JSS 3 MATHEMATICS - SECOND TERM NOTE

SCHEME OF WORK
WK TOPIC SUB TOPIC
1&2 Variation Direct and Inverse variations
Word problems leading to direct and inverse variations
Joint and Partial variations
Word problems leading to joint and partial variations

3 Statistics Revision on mean, mode and median

Interpretation of averages

4&5 Simultaneous Equations Substitution method

Elimination method
Graphical method
Word problems leading to simultaneous equations

6&7 Geometrical construction Construction of special angles 300, 450, 600 and 900
Bisecting a line segment and angles
Construction of triangles

8&9 Trigonometry Trigonometric ratio of angles

Sine, cosine and tangent tables
Application of trigonometric ratios in solving triangles
Angles of elevation and depression

10 Similarity Similar triangles (conditions for similarity)

Area and volume of similar shapes
Scale factor, area factor and volume factor

11 Sector and segment Area of a sector

Shaded segments (rings)
 VARIATION
DIRECT VARIATION
Direct variation between related quantities means that they vary proportionally to one another. As one
grows, the other grows; as one decreases, the other decreases. C varies directly with n is written as
C ∝ n or C=kn
where k is a constant.
Example 1: If x ∝ y and x=30 when y=12 , find the the connecting x and y. Hence find x when y=10
and y when x=14 .
Solution
a. x ∝ y
x=ky
x=30 , y=12
30=12 k
30
k= =2.5
12
The connecting formula is given by
x=2.5 y
b. when y=10
x=2.5 y
x=2.5 ×10=25
c. when x = 14
14=2.5 y
14
y= =5.6
2.5
Example 2: The thickness of a book varies directly with the number of pages in the book. A book is
18cm thick and contains 90 pages. What is the thickness of the first 84 pages of the book?
Solution
Let the thickness of the book be t and the number of pages be n
t∝n
t=kn
t=18 , n=90
18=90 k
18
k= =0.2
90
The connecting formula is given by
t=0.2 n
when n=84
t=0.2 ×84=16.8 cm
INVERSE VARIATION
Inverse variation between related quantities means that they vary inversely with each other. As one
grows, the other decreases; as one decreases, the other grows. ‘T varies inversely as S’ is written as
1 k
T∝ or T =
S S
where k is a constant.
1
Example 3: If T ∝ and T = 2 when S = 60, find the relationship between T and S. Find the value of
S
T when S = 90 and S when T = 2½.
Solution
1
a. T ∝
S
k
T=
S
T =2 , S=60
k
2=
60
k =2 ×60=120
The connecting formula is given by
T =120/ S
b . when S=90
T =120/90=4 /3
c . whenT =2.5
2.5=120/S
S=2.5× 120=300
Example 4: The mass of rice that each woman gets when sharing a sack varies inversely with the
number of women. When there are 20 women, each gets 6kg of rice. If there are 9 women, how much
does each get?
Solution
Let m and n be the mass of rice and the number of women respectively
m ∝1/n
m=k /n
m=6 ,n=20
6=k /20
k =6 ×20=120
The connecting formula is given by
120
m=
n
when n=9
120 1
m= =13
9 3

JOINT VARIATION
Joint variation is when a quantity varies directly and or inversely with two or more other quantities.
For example, if G varies directly with M and m and inversely with d2, then
Mm kMm
G∝ 2 or
G= 2
d d
where k is a constant.
y
Example 5: x ∝ , x = 27 when y = 9 and z = 2. Find the relation between x, y and z hence find x
z
when y = 16 and z = 32.
Solution
y
a. x ∝
z
ky
x=
z
x=27 , y=9 , z=2
9k
27=
2
9 k =54
k =6
The connecting formula is given by
6y
x=
z
When y=16 , and z=32
6 ×16
x= =3
32
Example 6: The mass of a sheet of metal varies jointly with its area and its thickness. A sheet of metal
of area 250 cm2 and thickness 1mm has a mass 200g.
a. Find the formula which connects the mass mg, the area A cm2 and the thickness t mm.
b. Hence find the mass of a piece of metal of area 400 cm2 and thickness 3mm.
Solution
a. m ∝ At
m=kAt
m = 200, A = 250, t = 1
200 = 250 × 1 × k
200 = 250k
 200 4
k= =
250 5
The connecting formula is given by
4
m= At
5
b. when A = 400 and t = 3
4
m= × 400 ×3
5
m = 960 g

