POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL

(BEL05005)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Academic Year – 2020-21

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, ODISHA
Burla, Sambalpur-768018, Odisha
www.vssut.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla strives to be
recognized globally for imparting outstanding technical education and research leading to
well qualified truly world class leaders and to unleash technological innovations to serve the
global society with an ultimate aim to improve the quality of life.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla

strives to create world class Electrical & Electronics Engineers by
M1 Imparting quality education to its students and enhancing their skills
M2 Encouraging innovative research and consultancy by establishing the state-of-the-
art research facilities through which the faculty members and engineers from the
nearby
industries can actively utilize the established the research laboratories
M3 Expanding curricula as appropriate to include broader prospective.
M4 Establishing linkages with world class R&D organizations and leading
educational institutions in Indian and abroad for excelling in teaching, research and
consultancy
M5 Developing simple and appropriate technologies for rural areas and eventually
contributing to sustainable development of the society

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The educational objectives of UG program in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE) of VSSUT, Burla are:
PEO1 To have sound knowledge of basic principles of electrical& electronics
engineering, exposure to experimental setups including requisite knowledge in
mathematics, sciences and basic Engineering.
PEO2 To augment the workforce in areas of electrical power and electronics systems,
electrical and electronic component manufacturing industries, related core
engineering and software fields and be entrepreneurs eventually realizing the make
in India dream.
PEO3 To have strong background to pursue higher studies, communicate effectively,
become efficient team members and leaders.
PEO4 To inculcate strong ethical values and social responsibility.
PEO5 To lead in the conception, design and implementation of new products, processes,
services and systems.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES OF B. TECH. (EEE)

PEngineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Ofundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
1 problems.
PProblem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
Oengineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
2 natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PDesign/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
Odesign system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
3 consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PConduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
Omethods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
4 information to provide valid conclusions.
PModern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
Oengineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
5 with an understanding of the limitations.
PThe engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
Osocietal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
6 the professional engineering practice.
PEnvironment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
Osolutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
7 sustainable development.
PEthics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
Onorms of the engineering practice.
8
PIndividual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
Odiverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
9
PCommunication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
Oengineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
1 effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
0 clear instructions.
PProject management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Oengineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and
1 leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
1
PLife-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
Oindependent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
1
2
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1 Understand the fundamental concepts of communication systems, including analog and digital
systems, the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and the differences between these systems.

2 Gain knowledge of baseband signals, analog signals, digital signals, and the process of
converting analog signals to digital signals through sampling, quantization, and binary coding.

3 Be able to analyze the transformation of baseband signals between the time and frequency
domains. This includes understanding Fourier transforms of basic signals.

4 Grasp the concepts of time division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division multiplexing
(FDM), including intersymbol interference and crosstalk.

5 Learn about different digital baseband signal formats like unipolar, bipolar, NRZ, RZ, pulse
code modulation (PCM), and companding.

COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to:

C Apply the basics of MATLAB coding in communication system.

O
1
C Analyze and develop amplitude modulation and demodulation circuit.
O
2
C Analyze and develop frequency modulation and demodulation circuit.
O
3
C Analyze the PLL and Voltage Controlled Oscillator circuit.
O
4
C Implement principle of various digital modulation and demodulation techniques.
O
5

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORIES

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.

 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.

 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.

 All bags must be left at the indicated place.

 The lab time table must be strictly followed.

 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.

 Program must be executed within the given time.

 Noise must be kept to a minimum.

 Work space must be kept clean and tidy at all time.

 Handle the systems and interfacing kits with care.

 All students are liable for any damage to the accessories due to their own negligence.

 All interfacing kits connecting cables must be RETURNED if you taken from the lab

supervisor.

 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory.

 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the Lab Supervisor

 USB Ports have been disabled if you want to use USB drive consult lab supervisor.

 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any malfunction of the accessories, is there.

 Before leaving the lab Place the chairs properly.

 Turn off the system properly

 Turn off the monitor.

