(e) Mass of oxygen combined (= d - a) 0.119 grams
I. Composition Stoichiometry
Element Mass Atomic Mass Mole Mole Ratio Formula
Cu (a) 0.463 grams 63.55 amu 7.29x10-3 mol 1:1 CuO
O (e) 0.119 grams 16 amu 7.44x10-3 mol 1:1
● Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 is a
balanced equation for the formation of copper (II)
hydroxide from copper (II) nitrate and sodium
hydroxide using double replacement reaction.
● Cu(OH)2(s) → CuO(s) + H2O(l) is a balanced
equation for the formation of copper (II) oxide
from copper (II) hydroxide using decomposition
reaction.
● The ratio of copper to oxygen will thus be falsely
low if the copper oxide and filter paper are not
completely dried.
II. Reaction Stoichiometry
Mass of 50 mL beaker + NaHCO3 30.72 grams
Mass of 50 mL beaker (empty) 28.72 grams
Mass of NaHCO3 2.00 grams
Mass of 50 mL beaker + residue 29.98 grams
Mass of the residue (Actual Yield) 1.26 grams
Theoretical Yield (Calculated) 1.39 grams
Percentage Yield 90.65%
● The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of NaHCO3 and HCl is
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O.
● The residue left in the beaker is 1.26 grams. The limiting reagent is
NaHCO3 and the excess reagent is HCl.
● We obtained a lesser percentage than 100% yield since the actual yield
was less than the theoretical yield. The possible sources of error could
be random due to indifference in measurement, unintentional human
error, faulty equipment and its management, or might be the competing
reactions.
Conclusion
Based on the first experiment, the product copper (II) hydroxide is
produced and that the amount of copper in the compound is higher
than the amount of oxygen. In the second experiment, the actual
amount of NaHCO3 produced is much smaller than what is expected to
be produced. This means that there are factors affecting the production
of NaHCO3 in the experiment, thus, the amount of product calculated
does not match the amount of product produced in real life.
