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Dbms Unit2

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5 views3 pages

Dbms Unit2

Uploaded by

soradesigns21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Structure of Relational Database

● Important Questions:
○ Define a relational database. Explain its structure with an example.
○ What are attributes, tuples, and relations? How are they interrelated?
○ Explain the importance of primary keys and foreign keys in a relational database.
○ Write short notes on candidate keys and superkeys.
● PYQs:
○ Define primary key and foreign key with examples. (UTU, 2021)
○ What is a relational database? Describe the importance of keys in relational
databases. (UTU, 2020)

2. Relational Algebra

● Important Questions:
○ What is relational algebra? Discuss its significance in relational databases.
○ Explain the fundamental operations in relational algebra: selection, projection,
union, set difference, Cartesian product, and rename.
○ Write examples for the additional operations like intersection, natural join, and
division.
○ Discuss extended relational algebra operations such as aggregate functions and
grouping.
○ Solve queries using relational algebra for:
■ Finding records with specific criteria.
■ Joining two tables based on conditions.
● PYQs:
○ Differentiate between union and Cartesian product with examples. (UTU, 2019)
○ Write a short note on natural join and division in relational algebra. (UTU, 2022)
○ Solve: Find employees earning above average salary using relational algebra.
(UTU, 2020)

3. Tuple and Domain Relational Calculus

● Important Questions:
○ Define tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus.
○ Write queries in tuple relational calculus for specific problems.
○ Compare tuple relational calculus with domain relational calculus.
○ What are the advantages of relational calculus over relational algebra?
● PYQs:
○ Write a short note on domain relational calculus with an example. (UTU, 2021)
○ How does tuple relational calculus differ from relational algebra? (UTU, 2019)

4. SQL

Basic Structure, Set Operations, Aggregate Functions

● Important Questions:
○ What is SQL? Explain its basic structure with examples.
○ Discuss SQL set operations: UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT.
○ Explain aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX) with examples.
○ Write an SQL query to calculate totals, averages, or counts based on conditions.
● PYQs:
○ Write a query to find the second highest salary from the employee table. (UTU,
2020)
○ Explain the concept of aggregate functions with examples. (UTU, 2021)

Null Values, Nested Subqueries, and Views

● Important Questions:
○ How does SQL handle NULL values in comparisons?
○ Explain the concept of nested subqueries with examples.
○ What are views in SQL? How are they created and used? Discuss their
advantages.
● PYQs:
○ Write a query to display names of employees who earn more than all employees
in the department ‘HR’. (UTU, 2022)
○ Define a view. How can you update a view? (UTU, 2020)

Data Definition Language (DDL), Embedded SQL, and Dynamic SQL

● Important Questions:
○ Explain the DDL commands in SQL with examples (CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
○ Differentiate between Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL with examples.
○ Write short notes on the implementation of Dynamic SQL.
● PYQs:
○ Explain DDL commands in SQL with suitable examples. (UTU, 2022)
○ What is the difference between embedded SQL and dynamic SQL? (UTU, 2019)

5. Domain Constraints, Referential Integrity, and Triggers

● Important Questions:
○ What are domain constraints? Explain their role in relational databases.
○ What is referential integrity? How does it ensure consistency in a relational
database?
○ Define triggers. Discuss their types and explain how they are used in SQL.
● PYQs:
○ What are triggers? Write an SQL example to demonstrate their use. (UTU, 2021)
○ Define referential integrity with an example. (UTU, 2020)

Exam Tips:

● Practice queries: Relational algebra, SQL queries, and relational calculus are heavily
tested. Focus on writing and solving different types of queries.
● Understand concepts: Ensure you can explain theoretical concepts (like keys,
constraints, and triggers) clearly.
● Review PYQs: Analyze patterns in past questions to focus on frequently tested topics.

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