 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Study of V-I characteristics of SCR with different gate currents.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity

1. SCR T1508 25A,1200V lnos.
2. Ammeter MC (0-20)mA,(0-2)A, 3
(0-75) mA
3. Voltmeter MC (0-250)V,(0-2)V 3
4. Rheostat Toshniwal 220Ω 2.8A,300Ω 1.7A 2 .
5. Two Way Key 1
6. Decade Resistance (0-999)KΩ 1
7. Patch Chords & few
wires

THEORY:
OFF MODE: when anode is positive w.r.t. cathode (without any gate signal) the S.C.R. is
forward biased and it is in forward blocking state or off-state. Only leakage current of mA
value will flow through the device.

When anode is made negative with respect to cathode, the SCR is reversed biased and is in
reverse blocking state. Only leakage current flows through the device.

CONDUCTION MODE:
When SCR is forward biased (without gate signal) and voltage across it is gradually increased
the leakage current will increase and at a particular voltage VB (break over voltage) large
forward current flow from anode to cathode and is controlled by the external impedance. The
voltage drop across the device will decrease to the ohmic drop of the device, and the device is
in conducting state or on state. The anode to cathode voltage is now decreased; the device
will continue to stay on. Only when the current become less than holding current (at small
input forward voltage / connecting high impedance in the circuit) the device will go to
blocking state.

When the SCR is forward biased and gate signal is given (gate positive w.r.t. cathode) the
SCR will conduct at reduced applied voltage. The characteristic is given in the following
figure.
Circuit Diagram for V-I characteristics of SCR

MODEL GRAPH:
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Initial voltage across anode to cathode (V ak) make zero with the help of rheostat.
3. Connect the two way keys in such that low current and high voltage rating ammeter
and voltmeter respectively to the circuit.
 4. Now slowly increase the anode to cathode voltage (Vak) by varying the rheostat till the
thyristor gets turned On, with the indication that anode to cathode voltage decreases to its
on state voltage drop and anode current increases. If the thyristor will not conduct then
apply gate current to l4mA by varying the decade resistant.
5. Now switch off the DC supply and connect the two ways key in such that high current
and low voltage rating ammeter and voltmeter respectively were connected to the
circuit then switch on the DC supply.
6. Note the values of voltmeter (Vak) which is the break over voltage and the anode current
(Ia) which is the latching current value.
7. Further, increase the anode current (Ia) in steps by varying the anode to cathode (Vak)
and note the readings.
8. Now reduce the Anode to cathode (Yak) till the thyristor is turned off and find the holding
current.
9. Now change the gate current and repeat the same procedure from 2 to 8.
10. Finally, a graph of anode current Vs anode to cathode voltage is plotted for various
gates current.
PRECUTIONS:

1. Before setting each the gate current, keep the anode to cathode voltage (Yak) as zero.
2. Keep the load resistance at maximum point.
3. Initially choose the higher range ammeter and voltmeter to check the break over
voltage.
TABULATION FOR V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

S1.No Ig.=1 Sl.No. Ig.=2

1 V1 Vak Ia 1 VI Vak Ia

2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is latching current?

2. What is break over voltage?
3. What is forward bias and reverse bias?
4. What is holding current?
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Study of Single phase half wave converters with R and R-L loads with and without
freewheeling action

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S1.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity

1. SCR module with 25TTS12 25A,1200V lnos.

2. SCR Triggering Kit -- -- --

3. Isolation Transformer 230/230V 1
3. Ammeter MC 0-500 mA 1
4. Voltmeter MC 0- 50 V 1
5. Rheostat Toshniwal 220Ω 2.8A,13Ω 7.9A 2
6. Inductor 120mH,4A 1
7. CRO 30MHz. 1
8. CRO Probe 1:1, 1:10 2
9. Patch Chords & wires few
THEORY:
Following diagram is based on R-C phase shift. When R is changed firing angle also changes
ranging from 0 to 180 °. But when this is subjected to thyristor as gate pulse, wide range
variation of firing angle connects is achieved. (Firing angle = phase angle). After a = 90,
amplitude of the gate pulse may not be sufficient to turn on. So obtaining wide range of firing
angle totally dependent upon the peak value of gate pulse.

