Chapter One:

Introduction to AI
Outline
Artificial Intelligence
Foundations
History and Evolution
Overview of Key Ideas
AI
Applications Ai

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 What is Ai?
Intelligence: The ability of a system:
 To calculate,
comprehend complex ideas,
 reason,
use natural language fluently,
perceive relationships and analogies,
classify,
 learn from experience,
generalize,
store and retrieve information from
memory,  and adapt new situations.
 solve problems,
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 Types of Intelligence…….
Intelligence Description Example
The ability to speak, recognize, and use
Linguistic mechanisms of phonology ,speech sounds , Narrators,
Intelligence syntax grammar and semantic meaning operators

The ability to create, communicate

Musical with, and understand meanings made Musicians, Singers,
Intelligence of sound, understanding of pitch, Composers
rhythm.

The ability of use and understand

Logical-mathematical relationships in the absence of action or Mathematicians
intelligence objects. Understanding complex and scientists
abstract ideas.
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 Types of Intelligence
Intelligence Description Example
The ability to perceive visual or spatial
Spatial Map-readers,
information, change it and re-create visual images
Astronauts,
Intelligence without reference to the objects, construct 3D Physicists
images and to move and rotate them.

Bodily-Kinesthetics The ability to use complete or part of the body Players,

Intelligence to solve problems or fashion products, control Dancers
over fine and coarse motor skills, and
manipulate the Objects.
Intra-personal Gautam
Intelligence The ability to distinguish among one's own Buddhha
feelings, intentions, and motivations.
The ability to recognize and make distinctions Mass
interpersonal Communications,
Intelligence among other people's feelings, beliefs and
intentions. interviewers 5
 What is Intelligence Composed of?

Intelligence Learning
Reasoning

Linguistic intelligence
Perception
Problem
solving
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 Components of Intelligence
Reasoning Learning

It is the set of processes knowledge or skill by:
It is the activity of gaining

that enables us to provide Studying,

basis for: Practicing,
judgement, Being taught,
making decisions, Or experiencing something.
and prediction. ☻ Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study
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 Components of Intelligence
Problem Solving
It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path,
which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles.

Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the

process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple
alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.
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 Components of Intelligence
Linguistic
Perception Intelligence

It is the process of:

Acquiring,  It is one’s ability to:
Interpreting, use,
Selecting, comprehend,
And organizing sensory information. speak, and write the
verbal
and written language.
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 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
☻John McCarthy, “ AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

☻AI is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software

think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

☻AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

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 Human vs Machine Intelligence
Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines
perceive by set of rules and data.
Humans store and recall information by patterns,
machines do it by searching algorithms.
For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember,
store, and recall as its pattern is simple.
Humans can figure out the complete object even if some
part of it is missing or distorted; whereas the machines
cannot do it correctly.
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 Intelligence
Are the things shown below, Intelligent?

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Ex-1: Searching a path …

Different mice might

follow different paths based
to their intelligence
In other words: The
problem can be solved in
many ways
Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence

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Ex-2: Next number in the sequence
Consider the following sequence …
1,3,7,13,21,___
What is the next number ?
Key: Adding the next EVEN number …
1+2 = 3; 7+6 = 13; 21+10 = 31
3+4 = 7; 13+8 =21; 1,3,7,13,21,31
Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence
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Ex-2: Next number in the sequence
Ability to solve problems
Ability to think, plan and schedule
Ability to memorize and process information
Ability to answer fuzzy questions
Ability to learn and recognize
Ability to understand and perceive
And many more
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 What if?
A machine searches through a mesh and finds a path?
A machine solves problems like the next number in the sequence?
A machine develops plans?
A machine diagnoses and prescribes?

Artificial Intelligence
A machine answers ambiguous questions?
A machine recognizes fingerprints?
A machine understands?
A machine perceives?
A machine does MANY MORE SUCH THINGS …
A machine behaves as HUMANS do? HUMANOID!!!
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 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial: Not natural or real, made by the art of man
Intelligence:
The power of perceiving, learning, understanding and
knowing; mental ability, News, information.
(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current
English)

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 Cont’d...
⁕ Systems that THINK Like Humans
“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision making, problem solving,
learning …” (Bellman, 1978)
“The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines
with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland, 1985)
“The study of computation that to make it possible perceive,
reason and act” (Winston 1992)
“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models” (Charniak and McDermott)
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 Cont’d...
⁕ Systems that ACT Like Humans
 “The art of creating machines that perform functions that
require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil
1990)
 “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes”
(Schalkoff, 1990)
 “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior” (Luger and Stubblefield,
1993)
 “The study of how to make computers do things which, at
the moment, people do better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
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Strong vs Weak

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 Weak Al
Weak Al, also known as narrow Al, is designed to perform specific
tasks and functions. These Al systems are usually created to solve a
particular problem and have limited learning capabilities.

Examples of weak Al applications include voice assistants like Siri

and Alexa, chatbots, and recommendation systems.

These systems are trained to perform specific tasks and use pre-
programmed rules and algorithms to execute those tasks.
 Weak Al..
Weak Al has already become an integral part of our daily
lives. For example, virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa use
natural language processing and machine learning algorithms
to understand and respond to our voice commands.