PARTIAL VARIATION
Partial variation is when a quantity is partly constant and partly varies with another quantity. For
example, p=a+bQ , where P and Q are variables and a and b are constants.
Example 7: D is partly constant and partly varies with V. When V = 40, D = 150 and when V = 54, D
= 192. Find the formula connecting D and V. Hence find D when V = 73.
Solution
D=a+bV
When D = 150 and V = 40
150 = a + 40b ------------------- eqn 1
When D = 192 and V = 54
192 = a + 54b ------------------- eqn 2
Subtract equation 1 from 2
(I92 – 150) = (a – a) + (54b – 40b)
42 = 14b
b=3
Substitute 3 for b in eqn 1
150 = a + 40(3)
150 = a + 120
a = 150 – 120 = 30
The connecting formula is given by
D=30 +3V
b. when V = 73
D=30 +3(73)
D = 30 + 219 = 249
Example 8: The cost of making a dress is partly constant and partly varies with the amount of time it
takes to make the dress. If the dress takes 3 hours to make, it costs #2700. If it takes 5 hours to make
the dress, it costs #3100. Find the cost if it takes 1½ hours to make the dress.
Solution
C=m+nt
Where C is the cost of making the dress, t is the time it takes and m and n are constants.
When C = 2700 and t = 3
2700=m+ 3 n------------------------- eqn 1
When C = 3100 and t = 5
3100=m+5 n------------------------- eqn 2
Subtract equation 1 from 2
(3100 – 2700) = (m – m) + (5n – 3n)
400 = 2n
n = 200
Substitute 200 for n in eqn 2
3100 = m + 5(200)
3100 = m + 1000
m = 3100 – 1000
m = 2100
The connecting formula is given by
C=2100+200 t
When t = 1½ = 1.5
C = 2100 + 200(1.5)
C = 2100 + 300 = #2400

STATICSTICS
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE AND RANGE
Example 1: The table below shows the amount of money which some students have in their pockets.
Amount (₦) 1 5 10 20 50 100
Number of students 1 5 4 5 2 1
Find to the nearest kobo, the mean, the median, the modal amounts of money and the range.
Solution
total amount of money
a. Mean=
number of students

X f Fx
1 1 1
5 5 25
10 4 40
 20 5 100
50 2 100
100 1 100
Total 18 366

Mean =
∑ fx = 366
∑ f 18
= ₦ 20.33
b. Median is the middle amount of the given data
Since the number of students is 18, the middle amount belongs to the 9th and 10th students
10+10
Median =
2
20
= =₦ 10
2
c. Mode = the amount with the highest number of students
Mode = ₦ 5 and ₦ 20, the data is bimodal.
d. Range = ₦ 100 - ₦ 1 = ₦ 99

Example 2: The table below gives the ages of a group of students.

Age (year) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequency 2 0 1 3 4 3 2

What is the
a. modal age of the distribution?
b. mean age of the distribution?
c. median age of the distribution?
d. range of the distribution?
Solution
X F Fx
12 2 24
13 0 0
14 1 14
15 3 45
16 4 64
17 3 51
18 2 36
Total 15 234
a. Modal age = 16 years
234
b. Mean age = =15.6 years
15
c. Median age is the number in the 8th position
Median age = 16 years
d. Range = 18 – 12 = 6

