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ICT 12 Intro To Computer Norton Summary

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22 views4 pages

ICT 12 Intro To Computer Norton Summary

Uploaded by

rabiasultan24277
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Overview: What Is a Computer Program?

A computer program is a collection of instructions (called code) that tell the CPU what to do.
Programs can fall into three main categories: operating systems, utilities, and applications. Key
components include:

 Executable Files (.exe, .com): Contain commands for the processor.


 Dynamic Link Library Files (.dll): Contain shared functions used by multiple
programs.
 Initialization Files (.ini): Store configuration settings.

Hardware/Software Interaction

Software directs hardware operations, enabling functionality. Key concepts include:

 Interrupts: Signals sent to the CPU for preprogrammed responses, such as playing a
sound file.
 Code: Written instructions in programming languages that interact with hardware.

Machine Code and Programming Languages

1. Machine Code: The most basic language of binary instructions (1s and 0s) that a CPU
can directly execute.
2. Assembly Language: Uses mnemonics to represent machine code, requiring an
assembler to translate it into machine-readable form.
3. High-Level Languages: English-like syntax allowing for easier programming (e.g.,
Python, C++).

Compilers and Interpreters

 Compilers: Translate entire programs into machine code, producing an executable file.
 Interpreters: Translate and execute code line-by-line, requiring the source code and
interpreter to run each time. Examples include Python and BASIC.

Planning a Computer Program

Successful program development requires planning tools like:


1. Input-Processing-Output (IPO) Charts: Outline required inputs, processes, and desired
outputs.
2. Pseudocode: Natural-language descriptions of program logic, aiding in initial program
structure.

How Programs Solve Problems

Programs solve problems using:

 Algorithms: Defined steps for solving specific tasks, ensuring accuracy.


 Heuristics: General problem-solving methods that do not guarantee a solution but
provide guidance.

Structured and Object-Oriented Programming

1. Structured Programming: Organizes code into functions that execute specific tasks,
promoting readability and logical flow.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulates data and functions into objects.
Key OOP concepts:
o Classes: Templates for creating objects.
o Inheritance: Sharing attributes and methods between classes.
o Polymorphism: Allowing objects to be treated as instances of their parent class.

Programming Structures

1. Sequence Structure: Executes instructions in a specific order.


2. Selection Structure: Makes decisions using conditions (e.g., if-else).
3. Repetition Structure: Handles loops to repeat tasks (e.g., for, while).

The Programming Process

1. Analyze Requirements: Identify the problem and user needs.


2. Design: Develop algorithms and plan the program’s structure.
3. Code: Write the program in the chosen language.
4. Test: Debug and verify functionality.
5. Maintain: Update and refine as necessary.
Overview: Keys to Successful Programming

Successful programming requires:

 Knowledge of Tools: Familiarity with languages and development environments.


 Adherence to Process: Following systematic steps ensures reliability and collaboration.

Evolution of Programming Languages

Programming languages have evolved through five generations:

1. Machine Languages: Binary code specific to each CPU.


2. Assembly Languages: Mnemonics for machine instructions, translated by assemblers.
3. Third-Generation Languages (3GLs): High-level languages like C and FORTRAN.
4. Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs): Designed for database querying and reporting
(e.g., SQL).
5. Fifth-Generation Languages (5GLs): Aim to use AI for coding, though still
experimental.

Categories of Programming Languages

1. Machine and Assembly Languages: Close to hardware, requiring detailed


understanding.
2. High-Level Languages: Abstract and user-friendly, suitable for complex applications.
3. Scripting Languages: Used for web development and automating tasks (e.g.,
JavaScript).

World Wide Web Development Languages

1. HTML: Defines web page structure using tags and attributes.


2. JavaScript: Adds interactivity to web pages.
3. PHP and ASP.NET: For dynamic server-side web applications.

The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for Programming

1. Analysis: Determine user needs.


2. Design: Develop system architecture.
3. Implementation: Write and deploy the software.
4. Testing: Verify functionality and resolve issues.
5. Maintenance: Ensure long-term usability.

Careers in Programming

Roles include:

 Software Developer: Designs and builds applications.


 Web Developer: Focuses on web technologies.
 Game Programmer: Creates interactive gaming experiences.

Programming careers require problem-solving skills, knowledge of tools, and adaptability to


evolving technologies.

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