FORMULA USED:

FOR R – LOAD
Vm
1. Average DC output voltage Vdc is Vdc = 2 π (1+cos α )

[( )]
1
Vm 1 sin 2 α 2
2. RMS output voltage is V rms Vrms = 2 π π −α + 2

FOR RL LOAD

Vm
3. Average DC output voltage Vdc is Vdc = 2 π (cos α−cos β)

[ ]
1
Vm 1 1 2
4. RMS output voltage V rms Vrms = 2 π ( β−α )− 2 ( sin 2 β−sin 2 α )
2
V dc
5. Rectification efficiency %ƞ=¿ 2
V rms
V rms
6. Form Factor FF = V dc
7. Peak inverse voltage PIV = Vm
8. Ripple factor RF = √ FF 2−1

( )
1
1 sin2 α
PF = √ 2 π π −α + 2
2
9. Power factor
Where
Vm = maximum or peak voltage in volts √ 2V i
Vi = Supply voltage in volts
α = Firing angle
β = Extinction angle
γ = conduction angle = β – α

Circuit Diagram for Single phase half wave controlled converters

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier Wave forms with R-Load

OBJECT:
Observe the load voltage at different firing angle. Trace the load voltage waveform
corresponding to firing angle with/without free wheeling diode. Find the load voltage
theoretically experimentally.
Also observe waveform across the different components.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the triggering circuit.
3. Switch on the supply and keep the input supply voltage at 100V.
4. By varying the potentiometer, vary the firing angle provided in the panel board from 0-
90°.
5. Trace the different voltage and current waveform for different firing angles.
6. Follow similar procedure for the R-L loads with and without free wheeling diode.
7. Output voltage is calculated for each step and the readings are tabulated.
8. Readings are taken from voltmeter and ammeter for various observations and finally
calculate the error.

TABLE
For R-Load
Sl Firing Angle Practical V avg Practical I avg Reading from % error in
No αo (V) (I) CRO

Voltage Current Voltag Current

e

For R-L Load at β=

(With FD & with out FD)

Sl Firing Angle Practical V avg Practical I avg Reading from % error in

No αo (V) (I) CRO

Voltage Current Voltag Current

e

CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What are the types of converter in power electronics?

2. What is firing angle?
3. What is freewheeling diode?
4. What is the effect on Power factor?
5. How the extinction angle 13 can be known theoretically?
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Study of single phase AC regulator using TRIAC with R and R-L loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity

1. TRIAC module BT13600 4A,600V 1
2. Isolation Transformer 230/230V 1
3. Ammeter MI 0-1 A 1
4. Voltmeter MI 0-250V 1
5. Rheostat Toshniwal 220Ω 2.8A,13Ω 7.9A 2
6. Inductor Fan Motor 1
7. CRO 30MHz. 1
8. CRO Probe 1:1, 1:10 2
1. 9. Patch Chords & wires few

THEORY:

OBJECT:
Measure the firing angle, corresponding voltage and current across R and R-L load. Trace the
wave forms of voltage and current. For various value of a, calculate the theoretical RMS
voltage and current and determine the % error.

FORMULA USED:

[( )] Where
1
1 sin 2 α 2
The RMS output voltage is VoRMS = Vs π −α +
π 2
α = Firing angle
Vm
Vs = Source voltage = 2
√2
Vm = CRO voltage (P-P)
V rms(th) −V rms(expt )
% error = V rms(th)
X 100

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Load the resistance to its full position.
3. Switch on the 230V A.C. supply and adjust the variac to 220V
4. By varying the potentiometer, vary the firing angle and for each step note down
the firing angle, ammeter, voltmeter reading and the output waveforms for R & R-
L load separately.
5. Finally the output wave form is plotted and theoretical RMS voltage and current is
calculated.
Circuit Diagram for TRIAC for Single Phase AC Converter

SINGLE PHASE AC CONTROLLER WITH R LOAD

TABULATION FOR SINGLE PHASE AC REGULATOR

Sl Firing Angle Practical V avg Practical I avg Reading from % error in

No αo (V) (I) CRO

Voltage Current Voltag Current

e

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is bidirectional device?

2. What is bipolar device?

3. What is the number and range of the given Triac?

4. What type of firing and commutation are used here?

5. How do you change the firing angle?

6. Draw the symbol of Triac.

AIM - OF THE EXPERIMENT

Study of different methods of triggering of,SCR.