Recommendation systems like those used by Netftix and

Amazon analyze our viewing and purchase histories to make
personalized recommendations for movies and products.
 Strong Ai
Strong Al, also known as general Al or artificial general
intelligence (AGI), is designed to be as intelligent as humans
and can reason, learn, and make decisions like humans.

These Al systems are built to handle complex and open-

ended problems, such as creativity and social interaction
Examples of strong Al applications include self-driving cars
and humanoid robots.
 Strong Ai…
Strong Al is still a long way from being fully developed. While
there have been significant advances in the field of Al in recent
years, creating machines that are truly intelligent remains a
challenge.

However, experts believe that strong Al could have a major

impact on society if and when it is developed. For example,
Strong Al could be used to solve complex problems in areas like
healthcare, climate change, and social inequality,
 Weak vs Strong Ai
☻learning
 Weak AI systems rely on pre-programmed rules and algorithms to perform tasks,
while strong Al systems have the ability to learn and improve through experience.
 Strong Al can recognize patterns, make inferences, and apply what it has learned to
new situations. For example, a self driving car equipped with strong Al can learn
to recognize different types of road signs and respond appropriately to them.
 Machine learning is a key component of strong AI. Machine learning algorithms
enable machines to learn from data and improve their performance over time. Deep
learning, a type of machine learning that uses neural networks, has been particularly
successful in tasks like image and speech recognition.
 Weak vs Strong Ai…..
☻flexibility
Weak Al systems have limited flexibility and can only perform
specific tasks.
In contrast, strong Al systems can adapt to new and complex
tasks and situations, Strong Al can learn new skills and apply
them to different contexts.
Whereas weak Al is designed to perform a specific task and
cannot adapt to new tasks without significant reprogramming.
 Weak vs Strong Ai…..
☻Decision-making
Weak Al systems make decisions based on predefined rules and data. while strong Al
systems can reason and make decisions autonomously, adapting to changing situations.
Strong Al can analyse data, weigh options, and make decisions based on its knowledge and
experience.
For example, a strong Al system designed to manage a power grid can take into account
weather forecasts, energy demand, and other factors to make decisions about when to turn
on and off different power sources.
 To make autonomous decisions, strong Al systems need to be equipped with advanced decision-making
algorithms. Reinforcement learning a type of machine leaming that uses rewards to incentivize desirable
behaviour, has been successful in creating agents that can make decisions in complex environments.
 Weak vs Strong Ai…..
☻Flexibility…..
To achieve flexibility strong Al systems need to be able to
reason and understand context.
Natural language processing, a branch of Al that focuses on
understanding and generating human language, is an important
tool for creating flexible Al systems.
 By understanding natural language, Al systems can better
understand human intentions and adapt to new situations.
 Goals of AI
To Create
Expert Systems To Implement
Human Intelligence
 The systems which exhibit
in Machines

intelligent: ✓behavior, Creating systems that:

✓learn, ✓understand,
✓demonstrate, ✓think,
✓learn,
✓explain, and advice its users.
✓and behave like humans.
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Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Computer
Engineering

Artificial
intelligence

Math's
Biology

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 History of Artificial intelligence
Year Milestone / Innovation

1923 Karel Kapek's play named "Rossum's Universal Robots" RUR opens in London, first use
of the word "robot” in English.
1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.
1945 Isaac Asimov. a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.
1950 Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published
Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of
Chess Playing as a search.
1956 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first
running Al program at Carnegie Mellon University.
1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for Al.
1964 Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural
language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.
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 History of Artificial intelligence…
Year Milestone / Innovation

1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that

carries on a dialogue in English.

1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot.

equipped with locomotion. perception. and problem solving.
1973 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy. the
Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble
models.
1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle. Stanford Cart. was
built.
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 History of Artificial intelligence….
Year Milestone / Innovation

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
1990 Major advances in all areas of Al:
✓ Significant demonstrations in machine learning
✓ Case-based reasoning
✓ Multi-agent planning
✓ Scheduling
✓ Data mining, Web Crawler
✓ natural language understanding and translation
✓ Vision, Virtual Reality
✓ Games
1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
2000 Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face
that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions Of Antarctica and locates
meteorites.
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 Evolution of Artificial Intelligence Paradigm shift, Expert
Paradigm Shift, GPS. People realized system, people realized
that all the problems can NOT be that software programs
solved with the same approach can act as experts

The name “Artificial Microworlds

First work in Ai intelligence” coined Development of 1963
1943 1956 Lisp 1958

Paradigm Shift, ANN, People

realized that software
programs can LEARN

Ai a booming Realization
Neural networks Ai becomes an
industry today of hurdles
reinvented 1986 industry 1981
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 Overview of Key Ideas of Ai
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed
properties:
Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently
in such a way that:
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.

 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.
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 The AI Cycle
Learning
Perception
Knowledge
representation
reasoning

☻ Almost all Al systems have the following Planning

components:  Perception
Learning
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
execution
Planning
Execution
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 Application of Ai
☻Gaming

☻Natural Language Processing

☻Clinical Expert Systems

☻Vision Systems

☻Speech Recognition

☻Handwriting Recognition

☻Intelligent Robots
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Robot Control

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Robot Control……

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End of chapter