Example 3: The average age of a football team of 11 players is 32 years. One man aged 45 years is
replaced by another aged 23 years. What is the new average age of the team?
Solution
Total age of 11 players = 11 × 32 = 352
If a man of 45 years is replaced by another of 23 years, the age difference is 45 – 23 = 22
The new total age = 352 – 22 = 330
330
New average age =30 years
11
Example 4: Twelve boys and n girls sat for a test. The mean of the boys’ scores and that of the girls
were 5 and 8 respectively. Find n if the total score was 180.
Solution
12(5)+n ( 8 ) = 180
60 + 8n = 180
8n = 180 – 60
8n = 120
n = 15

Example 5:

Age 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No. of children 2 6 5 4 6 a 8 5

The table shows the distribution of ages of a number of children in a school. If the
mean of the distribution is 4.86, find the;
(i) value of a ,

(ii) the mode.

EVALUATION
1. The number of days absent during a term for a class of 30 students is given in the table below.
Days absent 0 1 2 3 5 35
 Frequency 14 5 4 3 3 1

Find the mode, median and mean number of days absent.

2. The label on a box of Strike matches states ‘Average Contents 40 Matches’. The contents of 30
boxes of the matches were counted and the results are given in the table below.

No of matches 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Frequency 4 5 6 7 2 4 2

a. Find the mean, modal and median number of matches per box.
b. Is the statement on the box true or false?
3. There are eight men and one woman in a boat. The average mass of the nine people is 79 kg.
Without the woman, the average is 81.5 kg. What is the mass of the woman?
4. The ages of a family of six children are 16.4, 14.8, 13.6, 11.1 and the twins are 9.1. Find the mean,
median and modal age of the family. (Take 16.4 to mean 16 years, 4 months).
5. A woman drives for half an hour in a car at an average speed of 40 km/h. For the next ½ hour her
average speed is 60 km/h. What is her average speed for the whole journey?
6. Five students took a test in four subjects as shown in the table below.
English History Maths Science
Rose 52 69 54 57
Sofia 68 60 67 35
Tayo 80 73 49 42
Uche 26 14 37 35
Vera 34 44 38 48

a. Find the mean mark of each (i) student (ii) subject

b. the median mark in each subject

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
When two or more equations have values in common, they are called simultaneous linear equations.
The values which satisfy both equations are
the solution of the simultaneous equations.

Methods of solving simultaneous linear equations

1. Substitution method
2. Elimination method
3. Graphical method

Substitution Method
We use substitution method when the coefficient of one of the unknowns in the given equation is 1.
Example 1: Solve these simultaneous equations using substitution method
a. 5 m – 2n=4
m – 4 n=−1
b. 3 x+ 5 y=11
2 x – y=3
Solution
a . 5 m – 2 n=4−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
m – 4 n=−1−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
¿ eqn 2 , m=4 n – 1
Substitute 4 n – 1 for ‘ m’∈eqn1
5 m – 2 n=4
5(4 n – 1)– 2 n=4
20 n – 5 – 2n=4
20 n – 2 n=4 +5
18 n=9
n=½
m=4 n – 1
¿ 4 (½) – 1
m=2 – 1=1
⸫ m=1 , n=½
b . 3 x+5 y =11−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
2 x – y=3−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
¿ eqn 2 , y=2 x – 3
Substitute 2 x – 3 for y ∈eqn 1
3 x+ 5 y=11
3 x+ 5(2 x – 3)=11
3 x+ 10 x – 15=11
13 x=11+15
13 x=26
x=2
y=2 x – 3
¿ 2(2)– 3
y=4 – 3=1
⸫ x=2 , y=1