1. To study operation of R and RC firing Circuits of SCR.

2. To study operation of UJT firing Circuits of SCR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity
1. UJT triggering module
2. R & RC triggering module
7. CRO 30MHz.
8. CRO Probe 1:1 2
Patch Chords & wires few

THEORY:

RESISTANCE FIRING CIRCUIT:

Resistance trigger circuits are the simplest & most economical method. During the positive half cycle
of the input voltage, SCR become forward biased but it will not conduct until its gate current exceeds gate
threshold, Vgt Diode D allows the flow of current during positive half cycle only. R1 is the variable
resistance and is used to limit the current through the circuit (I g) and to vary the gate voltage and thus
the firing angle. During the positive half cycle current Ig flows. Ig increases and when Vg=Vgt=I gminR
the SCR turns ON .The firing angle can be varied from 0 — 90° by varying the resistance R I.

RC FIRING CIRCUIT:

By varying the variable resistance R1, the firing angle can be varied. Capacitor, C charges and
discharges with a phase shift. When the capacitor voltage equal to the gate threshold voltage V gt,SCR
get triggered. Diode D prevents the negative voltage to gate

PROCEDURE:

RESISTANCE FIRING CIRCUIT:

1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the potentiometer R1 in minimum position (maximum resistance in
the circuit)
3. Turn on the power switch
4. Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for
various firing angle
5. Observe the range of firing angle control.

RC FIRING CIRCUIT:

1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the potentiometer R1 in minimum position (maximum resistance in the circuit)
3. Turn on the power switch
4. Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various firing angle
5. Observe the range of firing angle control.

RESULT:
Studied the operation of R and RC firing circuit for SCR for different firing angles.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESISTANCE FIRING CIRCUIT

RC FIRING CIRCUIT
WAVEFORMS

RESISTANCE FIRING CIRCUIT

RC FIRING CIRCUIT
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To study the operation of UJT firing circuit for SCR.

THEORY:
A synchronized UJT triggered circuit using an UJT is shown in the figure. Diode Rectifier converts input ac to
dc. Resistor R limits the circuit current to a suitable value for the zener diode and UJT. Zener diode 'Z'
functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard level. The zener voltage V2 is applied to the RC charging
circuit. Charging of capacitor C is at a rate determined by RI and R3.When voltage across the capacitor,V 3
reaches the unijunction threshold voltage ƞV2, the UJT junction breaks down and the capacitor C discharges
through the primary of pulse transformer. As the current is in the form of pulse, windings of the pulse
transformer have pulse voltages at their secondary terminals and can turn on the SCR.As the charging rate of
capacitor varies by varying R3, firing angle can be controlled by varying R3.Firing angle can be controlled in a
range of 00 to 1 800

PROCEDURE:

1.Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram .

2.Keep the potentiometer RI in minimum position (maximum resistance in the circuit)
3.Turn on the power switch
4.Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various firing angle
5.Observe the range of firing angle control.

RESULT:

Studied the operation of UJT firing circuit for SCR for different firing angles.
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WAVEFORMS
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the working operation of Cosine law and UJT triggering circuits?

2. What are the different methods of triggering SCR?

3. Why gate triggering is preferred? What happens to constant triggering voltage is

applied?

4. Why UJT triggering circuit is superior when compared to R and RC triggering

circuit?

5. Why do we require turn on circuits for thyristors?

6. Why do we require turn off circuits for thyristors?

7. Explain why we require cosine law instead of sinusoidal law triggering?

 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

Study of Single phase full wave converters with R & R-L loads with and without freewheeling action.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S1.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity

1. SCR module with 25TTS12 25A,1200V 4nos.

Protection
2. SCR Triggering Kit -- -- --

3. Isolation Transformer 230/115V 1

3. Ammeter MC 0-500 mA
4. Voltmeter MC 0-100 V 1
5. Rheostat Toshniwal 220Ω 2.8A,13Ω 7.9A 2
6. Inductor 120mH,4A 1
7. CRO 30MHz. 1
8. CRO Probe 1:1, 1:10 2
9. Patch Chords & wires Few

