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Network_Protocols

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Network_Protocols

Uploaded by

xodiw23656
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Protocols

Protocols define how data is formatted, packaged, addressed,


transmitted, and received across a network. They ensure devices can
interpret the information they receive and respond appropriately.
For smooth communication, network protocols are standardised. This
means different devices from various manufacturers can understand
each other as long as they adhere to the same protocol.

The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a conceptual
framework for the protocols used for network communications. It is divided
into four layers, each with specific responsibilities and protocols. Here is an
explanation of each layer in the TCP/IP model:

1. Application Layer
The Application Layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model. It
provides various network services directly to end-user applications.
This layer handles high-level protocols and methods for network
communication.

● Key Protocols:

o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for web browsing.


o HTTPS (HTTP Secure): Secure version of HTTP.
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol): For file transfers.
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): For sending emails.
o IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): For retrieving emails.
o DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names into IP
addresses.
o TELNET: For command-line interface access to remote computers.
o SSH (Secure Shell): Provides a secure channel for remote
computer access.

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2. Transport Layer
The Transport Layer is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer
between devices. It handles error detection and correction, data flow
control, and ensures complete data transfer.

● Key Protocols:

o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable, ordered,


and error-checked delivery of data between applications.

o UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides a simpler,


connectionless communication model with no guarantee of
delivery, order, or error-checking, suitable for applications
needing fast transmission.

3. Internet Layer
The Internet Layer handles logical addressing, routing, and packet
forwarding. It defines how data packets are sent across networks.

● Key Protocols:

o IP (Internet Protocol): Main protocol for routing and addressing


packets of data so they can travel across networks.
▪ IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Widely used and the basis for
most of the current internet.

▪ IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Designed to address the


limitations of IPv4, including address exhaustion.

o ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for error


messages and operational information, like network diagnostics
(e.g., ping).

o ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Maps IP addresses to


physical MAC addresses in a local network.

o RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Maps MAC


addresses to IP addresses.

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4. Network Link Layer (Network Access Layer)
The Network Link Layer is responsible for physical addressing and
managing the interface with the physical network hardware. It defines
how data is physically sent through the network.

● Key Protocols and Technologies:

o Ethernet: A widely used LAN technology that controls how data


packets are placed on the physical media.

o Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): A wireless network technology allowing


devices to communicate over radio waves.

o PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Used to establish a direct


connection between two nodes.

o Frame Relay: For transferring data over wide area networks


(WANs).

o ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): A technology that supports


data transfer rates for high-speed networks.

Benefits of Network Protocols:


● Standardized Communication: Protocols ensure devices from

different vendors can communicate seamlessly.

● Reliable Data Transfer: Protocols like TCP/IP offer mechanisms for

error checking and retransmission, ensuring data arrives accurately.

● Efficient Network Operation: Protocols define how data is formatted

and transmitted, optimizing network performance.

● Scalability: Protocols enable networks to grow and accommodate

new devices and applications.

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