Elimination Method
When none of the coefficients of the unknowns in the given equations is 1, use elimination method.
The aim of elimination method is to get rid of one of the unknowns by making its coefficient the same
in both equations. Then add or subtract the equations as necessary.
An equation remains the same if we multiply or divide all the terms by the same number.
Example 2: Solve these simultaneous equations using elimination method
a. 4 x+3 y =9
2 x+3 y =3
b. 2 p – 5 q – 8=0
3 p – 7 q=11
Solution
a. 4 x+3 y =9−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
2 x+3 y =3−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
Subtract eqn 2 ¿ eqn 1
(4 x – 2 x )+(3 y – 3 y )=9 – 3
2 x=6
x=3
Substitute 3 for x ∈eqn 2
2 x+3 y =3
2(3)+3 y=3
6+3 y =3
3 y=3 – 6
3 y=−3
y=−1
⸫ x=3 , y=−1
b . 2 p – 5 q – 8=0
3 p – 7 q=11
2 p – 5 q=8−−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
3 p – 7 q=11−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
Multiply eqn 1 by 3∧eqn 2 by 2 , ¿ eliminate the coefficients of p
6 p – 15 q=24−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 3
6 p – 14 q=22−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 4
Subtract eqn 4 ¿ eqn 3
(6 p – 6 p)−(15 q – (– 14 q))=24 – 22
−15 q+ 14 q=2
−q=2 ; q=−2
Substitute−2 for q∈ eqn1
2 p – 5 q=8
2 p – 5(−2)=8
2 p +10=8
2 p=8 – 10
2 p=−2
p=−1
⸫ p=−1 , q=−2

Word Problems leading to Simultaneous Equations

Example 1: A newspaper and a magazine cost ₦ 220 together. The newspaper costs ₦ 140 less than
the magazine. Find the cost of each.
Solution
Let the cost of the newspaper be n∧that of the magazine be m
m+n=220−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
n=m−140−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
Substitute m−140 for ‘ n ’∈eqn 1
m+m−140=220
2 m−140=220
2 m=220+140
2 m=360
m=180
Substitute 180 for “ m”∈eqn 2
n=180−140
n=40
Therefore , the newspaper costs ₦ 40 while the magazine costs ₦ 180
Example 2: I have x ₦ 50 notes and y ₦ 100 notes. There are eight notes altogether and their total
value is ₦ 550. How many of each note do I have?
Solution
x + y=8−−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
50 x+ 100 y=550−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
¿ eqn 1 , y=8 – x
Substitute 8 – x for y ∈eqn 2
50 x+ 100 y=550
50 x+ 100(8 – x )=550
50 x+ 800 – 100 x=550
50 x – 100 x =550−800
−50 x=−250
x=5
y=8 – x
y=8 – 5=3
There are five ₦ 50 notes∧three ₦ 100 notes
Example 3: A cyclist travels for x hours at 5 km/h and for y hours at 10 km/h. he travels 35 km
altogether and his average speed is 7 km/h. find x and y.
Solution
When time=x hours∧speed =5 km/h ,
Distance=speed × time=5 x km
When time= y hours∧speed =10 km/h ,
Distance=speed × time=10 y km
Sincethe total distance travelled is35 km ,
5 x+ 10 y=35
Dividing through by 5 we have
x +2 y=7−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
total distance travelled
Average speed=
total time taken
7 35
=
1 x+ y
Cross multiplying, we have
7( x+ y )=3 5
Dividing through by 7, it becomes
x + y=5−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
¿ eqn 2 , x=5 – y
Substitute 5 – y for x ∈eqn 1
x +2 y=7
5 – y +2 y=7
− y +2 y=7 – 5
y=2
x=5 – y
x=5 – 2
x=3
⸫ x=3 , y=2
Example 4: The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10. The result of subtracting twice the unit
digit from three times the tens digit is 15. Find the digits.

Solution
Let the number be ‘ x ’ tens∧‘ y ’ units
x + y=10−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 1
3 x – 2 y=15−−−−−−−−−−−−eqn 2
¿ eqn 1 , y=10 – x
Substitute 10 – x for y ∈eqn 2
3 x – 2 y=15
3 x – 2(10 – x )=15
3 x – 20+2 x=15
3 x+ 2 x=15+ 20
5 x=35
x=7
y=10 – x
y=10 – 7=3
The two – digit number is73

