Linear Combinations and Generators

Line and plane
1) Find the intersection point of the lines {p:p = (1,2,3) + t(2,-1,1)} and
{p:p = (4,0,2) + t(1,3,-1)}.
2) Find equation of a plane through points (1,2,3), (4,1,2) and (2,3,1)
3)Find the equation of the line that passes through the following three
points: p1=(1,2,3) ,p2=(4,5,6) , p3=(7,8,9)
Vector subspace
1)
2) Find the coordinates of X with respect to the vectors A, B and C : X = (1, 0, 0),
A = (1, 1, 1), B = (-1, 1, 0), C = (1, 0, -1)
Linear Combinations and Generators
Bases and Dimensions of Vector Spaces

1) S= {(x , y ,z ) E R^3 : x - y + 2z = 0} Basis and dimension
2) Let V = {(a, b, c, d) E R^4: a – 3b + c = 0} Find a basis and dimension of V
Answer
Bases and Dimensions of Vector Spaces
1) S={(x,y,z) ∈R^3 : x - y + 2z = 0 }.
From the equation x − y + 2z = 0, solve for x: in terms of y and z
x = y − 2z
Let y = a and z = b where a,b ∈R
x = a - 2b
Substitute these into the expression for x:
(x, y, z) = (a - 2b, a, b)
(x, y, z) = a(1, 1, 0) + b(-2, 0, 1)
we see that any vector in S is a linear combination of the two vectors:
v1 = (1,1,0), v2 = (−2,0,1)
These vectors are linearly independent because no scalar multiple of v1
equals v2.
Since v1 and v2 span S, they form a basis for S
Basis: {(1,1,0),(−2,0,1)}
Dimension: 2
2) V={(a, b,c,d) ∈R^4 : a - 3b + c = 0 }.

From the equation a - 3b + c = 0, solve for a: in terms of b and c
a = 3b - c
Let b= t, c = s and d = u where t,s,u ∈R
a = 3t - s
Substitute these into the expression for a:

(a, b, c, d) = (3t - s , t, s, u)
(a, b, c, d) = t(3, 1, 0, 0) + s(-1, 0, 1, 0) + u(0, 0, 0, 1)
we see that any vector in V is a linear combination of the two vectors:
v1 = (3, 1, 0, 0) v2 = (-1, 0, 1, 0), v3= (0, 0, 0, 1)

These vectors are linearly independent because none of them can be expressed as a
linear combination of the others
They span V, as every vector in V can be written as a linear combination of v1,v2,v3
Basis: {(3,1,0,0), (−1,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)}
Dimension: 3
Vector subspace
1)
H={(x,y):x,y∈R and x+4y=0}.
H is a subset of the vector space R^2 over R. The goal is to show that H is
a subspace of R^2
Step 1: Subspace Conditions
To verify that H is a subspace of R^2, we must check the following:
1. Zero Vector: The zero vector (0,0) is in H.

2. Closed Under Addition: If u, v ∈ H then u + v ∈ H
3. Closed Under Scalar Multiplication: If u ∈ H and c ∈ , then c.u
∈H.
Step 2: Verify Each Condition
(a) Zero Vector:
The zero vector in R^2 is (0,0).

Check if (0,0) ∈H (0, 0) :
Substitute x=0 and y=0 into x + 4y = 0:
0 + 4(0) = 0.
This is true, so (0,0) ∈H .
(b) Closed Under Addition:
Let u = (x1, y1) ∈H and v=(x2, y2) ∈H

By definition of H, we know:
x1 + 4y1 = 0 and x2 + 4y2 = 0.
Now, check if u + v = (x1 + x2, y1+ y2) ∈H

Substitute into the equation x + 4y = 0:
(x1 + x2) + 4(y1 + y2) = (x1 + 4y1) + (x2 + 4y2).
Since x1 + 4y1 = 0 and x2 + 4y2 = 0 we get:
(x1 + x2) + 4(y1 + y2 ) = 0
Thus, u + v ∈H
(b) Closed Under Scalar Multiplication:
Let u =(x, y) ∈H and c∈R.

