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databases and sql

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databases and sql

Uploaded by

adjutanttiger018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Databases and SQL

1.Introduction to Databases
• Importance of Databases in Web
Development:
o Databases are essential in web
development as they store and manage
the data that powers web applications.
o They allow for efficient retrieval,
updating, and management of data,
making dynamic content delivery
possible.
o Databases enable user authentication,
content management, and personalized
user experiences.
o They support large volumes of data and
concurrent user interactions, which is
crucial for scalability and performance.
• Types of Databases:
o Relational Databases:
▪ Use structured schemas with tables,
rows, and columns.
▪ Support SQL (Structured Query
Language) for data manipulation and
querying.
▪ Ensure data integrity through
constraints and relationships (e.g.,
primary keys, foreign keys).
▪ Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Oracle, SQL Server.
o Non-Relational (NoSQL) Databases:
▪ Designed for unstructured, semi-
structured, or distributed data.
▪ Do not rely on fixed table schemas,
offering more flexibility.
▪ Support various data models:
document (e.g., MongoDB), key-value
(e.g., Redis), column-family (e.g.,
Cassandra), graph (e.g., Neo4j).
▪ Suitable for big data applications,
real-time analytics, and scalable
architectures.
2.SQL (Structured Query Language)
• Basics:
o SELECT:
▪ Retrieves data from one or more
tables.
▪ Syntax: SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name WHERE condition;
o INSERT:
▪ Adds new records to a table.
▪ Syntax: INSERT INTO table_name
(column1, column2) VALUES (value1,
value2);
o UPDATE:
▪ Modifies existing records in a table.
▪ Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET
column1 = value1, column2 = value2
WHERE condition;
o DELETE:
▪ Removes records from a table.
▪ Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
• Joins:
o Combine rows from two or more tables
based on related columns.
o Types:
▪ INNER JOIN: Returns only the
matching rows.
▪ LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the
left table and matching rows from the
right table.
▪ RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from
the right table and matching rows
from the left table.
▪ FULL JOIN: Returns all rows when
there is a match in either table.
o Syntax: SELECT columns FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.column =
table2.column;
• Subqueries:
o A query within another SQL query, used
to perform operations on multiple layers.
o Syntax: SELECT column1 FROM table1
WHERE column2 = (SELECT column3
FROM table2 WHERE condition);
• Indexes:
o Data structures that improve the speed of
data retrieval operations on a table.
o Create an index on columns that are
frequently used in queries.
o Syntax: CREATE INDEX index_name ON
table_name (column1, column2);
3.Database Integration
• Connecting Databases to Web Applications:
o Establish a connection between the web
application and the database using
database drivers or libraries.
o In PHP, the mysqli or PDO extension is
commonly used to connect to MySQL
databases.
o Example using mysqli:

o Example using PDO:


• CRUD Operations with PHP and MySQL:
o Create (INSERT):

o Read (SELECT):

o Update (UPDATE):

o Delete (DELETE):
o Always sanitize user inputs and use
prepared statements to prevent SQL
injection attacks:

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