EVALUATION
1. Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
a . 2 x+5 y =4
2 x – 2 y =18
b . 5 x+ 2 y=2
2 x+3 y =−8
c .5 m+10 n=10
2 m – n−1=0
d . 6 a+3 b=4
a+ b=1
2. The sum of two numbers is 19. Their difference is 5. Find the numbers.
3. A father is 25 years older than his son. The sum of their ages is 53 years. Find their ages.
4. The sum of two numbers is 17. The difference between twice the larger number and three times the
smaller is 4. Find the numbers.
5. Dupe’s and Olu’s age add up to 25 years. Eight years ago, Dupe was twice as old as Olu. How old
are they now?
6. The average of two numbers is 11. The difference between them is 4. Find the numbers.
7. Six pencils and three rubbers cost #1170. Five pencils and two rubbers cost #920. How much does
each cost?
8. Three nuts and six bolts have a mass of 72 g. Four nuts and five bolts have a mass of 66 g. Find the
mass of a nut and that of a bolt.
9. In 10 years’ time a father will be twice as old as his daughter. 10 years ago, he was six times as old
as his daughter. Calculate their present ages
10. The perimeter of a rectangle is 84 cm and its length is 6 cm longer than its breadth. Find the length
and breadth of the rectangle.
11. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10. The result of subtracting twice the unit digit
from three times the tens digit is 15. Find the number.
12. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 12. If the digits are interchanged, the number is
increased by 36. Find the number.

GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES

1. Use a hard pencil with a sharp point. This gives thin lines, which are more accurate.
2. Check that your ruler has a good straight edge. A damaged ruler is useless for construction work.
3. Check that your compasses are not too loose. Tighten loose compasses with a small screw driver.
4. Always show any construction lines. Never rub out anything which leads to the final result.
5. Always take great care, especially when drawing a line through a point.
6. Where possible, arrange that the angles of intersection between lines and arcs are about 90 0.

BISECTING A LINE SEGMENT

To bisect a line segment AB means to divide it into two equal parts.

a. Open a pair of compasses so that its radius is about three – quarter of the length of AB.
b. Place the sharp point of the compasses on A. Draw two arcs above and below the middle of AB.
c. Keep the same radius and place the sharp point of the compasses on B. Draw two arcs so that they
cut the first arcs at P and Q.
d. Draw straight line through P and Q so that it cuts AB at M.

BISECTING AN ANGLE
To bisect any angle ABC
a. With centre B and any radius (open a pair of compasses to any radius and place the sharp point at
B), draw an arc to cut the arms, BA and BC at P and Q.
b. With centres P and Q and equal radii, draw arcs to cut each other at R.
c. Join BR

CONSTRUCTION OF ANGLES
1. Angles of 900 and 450
A. Angle 900
Given a point B on a straight line AC, construct a line BR through B such that ∠RBA = ∠RBC = 900.
i. With centre B and any radius, draw arcs to cut AC at P and Q.
ii. With centres P and Q and equal radii, draw arcs to cut each other at R
iii. Join BR
BR is perpendicular to AC. Thus ∠RBA = ∠RBC = 900.

B. Angle 450
450 = half of 900. To construct an angle of 450, first construct an angle of 900 and then bisect it.

2. Angles of 600 and 300

A. Angle 600
Given a straight line BC, construct a point A such that ∠ABC = 600
a. With centre B and any radius, draw an arc to cut BC at X.
b. With centre X and the same radius as in a, draw an arc to cut the first arc at A
c. Join AB

B. Angle 300
300 = half of 600. To construct an angle of 600, first construct an angle of 300 and then bisect it.

CONSTRUCTION OF SIMPLE SHAPES

1 a. Construct a square with sides 83mm long each.
b. Measure the length of the diagonal.
2a. Construct a rectangle measuring 7.4cm by 10.3cm.
b. Measure the length of the diagonal.

3a. Construct a triangle PQR such that ∠Q = 900, PQ = 5cm and QR = 6cm.
b. Measure the length of the hypotenuse, PR.

