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11 views22 pages

1advance Wireless Networks-Introduction

Uploaded by

khansanadeem44
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advance Wireless Networks

Dr. Zara Hamid


Goal of this course
• Broad coverage of key areas
• Very brief coverage of Physical Layer
• Emphasis on 2nd and 3rd layer
• Emphasis on current and future/upcoming wireless networks
▫ Students should have selected their research area by the end of this
course
• Less reliance on text book and more on independent reading and
reviewing research papers
• Read ,write, read, write and write…….. (you cannot escape writing at
graduate level)
• Build research techniques
Course Outline
• Introduction to wireless networks
• Medium Access Control Layer
▫ 802.11
▫ 802.15
• Ad hoc networks
▫ Routing protocols for ad hoc networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks
▫ Routing and MAC protocols for sensor networks
• Cross-layer protocols for sensor networks
• Information Centric Networks
Grading

• Project (Review paper) 20%


• Presentations 05%
• Mid Term 50%
Text Books
• Will not follow a particular text book.
• All research papers, book and other tutorials
discussed in lecture will be available on drop box
Project Requirements
• Recent developments – last 5 years
• Comprehensive surveys, technical papers, Industrial
Standards…..
• No plagiarism or copyright violations
▫ Redraw figure
▫ Express/summarize all ideas in your own words
• The paper needs to include the following sections
▫ Introduction
▫ Requirements & Challenges
▫ Literature Review
 Detailed description of each protocol/scheme
 Tables summarizing the parameters/features and requirements
that existing protocols fulfill
▫ Discussion
▫ Conclusion & Future Work
Top cited articles
• A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud
computing
• A survey on coverage and connectivity issues in wireless sensor
networks
• Trust mechanisms in wireless sensor networks: Attack analysis and
countermeasures
• A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor
networks
• A systematic review on clustering and routing techniques based
upon LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks
• A survey on vehicular cloud computing
• Real-time data management on wireless sensor networks: A survey
• Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead
• Software-Defined Networking: Challenges and research
opportunities for Future Internet
• SoftAir: A software defined networking architecture for 5G wireless
systems
Top Wireless Research Area Today
• Information Centric Networks (Future Internet)
• Internet of Things
• Vehicular Networks
• Sensor and Actuator Networks
▫ Under water sensor networks
• Cognitive Sensor Networks
• Software Defined Networks
• Delay Tolerant Networks
Task 1
• Select an area of interest
• Choose 3 recent survey/review papers in the
selected area.
Introduction
• Wireless stations, or nodes, communicate over a wireless medium
▫ Networks operating under infrastructure mode e.g., 802.11, 802.16,
Cellular networks
▫ Networks operating with limited or no infrastructural support e.g., ad
hoc networks in AODV mode
• Security threats are imminent due to the open nature of
communication
▫ Two main issues: authentication and privacy
▫ Other serious issues: denial-of-service
• A categorization is required to understand the issues in each
situation.
Why use wireless communication

• Provides mobility
▫ A user can send or receive a message no matter where he or
she is located
• Added convenience/reduced cost
• Enables communication without installing an expensive
infrastructure
• Can easily set-up temporary LANs
▫ Disaster situations
􀂄

▫ Office moves
• Developing nations utilize cellular telephony rather than
laying twisted-pair wires to each home
• Only use resources when sending or receiving a signal
How is wireless different from wired

• Noisy, time-varying channel


▫ BER varies by orders of magnitude
▫ Environmental conditions affect transmission
• Shared medium
▫ Other users create interference
▫ Must develop ways to share the channel
• Bandwidth is limited
Introduction

• Fixed Infrastructure
▫ Base stations that are typically not resource
constrained.
▫ Examples: sensor networks, and cellular networks.
▫ Mobility of nodes but not of base stations.
Introduction

• Ad hoc wireless networks Image from


www.microsoft.com
▫ No infrastructural support.
▫ Nodes also double up as routers.
▫ Mobility of nodes.
▫ Examples laptops/cellphones operating in ad hoc
mode.
17

Scenario #1: Infrastructure Mode


Infrastructure mode
• Base station connects
mobiles into wired network
• Network provides services
(addressing, routing, DNS)
network • Handoff: mobile changes
infrastructure base station providing
connection to wired network
18

Scenario #2: Ad-Hoc Networks


Ad hoc mode
• No base stations
• Nodes can only transmit to other
nodes within link coverage
• Nodes self-organize and route
among themselves
19

Infrastructure vs. Ad Hoc


• Infrastructure mode
▫ Wireless hosts are associated with a base station
▫ Traditional services provided by the connected
network
▫ E.g., address assignment, routing, and DNS resolution
• Ad hoc networks
▫ Wireless hosts have no infrastructure to connect to
▫ Hosts themselves must provide network services
• Similar in spirit to the difference between
▫ Client-server communication
▫ Peer-to-peer communication
Various Layers of Interest – MAC Layer

• MAC Layer
▫ Medium access control is an important
requirement.
▫ Collision detection (CSMA/CD) not possible
unlike wired networks.
 Hence using Collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
▫ Functions of MAC
 Scanning, RTS/CTS, Power Save options,
Fragmentation
Various Layers of Interest – MAC Layer

DATA DATA

• 802.11 MAC
▫ Use Physical Carrier Sensing to sense for a free
medium.
▫ Explicit ACKs to indicate reception of packet.
▫ Results in the problem of hidden node.
▫ Use Virtual Carrier Sensing using RTS/CTS.
Various Layers – Network Layer
• Route packets in the network.
• Routing in infrastructure based networks is similar
to IP routing
• All the base stations have a wired IP interface which
is used by the routers/switches to forward data
• Issues like handoffs are handled through techniques
like Mobile IP or Cellular Handoffs or Soft-handoffs
as done in Mobile WiMAX
• Now, for network without infrastructure the
problem is difficult as the routes are transient
Various Layers – Network Layer
• Ad hoc networks
▫ No easy solutions but different proposals exist.
▫ Two kinds: proactive and reactive
▫ Proactive: Maintain lot of state, proactive updates.
 Example: DSDV, DSR
▫ Reactive: Minimal state, react to changes.
 Example: AODV
Other Important Layers
• Transport layer
▫ This is important layer especially since the wireless
medium suffers from high bit-error rate and
collisions.
▫ To offset this wireless technologies rely less on TCP’s
reliability mechanism
▫ This is mostly handled at physical layer through
techniques like FEC and other error correcting codes
• Application Layer
▫ Notion of an application layer protocol
▫ Email/Web/Games/SMS/MMS

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