Computer Graphics (CoSc3121)

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

DEBARK U N I V E R S I T Y

CHAPTER ONE-PART TWO

 Computer Graphics Chapter One
2

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Computer Graphics Software

 Two types of Grpahics softwares
Graphics Software  Special purpose graphics packages
 Designed for spesific purpose
Graphics Display
 Used by end users
Devices
 Adobe photoshop, 3D studio max, paint,
Graphics Input CAD, Microsoft Excel ...
Devices  General purpose graphics packages
 are pre-defined libraries for drawing
OpenGL graphics primitives
 Used by programmers not by end-users
 Require technical knowledge
 OpenGL, Scene discription languages (to
define 3D models of scenes like VRML:
virtual reality modeling language)
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Graphics Display Devices
 Common graphics displays
 CRT
Graphics Softwares
 LCD

Graphics Display  Plasma

Devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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CRT Displays

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan  Electron guns generate electron beam
Devices  Electrons fired towards the screen

3D display devices  Beam hits the phosphor dots

 Phosphor dots emits light
Graphics Input  Brightness = strength of the beam

Devices  The beam passes through the magnetic field (deflection

yoke) to control their directions
 3 electron beams and group of 3 phosphor dots = color
OpenGL  Brightness of the RGB dots and their combination = color
of light perceived at that point
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Random Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices  Also known as vector graphics displays
3D display devices  Pictures drawn = set of primitives like lines, curves
 Electron beams only directed to the image parts
Graphics Input
Devices  For the blank screen = no electron beem directed
 Only used in hardcopy plotters

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan  Primitives to be drawn converted in to a grid of
Devices dots
Raster Scan  Brightness of these dots stored in a frame buffer
Devices
 CRT beem sweeps across the screen line by line
3D display devices  It visits every location on the screen
Graphics Input  Frame buffer controls the place where the CRT
Devices electron beem switched on
 Most common types of graphics displays
OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan  Raster: a grid of phosphor dots on the display screen
Devices
 Pixel or picture cell: each phosphor dots
3D display devices
 Scan-line: row of pixels in the raster
Graphics Input  X-Resolution: number of pixels in the scan-line
Devices  Y-Resolution: number of the scan-lines in the raster
 Aspect Ratio of the display: the ratio between X-
OpenGL Resolution and Y-Resolution
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Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input  Shadow mask: a mask containing many tiny holes for each
Devices pixel in the raster
 it makes the slightly separated beams to hit the screen at
slightly different locations (RGB phosphors)
OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan  Persistance: length of time that Phosphor dots emit light
Devices after the beam has moved on (very short time)
3D display devices  Permanent image = continues refresh of the raster
 Electron beems sweeped across the raster scan-line by scan-
Graphics Input line
Devices  Starts from top towards the bottom

 When the scan line is complited, it starts again from the top

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices  Refresh rate: the number of times that the entire
Raster Scan raster is refreshed in each second
Devices  When the refresh rate >= 24 f/s (frames per
3D display devices second) = reasonably smooth and persistant
image,
Graphics Input  Modern display devices = 60 f/s
Devices
 Old grpahics displays = 30 f/s, some flicker
 Interlaced scanning
OpenGL
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Interlaced Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan  alternate scan-lines are updated in each raster
Devices refresh
Raster Scan  First refresh = only odd numbered scan-lines
 Next refresh = only even numbered scan-lines
Devices
 It effectively doubles the refresh rate
3D display devices  Flicker will be avoided

Graphics Input  Common Video Formats

Devices  VGA: resolution 640x480, 60 f/s refresh rate, non-interlaced
scanning.
 PAL: resolution 625x480, 25 f/s refresh rate, interlaced scanning
OpenGL  NTSC: resolution 525x480, 30 f/s refresh rate, interlaced
scanning


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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
Random Scan
Devices
Raster Scan
Devices
3D display devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
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Raster Scan Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays
 Frame bufferers : 2D array of data values.
Random Scan  Each value corespond to a pixel in the
Devices
image
Raster Scan
Devices  Bit-plain or depth of frame buffer:
number of bits used to store the value for each
3D display devices
pixel
Graphics Input  1280x1024x24 frame buffer =>
Devices  resolution = 1280x1024 and depth = 24
 Color devices
OpenGL  Depth should be a multiple of three
 For Red, Green and Blue
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Graphics Display Devices
 Common graphics displays
 CRT
Graphics Softwares
 LCD

Graphics Display  Plasma

Devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
Discussion
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3D Display Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display
Devices

CRT Displays  Stereoscopy: the process of providing stereo pair of

images, one to each eye of the viewer to make the viewer
Random Scan to perceive depth (stereo immersion)
Devices  Head Mounted Displays (HMDs)
Raster Scan
 Displays mounted on the head of the viewer
Devices
 Virtual Reality Applications
3D display devices  Display Moved with the viewer head

Graphics Input  Head Tracked Displays (HTDs)

Devices  Display remains stationary
 The head of the viewer is tracked
 The two eyes will receive separate stereo images
OpenGL  Polarized light filters
 Color filters
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Graphics Input Devices

Graphics Softwares

Graphics Display Light pens Mouse Key board

Devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL Trackballs Joysticks

Tablet

Data Gloves

 Devices which can transmit input to the graphic

system,
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 Data glove
 A data glove is an interactive device,
Additional
resembling a glove worn on the hand, which
note
facilitates tactile sensing and fine-motion
control in robotics and virtual reality .
 Tactile sensing involves simulation of the
sense of human touch and includes the ability
to perceive pressure, linear force, torque,
temperature, and surface texture.
 Fine-motion control involves the use of
sensors to detect the movements of the user's
hand and fingers, and the translation of these
motions into signals that can be used by a
virtual hand (for example, in gaming ) or a
robotic hand (for example, in remote-control
surgery).
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OpenGL

 We will use OpenGL together with the

Graphics Softwares GL Utilities Toolkit.
 Make sure that you have access to a
Graphics Display C++ development environment that
Devices
supports these two libraries.
Graphics Input  Dev C++
Devices  Microsoft Visual C++ also has OpenGL built-in
but not glut.
OpenGL
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OpenGL …
 OpenGL is core library that contains the
majority of the functionality.
Graphics Softwares
 Four important libraries:

Graphics Display  OpenGL

Devices  The core library, it is platform (i.e.
hardware system) independent.
Graphics Input
 Glut: GL Utilities Toolkit
Devices
 Contains some extra routines for drawing
3-D objects and other
OpenGL
 Glu: OpenGL Utilities
 Contains some extra routines for
projections and rendering complex 3-D
objects.
 Glui: Contains some extra routines for
creating user-interfaces
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OpenGL …

Graphics Softwares
 Getting Started with OpenGL
(lab…)
Graphics Display
Devices

Graphics Input
Devices

OpenGL
End of Chapter One
Any Question?
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