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Data-representation

data-representation

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Kimm Ngânn
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4 views

Data-representation

data-representation

Uploaded by

Kimm Ngânn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data representation:

 Bit: The most fundamental unit, bits are used to represent binary values (0 or
1). Bits are utilized in logical operations and other binary data
representations.
 Byte: Consisting of 8 bits, bytes are used to represent larger blocks of data.
Bytes are commonly used to encode characters (such as in ASCII or
Unicode), store pixel values in images, and store samples in audio files.
Text

 Character Encoding: Characters in text are encoded using standards such


as ASCII or Unicode. Each character is represented by one or more bytes.
 Example: The character 'A' in ASCII is represented by the byte 01000001
(65 in decimal).

Images

 Pixels: Each image is divided into pixels. Each pixel can be represented by
one byte (in grayscale images) or multiple bytes (in color images).
 Example: A 24-bit color image uses 3 bytes per pixel: one byte for red, one
byte for green, and one byte for blue.

Sound

 Samples: Audio files are digital representations of sound waves, stored as


samples. Each sample can be represented by one or more bytes.
 Example: An MP3 file with a bitrate of 128 Kbps contains 128,000 bits of
data per second.

Conversions and Computations

 Binary System: The binary system (base-2) is widely used in computers for
computation and data storage. Each bit in a binary number has a value that is
twice the value of the previous bit.
 Example: The binary number 1011 is equivalent to the decimal number 11
(12^3 + 02^2 + 12^1 + 12^0).

Network Bandwidth and Measurement

Definition of Bandwidth

 Bandwidth: The maximum rate at which data can be transferred over a


network connection.
 Units: Measured in bits per second (bps), with common multiples like Kbps
(kilobits per second), Mbps (megabits per second), and Gbps (gigabits per
second).

Importance of Bandwidth
 Data Transfer: Higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer, improving
the performance of internet applications.
 Network Performance: Determines the capacity of a network to handle
data loads.

Measuring Data Transmission Speeds

 Bits per Second (bps): The standard unit for measuring data transfer rate.
o 1 bps: One bit transmitted per second.
o Kbps, Mbps, Gbps:
 1 Kbps = 1,000 bps
 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps
 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bps

Factors Affecting Bandwidth

 Network Hardware: The quality and type of routers, switches, and cables.
 Network Congestion: The number of users and amount of data being
transferred simultaneously.
 Latency and Jitter: Delay and variability in data transmission times.
 Signal Interference: Environmental factors affecting wireless signals.

Applications

 Streaming Services: Higher bandwidth needed for HD and 4K video


streaming.
 Online Gaming: Requires consistent and high-speed connections for
optimal performance.
 Cloud Services: Efficient data upload and download speeds for file storage
and access.
 Video Conferencing: Requires substantial bandwidth for high-quality video
and audio streams.

Example:

 Email: Typically requires very low bandwidth (tens of Kbps).


 Web Browsing: Moderate bandwidth (hundreds of Kbps to Mbps).
 HD Video Streaming: High bandwidth (3-5 Mbps).
 4K Video Streaming: Very high bandwidth (15-25 Mbps).
types Role of Bits and Bytes Usage
RAM - Temporary storage for quick access - Running applications and
by the CPU. processes.
- Data stored in bits and bytes, - Storing the operating system
representing characters, data and active program data.
structures, or instructions.
- Volatile memory: data is lost when
power is off.
Hard Drive - Permanent storage using magnetic - Storing operating system,
media. software applications, and
- Data stored as magnetic charges in personal files.
bits and grouped into bytes. - Backup and archival storage.
- Large capacities measured in GB or
TB.
SSDs - Permanent storage using flash - Fast booting of operating
memory. systems.
- Data stored in bits and bytes using - Quick access to frequently
floating-gate transistors. used applications and files.
- Fast read/write speeds and high - Enhancing overall system
durability. performance.

Bits:

 Bits are the smallest units of digital data, represented by binary digits (0 or
1).
 They form the basis of all binary code, which is the language computers use
to perform operations.
 Each bit can be thought of as a tiny switch that can be either off (0) or on
(1).

Bytes:

 A byte is a group of 8 bits.


 Bytes are used to encode larger pieces of information such as characters,
numbers, and other data types.
 For instance, the character 'A' is represented by the byte 01000001 in the
ASCII encoding scheme.
 Bytes allow for more complex data representation because they can store
values from 0 to 255 (2^8).

How They Work Together:


 In computers, data is processed and stored in bytes, which are combinations
of 8 bits.
 Memory (RAM): When you run a program, data and instructions are loaded
into RAM in the form of bytes for the CPU to access quickly.
 Storage (HDDs and SSDs): Files and applications are stored on hard drives
and SSDs in bytes. The storage capacity is often measured in gigabytes (GB)
or terabytes (TB), where 1 GB equals 1 billion bytes.
 Data Transmission: Network data speeds are measured in bits per second
(bps), indicating how many bits can be transmitted every second.

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