4a. Draw any circle and any chord AB (AB should not be a diameter)
b. Construct another chord BC such that ∠ABC = 900.
c. Join AC. What do you notice?

5a. Construct a triangle XYZ such that ∠X = ∠Z = 450 and XZ = 8cm.

b. Measure either of the sides XY or YZ.

6. Construct an equilateral triangle with sides of length 7.2 cm.

7. Construct a parallelogram with sides 6cm and 9cm, so that the angle between these sides is 60 0.
Measure the diagonals.

8a. Construct a rhombus with sides 6cm such that one of its acute angle is 750.
b. Measure the diagonals of the rhombus.

9a. Construct a kite ABCD in which AB = 5cm, AD = 8cm and ∠A = ∠C = 1050.

b. Measure the diagonal AC.

10a. Draw a circle of radius 5cm.

b. Construct radii at 600 intervals in the circle.
c. Hence construct a regular hexagon.
d. How long are the sides of the hexagon?

11a. Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 68mm, AC =102mm and ∠B = 1200.

b. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC and then meet at O.
c. Measure OA, OB and OC.
 TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is the branch of Mathematics that deals with the relationship between ratios of the sides
of a right-angled triangle with its angles. The ratios used to study this relationship are called
trigonometric ratios, namely, sine, cosine, tangent e.t.c

Sides of a right-angled triangle

1. Hypotenuse (c): This is the side facing the right angle in a right-angled triangle. It is the longest side
of a right-angled triangle.
2. Opposite (a): this is the side facing the given angle in a right-angled triangle.
3. Adjacent (b): this is the side next (adjacent) to the given angle in a right-angled triangle.

Trigonometric Ratios
opp a
1. sin θ= =
hyp c
adj b
2. cos θ= =
hyp c
opp a
3. tanθ= =
adj b
EXAMPLES

1. Find the values of the unknown side and angle in the diagrams below. All lengths are in cm.

a) b)
Solution
opp 6
a. sin b= =
hyp 15
= 0.4000
b = sin-1 0.4000
= 23.60
0 opp x
b. tan50 = =
adj 18
x
1.1918 =
18
x=21.5 cm

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Find the value of x correct to 2 decimal places

2. For each of the following find the size of the angle marked with a pronumeral,correct to the
nearest degree. All lengths are in m.

a) b)
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

1. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 45 0, a student’s shadow on level ground is 1.6 m
long. Find the height of the student.
2. An aerial mast has a shadow 40 m long on level ground when the elevation of the sun is
700. Calculate the height of the mast.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from a point 80 m away on level ground is
250. Calculate the height of the building.
4. From a point on level ground 40 m away, the angle of elevation of the top of a tree is 32.5 0.
Calculate the height of the tree.
5. From a point 100 m from the foot of a building, the angle of elevation of the top of the
building is 18.70. Find the height of the building.
6. Calculate the angle of elevation of the sun when the shadow of a flagpole which is 6.2 m
high has a length of 3.4 m.
7. Find the angle of elevation of the top of the top of a flagpole, 31.9 m high, from a point 55
m away on level ground.
8. Find the angle of elevation of the sun when a tower 93 m high has a shadow 62 m long.
9. Calculate the length of the shadow cast on level ground by a radio mast 90 m high when
the elevation of the sun is 400.
10. From a window 15 m up, the angle of depression of an object on the ground is 20 0. Find
the distance of the object from the base of the building.
11. A flagpole is 20 m high. The angle of elevation of its top from a point A on level ground
is 370. From another point B in line with A and the foot of the pole, the angle of elevation is
520. Calculate the distance AB.
 BEARINGS AND DISTANCES
1. Point A is 5 km due east of point B. B is due north of a point C and A is on a bearing 025 0
from C. Calculate the distance between B and C.
2. A village is 10 km on a bearing 050 0 from a point F. Calculate how far up the village is
north of F.
3. A point Q is 8 km east of P. If another point R is 7 km south of P, find the bearing of Q
from R.
4. A girl walks 800 m on a bearing of 1290. Calculate how far she is
a. east from her starting point b. south from her starting point
5. Point A is due north of point B. Point C is 10 km east of A. If the bearing of C from B is
320, calculate the distance from A to B to the nearest km.
6. A ship steams 4 km due east from P and then 5km due north. What is the bearing of its
final position from P?
7. A student starts at X and travels 8 km north and then 5 km east. What is her final bearing
from X?
8. A point P is 40 km from Q on a bearing 0610. Calculate the distance that P is
a. north of Q b. east of Q