By definition of H, we know x + 4y =0
Now, check if c.u = (cx, cy) ∈H

Substitute into the equation x + 4y = 0
(cx) + 4(cy) = c(x + 4y).
Since x + 4y = 0, we get:
c( x + 4y) = c.0 = 0
Thus, c.u ∈H
Therefore H is a subspace of R^2
Line and plane

1)
L1:p= (1,2,3) + t1(2,−1,1)
Parametric equations:
x1 = 1 + 2t, y1= 2 − t, z1 = 3 + t
L2 :p = (4,0,2) + s(1,3,−1)
Parametric equations:
x2 = 4 + s, y2 = 3s, z2 = 2 − s
We solve for t and s such that:
x1 = x2, y1 = y2, z1 = z2.
Step 1: Solve x1 = x2
From 1 + 2t = 4 + s :
S =2t − 3.
Step 2: Solve y1 = y2
From 2 − t = 3s , substitute s =2t − 3:
2 − t = 3(2t − 3).
Simplify:
2−t = 6t − 9.
2 + 9 = 6t + t.
11 = 7t ⟹ t = 11 / 7
Substitute t = 11 / 7 into s = 2t − 3:
s = 2(11 / 7) − 3 = (22 / 7) − (21 / 7) = 1 / 7.
Step 3: Check z1=z2z_1 = z_2z1=z2
Substitute t = 11 / 7 and s = 1 / 7 into the z1 and z2 equations.
z1 = 3 + t => 3 + 11 / 7 = (21 / 7) + (11 / 7) = 32 /7
z2 = 2 − s => 2 - 1/7 = (14/7) - (1/7) = 13/7
Clearly:
z1 ≠ z2.
Since z1 ≠ z2, the lines do not intersect.

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Line and plane

Linear Combinations and Generators

Bases and Dimensions of Vector Spaces

2) V={(a, b,c,d) ∈R^4 : a - 3b + c = 0 }.

Substitute these into the expression for a:

v1 = (3, 1, 0, 0) v2 = (-1, 0, 1, 0), v3= (0, 0, 0, 1)

Step 1: Subspace Conditions

To verify that H is a subspace of R^2, we must check the following:

1. Zero Vector: The zero vector (0,0) is in H.

Step 2: Verify Each Condition

(a) Zero Vector:

The zero vector in R^2 is (0,0).

Substitute x=0 and y=0 into x + 4y = 0:

This is true, so (0,0) ∈H .

(b) Closed Under Addition:

Let u = (x1, y1) ∈H and v=(x2, y2) ∈H

x1 + 4y1 = 0 and x2 + 4y2 = 0.

Now, check if u + v = (x1 + x2, y1+ y2) ∈H

(x1 + x2) + 4(y1 + y2) = (x1 + 4y1) + (x2 + 4y2).

Since x1 + 4y1 = 0 and x2 + 4y2 = 0 we get:

(x1 + x2) + 4(y1 + y2 ) = 0

Let u =(x, y) ∈H and c∈R.

Now, check if c.u = (cx, cy) ∈H

(cx) + 4(cy) = c(x + 4y).

Therefore H is a subspace of R^2

Line and plane

We solve for t and s such that:

x1 = x2, y1 = y2, z1 = z2.

s = 2(11 / 7) − 3 = (22 / 7) − (21 / 7) = 1 / 7.

Step 3: Check z1=z2z_1 = z_2z1=z2

Substitute t = 11 / 7 and s = 1 / 7 into the z1 and z2 equations.

z1 = 3 + t => 3 + 11 / 7 = (21 / 7) + (11 / 7) = 32 /7

z2 = 2 − s => 2 - 1/7 = (14/7) - (1/7) = 13/7

Since z1 ≠ z2, the lines do not intersect.

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