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real numbers summary and key notes.

this document contains all the summary and key notes required to score centum for chapter 1, real numbers

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10 views

real numbers summary and key notes.

this document contains all the summary and key notes required to score centum for chapter 1, real numbers

Uploaded by

shyam252009
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

REAL NUMBERS
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS

➢ Natural numbers are the numbers from 1 to infinity.

➢ Whole numbers are the numbers from 0 to infinity.

➢ Integers are whole numbers which can be positive,


negative, or zero but not decimal or fractions.

➢ Rational numbers are the numbers which can be


written in the form of p/q where q is not equal to zero.

Rational numbers

Integers

Whole numbers

Natural numbers
➢ The squares of non-perfect squares are known as
irrational numbers. Ex: π, √3 etc.

➢ Real numbers contain both rational and irrational


numbers.

➢ Non-real numbers are numbers that have an


imaginary component and cannot be represented in
the number line. Ex: √−𝟑, √−𝟕 etc.

➢ The numbers which are divisible by the number 2 are


know as even numbers. Ex, 0,2,4,6,8 etc.

➢ Even numbers are in the form of 2n, where ‘n’ is a


natural number.

➢ The numbers which are not divisible by the number 2


are known as odd numbers. Ex: 1,3,5,7,9 etc.

➢ Odd numbers are in the form of 2n+1, where ‘n’ is a


natural number.

➢ The natural numbers (where ‘n’ is not equal to zero)


which has only two factors (1 and itself) are known as
prime numbers. Ex: 2,3,5,7,11 etc.

➢ 2 is the only even and least prime number.

➢ The natural number which has more than two factors


are known as composite numbers. Ex: 4,6,8,9 etc.
➢ 4 is the least composite number.

➢ A composite number contains at least 3 factors.

➢ Both 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite.

➢ Two natural numbers are said to be co primes if their


HCF is 1. Ex: (1,2), (2,3), (3,5) etc.

➢ Two consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime.


Ex: (2,3), (3,4) etc.

➢ If the difference of any two primes is ‘2’, then they are


known as twin primes. Ex: (3,5), (5,7), (11, 13) etc.

➢ The HCF of 2 (or) more positive integers is defined as


the product of smallest power of each common prime
factor involved in the numbers.

➢ The LCM of 2 or more +ve integers is defined as the


product of the greatest power of each prime factor
involved in the number.

➢ HCF is a factor of LCM.

➢ Every composite number can be expressed (factorized)


as a product of primes and this factorization is unique
except for the order in which the prime factors occur.
This is known as The Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic.
KEY POINTS:

➢ Rational numbers are always terminating, and non-


terminating recurring.

➢ Irrational numbers are always non-terminating non-


recurring.

➢ The sum of a rational and an irrational number is


always irrational.

➢ The product of a non-zero rational number and an


irrational number is always irrational.

➢ The sum of two irrational number is either rational or


irrational number.

➢ The product of two irrational number is either


rational or irrational number.

➢ If the prime factorization of a number is in the form of


𝟐𝒎 ×𝟓𝒏 , where m and n are whole numbers, then the unit
digit ends with 0 and the decimal expansion is non-
terminating recurring.

➢ A non-zero ‘a’ is said to divide an integer ‘b’ if there


exists an integer ‘c’ such that b=ac

➢ Let ‘p’ be a prime no. if p divides 𝒂𝟐 , then p divides a,


where a is a positive integer.
IMPORTANT POINTS:

➢ When we have to find the number greater than the given


number, then we find LCM.

➢ If we have to find smaller number than given number,


then we have to find HCF.

➢ Sometimes, when we are unable to find whether the


answer is < or > than the given number, then there are
words such as ‘simultaneously together, at the same
time…’ they tell you to solve the question for LCM.

IMPORTANT FORMULA:

➢ HCF same remainder: HCF (N1-R, N2-R, N3-R)

➢ HCF different remainder: HCF (N1-R1, N2-R2, N3-R3)

➢ LCM same remainder: LCM (N1, N2, N3) + R

➢ LCM different remainder: LCM (N1, N2, N3) – (N1-R1)

➢ LCM × HCF = a × b

➢ Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

➢ Divisor = Dividend ÷ Quotient

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