OTHER APPLICATIONS
1. A ladder 5 m long leans against a wall. It makes an angle of 60 0 with the horizontal
ground. Calculate how far up the wall the ladder reaches’
2. A cone is 8 cm high and its vertical angle is 620. Find the diameter of its base.
3. An isosceles triangle has vertical angle of 116 0 and its base is 8 cm long. Calculate its
height.
4. A diagonal of a square is 20 cm long. How long is each side?
5. A rectangle has sides of length 2.2 m and 8 m, calculate the angle between a diagonal and a
longer side.
6. The vertical angle of a cone is 70 0 and its slant height is 11 cm. Calculate the height of the
cone.
7. A rectangle has sides of length 8 m and 3.2 m, calculate the angle between a diagonal and a
longer side.
8. An equilateral triangle has three sides of length 2 m. Calculate the height of the triangle:
a. using Pythagoras’ rule
b. using trigonometric ratio
9. An isosceles triangle has equal sides of 8 cm. The angle between these sides is 400.
a. What are the sizes of its two other angles?
b. Calculate the height of the triangle.
10. A rhombus of side 5 cm has acute angles of 84 0. Find the lengths of the diagonals of the
rhombus.
11. An isosceles triangle has sides of length 10 cm, 12 cm and 10 cm.
a. Use Pythagoras’ rule to calculate the height of the triangle.
b. Use trigonometry to calculate the angles of the triangle.
12. A rhombus of sides 10 cm has obtuse angles of 1100. Sketch the rhombus showing its
diagonals and as many angles as possible. Hence calculate the length of the diagonals of the
rhombus.

SIMILARITY
SIMILAR SHAPES AND SCALE FACTOR
Similar shapes are same shapes with different sizes

Properties of Similar Triangles

1. They have equal angles i.e., equiangular.
If triangle ABC = triangle XYZ, then ∠A = ∠X, ∠B = ∠Y and ∠C = ∠Z.
2. Ratio of the lengths of their corresponding sides must be equal (Equal Scale factor)
AB AC BC
= = = Scale factor
XY XZ YZ

These are examples of similar shapes.

EXAMPLE
A rectangle is such that the lengths of two of its adjacent sides are in the ratio 1:3. A similar
rectangle has a side of length 6 cm. Find two possible values for the length of its adjacent
side.
Solution
a. If the smaller side is 6 cm and the bigger side is x cm
1 6
=
3 x
x=18 cm
b. If the bigger side is 6 cm and the smaller side is x cm
1 x
=
3 6
3 x=6
x=2 cm

