Mathematics to find a root of a given function Introduction (cont.) •Root of a function: • Root of a function f(x) = 0, is value a such that: • f(a) = 0 Introduction (cont.) •Example:
Function: f(x) = x2 - 4
Roots: x = -2, x = 2
Because: f(-2) = (-2)2 - 4 = 4 - 4 = 0 f(2) = (2)2 - 4 = 4 - 4 = 0 A Mathematical Property •Well-known Mathematical Property: • If a function f(x) is continuous on the interval [a,b] and sign of f(a) ≠ sign of f(b), then
• There is a value c ∈ [a..b] such that: f(c) = 0
I.e., there is a root c in the interval [a..b] A Mathematical Property (cont.) • Example: The Bisection Method • The Bisection Method is a successive approximation method that narrows down an interval that contains a root of the function f(x). • The Bisection Method is given an initial interval [a..b] that contains a root (We can use the property sign of f(a) ≠ sign of f(b) to find such an initial interval). • The Bisection Method will cut the interval into 2 halves and check which half interval contains a root of the function. • The Bisection Method will keep cut the interval in halves until the resulting interval is extremely small The root is then approximately equal to any value in the final (very small) interval. The Bisection Method (cont.) •Example: • Suppose the interval [a..b] is as follows: The Bisection Method (cont.)
•We cut the interval [a..b] in the middle:
m = (a+b)/2 The Bisection Method (cont.)
• Because sign of f(m) ≠ sign of f(a) , we proceed with
the search in the new interval [a,b]: The Bisection Method (cont.)
We can use this statement to change to
the new interval: b = m; The Bisection Method (cont.)
• In the above example, we have changed the end
point b to obtain a smaller interval that still contains a root
In other cases, we may need to changed the end
point b to obtain a smaller interval that still contains a root The Bisection Method (cont.) • Here is an example where you have to change the end point a: • Initial interval [a..b]: The Bisection Method (cont.)
• After cutting the interval in half, the root is contained in the
right-half, so we have to change the end point a: Example 1 : solve the equation
correct up to 2 significant figures using bisection
•Example-3 Solve the equation for the roots lying between 1 and 2 correct up to 2 decimal places using bisection method. Example 2 : solution 𝑎 +𝑏 N 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎 ) 𝑓(𝑏 ) 𝑓(𝑥 ) 2
𝐴 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 Process: From the given figure we can see that 𝑏−𝑎 triangle ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 &∆𝑂𝐶𝐷 are similar. D C Hence, 𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑂𝐷 𝑓 𝑏 ℎ 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏−𝑎 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) ℎ 𝑓(𝑎) ∗ 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎 B ℎ= 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) A 𝑥 𝑏 𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ For iterations O 𝑓(𝑎 ) ∗ 𝑏 − 𝑎 ℎ = 𝑓(𝑎 ) + 𝑓(𝑏 ) 𝑥 =𝑎 +ℎ Steps : • Equation is given make appropriate Function from this call it 𝑓(𝑥) • Find 𝑎 & 𝑏 in which root is lying between. • Follow the process …
𝑛 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎 ) 𝑓(𝑏 ) 𝑏 −𝑎 ℎ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎 ) 𝑓(𝑏 ) 𝑏 −𝑎 ℎ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ Example 1: using Regula-falsi (RF) method find the root of function correct up to 3 significant figures. • Solution: Here, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 −2