FORMULA USED

FOR R-LOAD

Vm
1. Average DC output voltage Vdc is Vdc = ( 1+cosα )
π

[ ]
1
V 1
2. RMS output voltage is Vrms Vrms = m ( π−α +sin 2 α ) 2

√2 π π
FOR RL-LOAD

Vm
3. Average DC output voltage Vdc is Vdc = [ cosα−cosβ ]
π

[( )]
1
V m2 sin 2 β sin 2 α 2
4. RMS output voltage is V rms Vrms = β−α − +
2π 2 2
2
V dc
5. Rectification efficiency % ƞ= 2
V rms
V rms
6. Form Factor FF = V
dc
7. Peak Inverse Voltage PIV = Vm
8. Ripple Factor RF = √ FF2−1
Where

Vm = maximum or peak voltage in volts √ 2V i

Vi = Supply voltage in volts

 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
α = Firing angle

β = Extinction angle

γ = Conduction Angle = α-β

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram for R-Load using isolation transformer.

2. The gate cathode terminals of 2 SCR's are connected to respective points on the firing module.

3. Check all the connections and confirm connections are made correct before switching the equipments.

4. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 °(minimum position).

 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
5. Switch on the firing unit.

6. Switch on the Power Circuit (MCB)

7. By varying potentiometer vary the firing angle of the converter in order to vary the output voltage

step by step.

8. For each step note down the firing angle, output voltage and load current.

9. The output voltage is theoretically calculated for each step and readings are tabulated.

10. Keep the firing angle potentiometer at 180 0 (minimum position). Switch OFF the power circuit

(MCB) & then firing circuit. Remove the connection.

11. Repeat the same procedure for RL load.

TABULATION

FOR R LOAD: Vs = R=

Sl No Firing Angle αo Practical V avg (V) Practical I avg (I) Reading from CRO % error in

Voltage Current Voltage Current

 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
FOR RL-LOAD: Vs= R= L= β=

(WITH FD & WITHOUT FD)

Sl No Firing Angle αo Practical V avg (V) Practical I avg (I) Reading from CRO % error in

Voltage Current Voltage Current

PRECAUTION:

Keep the firing angle always at 1800 before turning ON or OFF the circuit.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is inversion mode of operation?

2. When we connect a freewheeling diode in full converter what will be the output.?
3. Why the inversion mode is not possible in semi converter?
4. What is β, α, γ ?
5. What are the application of phase control convertor in home appliances?
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

Study of characteristics of three phase diode bridge rectifier with R and R-L loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S1.No. Name of the Items Type Range Quantity

1. Diode bridge module Sl2HR25 25A,1200V 6 nos.
2. 3(I) Isolation 400/130V 1

3. 3(I) Auto transformer 9 KVA, 0-400V 1

4. Ammeter MC 0-2.5A 1
5. Voltmeter MI & MC 0-150V 2
6. Rheostat Toshniwal 100Ω 2,5A,13 Ω 7.9A 2
7. Inductor 120mH,4A 1
8. Single way key 2nos.
9 Patch Chords & wires Few

THEORY:

The diode connected to a phase which has the maximum instantaneous value would conduct at any time. The
conduction of phase EAC means that the current starts flowing from the phase A to C returns to the phase C
through diode Dl, load and diode D6. The conduction of phase E (A-B) means the current starts flowing from
the phase A and returns to the phase B through D1, the load and D5. The current may starts flowing from phase
A, but may return to either phase B or phase C. This depends upon which phase has max'. — ye value.

PROCEDURE:

1. Various connections are made as per the circuit diagram for half wave and full wave converter.

2. Apply 3ϕ, 400V supply voltage by 3- phase variac and set to 160V L-L to 3- phase diode terminal

through isolation transformer.

3. When switch SW2 ON the +ve terminal of the bridge of the diodes B-phase connected to the loads in

series and then neutral. In this case, the diode: D4, D5 and D6, does not function and half wave

conversion occurs.

4. The voltage waveform returns through were observed across the loads both for R & R-L loads.

5. Repeat same procedure for full wave configuration when SW1 is made ON. Make sure to keep SW2

Open
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual

TABULATION

Type Type of Input Load Load Voltage Current % error % error

of rectification voltage voltage current from from in in
Load CRO CRO voltage current

R- Half Wave
Load Full Wave
R-L Half Wave
Load Full Wave

FORMULA USED

For 3 ϕ full wave

3V m
Average output voltage Vd = , Vm = CRO Voltage
π

For 3 ϕ half wave

3 √3 V m
Average output voltage Vd =
2π
Digital Circuit Lab Manual