SCALE FACTOR
1. Rectangles ABCD and PQRS are similar. CD = 3 cm and RS = 5 cm. If AD = 12 cm,
calculate the length of PS.
2. Rectangles ABCD and WXYZ are such that AB = 5 cm, BC = 15 cm, WX = 8 cm and XY
18 cm. Is ABCD similar to WXYZ? Give reasons.
3. A cuboid is 4 cm long, 7 cm wide and 10 cm high. A similar cuboid is 25 cm high.
Calculate its length and width.
4. Milk powder is sold in similar cylindrical tins. The small tins are of height 12 cm and
diameter 10 cm. If the radius of a large tin is 7.5 cm, calculate its height.
5. A car is 4.30 m long and 1.72 m wide. If a toy model of the car is 2.6 cm long, calculate
the width of the model.
6. A water tank is in the shape of a cuboid 2 m high, 3 m wide and 4 m long. A similar tank is
1.2 m high. Calculate the width and length of the smaller tank.
 AREA OF SIMILAR SHAPES
The ratio of the areas of two similar shapes is the square of the scale factor of the two shapes.
Area Factor = ¿
Scale Factor = √ Area Factor
1. Two similar rectangles have corresponding sides in the ratio 10:3. Find the ratio of their
area.
2. Two similar triangles have corresponding sides of length 4 cm and 7 cm. Find the ratio of
their areas.
3. Two similar hexagons have corresponding sides of 2 cm and 5 cm.
a. Find the ratio of their areas.
b. The area of the larger hexagon is 150 cm2. Find the area of the smaller one.
4
4. The ratio of their areas of two circles is .
9
a. Find the ratio of their radii.
b. The smaller circle has a radius of 12 cm. Find the radius of the larger one.
5. Two similar triangular prisms have surface areas of 64 cm2 and 144 cm2 respectively.
a. Find the ratio of their heights.
b. The height of the smaller prism is 49 cm. Find the height of the larger prism.
6. Two similar cuboids have corresponding widths of 11 cm and 9 cm.
a. Find the ratio of their surface areas.
b. The surface area of the larger cuboid is 363 cm2. Find the surface area of the smaller
cuboid.
7. A map of Kano is drawn to a scale 1:50 000. On the map the airport covers an area of 8
cm2. Find the true area of the airport in hectares.
8. A sports stadium covers an area of 6 hectares. Find the area in cm2 of the sports stadium
when drawn on a map of scale 1:5 000.
9. A photograph measuring 8 cm by 10 cm costs #440. What will be the cost of an
enlargement measuring 20 cm by 25 cm?
10. Two square floor tiles are made of the same material. One costs #180 and its edge is 30
cm long. Find the cost of the other if its edge is 50 cm long.
11. Two rectangular flags are similar in shape. Their areas are 5 m2 and 0.8 m2 respectively.
The height of the larger flag is 180 cm. Find the height of the smaller flag.
12. The area of the windscreen of a bus is 1.21 m2. In a photograph of the bus, the windscreen
appears as a rectangle 12 cm by 3cm. find the length and breadth of the real windscreen.

VOLUME OF SIMILAR SHAPES

The ratio of the areas of two similar shapes is the square of the scale factor of the two shapes.
Volume Factor = ¿
Scale Factor = √ Volume Factor

QUESTIONS
1. Two similar cups have heights in the ratio 2:3. Find the ratio of their capacities.
2. Two similar blocks have corresponding edges of length 10 cm and 20 cm. Find the ratio of
their masses.
3. A soap bubble, 4 cm in diameter is blown out until its diameter is 8 cm. By what ratio has
the volume of air in the bubble increased?
4. Two metal bolts are similar in shape and have diameters 5 mm and 15 mm.
a. Find the ratio of their masses.
b. The smaller bolt’s mass is 12g. Find the mass of the larger bolt.
1
5. Two similar buckets hold 13 l and 4 l respectively.
2
a. Find the ratio of their height.
b. The height of the larger bucket is 36 cm. Find the height of the smaller bucket.
6. Two similar pots have heights of 16 cm and 10 cm. The smaller pot holds 0.75 l . Find the
capacity of the larger pot.
7. A sports trophy is in the shape of a cup 30 cm high. The winners are each given copies of
1
the cup, 7 cm high. One of the copies holds 100 ml. Find the capacity of the trophy in litres.
2
8. A cup of bean costs #160. How much would a similar tin, three times the height and
diameter, full of beans cost?
9. A pencil manufacturer makes a giant model pencil, 3m long, as a factory symbol. A real
pencil is 18 cm long and has a volume of 9 cm3. Find the volume in m3 of the giant model.
10. A builder makes a scale model of a real house. The volumes of air in the scale model and
the real house are 27 500 cm3 and 220 m3 respectively. The height of the door in the real
house is 2.4 m. Find the height of the door in the scale model.