6.

Bending
SMBE3323 Solid
Mechanics

Chapter 6 –
Bending Load Prepared by:
Dr. Muhammad Hanif Ramlee
School of Biomedical Engineering and Health
Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, UTM

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

6. Bending

What you • Bending load

will learn in • Shear diagram
• Moment diagram
this topic?
• Bending deformation
• Stress due to bending

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

6. Bending

Chapter 6.0 Introduction

6.1 Shear and moment diagrams
Outline 6.2 Graphical method for constructing shear and
moment diagrams
6.3 Bending deformation of straight member
6.4 The flexure formula
6.5 Composites beams

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Objectives
• To determine the stress in members caused by
bending load.
• To establish the shear and moment diagram
(SMD) – SMD provide a useful means for
determining the largest shear and moment in a
member, and they specify where these maximum
occur.

4
6.0 Introduction
• In this topic, we will discuss the effects of applying bending load
to a member

5
Fracture bone due to bending load
• High bending load can cause bone fracture

6
• V and M
diagram
can
determine
which point
to break

7
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Members that are slender and support loadings applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called beams
Types of Beams (Statically Determinate)
Simply Supported Beam

Overhanging Beam

Cantilever Beam

8
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Types of Beams (Statically Indeterminate)

Continuous Beam

Propped Cantilever Beam

Fixed Beam
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Types of Loadings

Point Load Couple

Uniformly Distributed Load Linearly Varying Distributed Load

• Example to calculate reactions

M A  0; 10(1)  C y ( 2)  0
C y  5 kN
Fy  0 A y  5  10  0
A y  5 kN
• Example to calculate reactions

M A  0; 10  C y (4)  0
C y  2.5 kN
Fy  0  A y  2.5  0
A y  2.5 kN
• Example to calculate reactions

M A  0; 20( 2)(1)  B y ( 2)  0
B y  20 kN
Fy  0 A y  20  20( 2)  0
A y  20 kN
• Example to calculate reactions

1 2
M A  0; (10)( 3) ( 3)  M A  0
2 3
M A  30 kN  m
1
Fy  0 A y  (10)( 3)  0
2
A y  15 kN
EXAMPLE 1
Find the reactions at A and C for the beam shown below.

M A  0; 80  15(5)  5(5)(5  2.5)  C y (10)  0

C y  34.25 kN
F y  0; A y  34.25  15  5( 5)  0
A y  5.75 kN
EXAMPLE 2
Find the reactions at A and C for the beam shown below.

 2 
8(4)  (2)(6) 4  6   2(4)(10  2)  C y (10)  0
1
M A  0;
2  3 
C y  17.6 kN
1
Fy  0; Ay  8  (2)(6)  2(4)  17.6  0
2
Ay  4.40 kN
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• In order to design a beam, it is necessary to determine the
maximum shear and moment in the beam
• Express V and M as functions of arbitrary position x along
axis.
• These functions can be represented by graphs called shear
and moment diagrams
• Engineers need to know the variation of shear and moment
along the beam to know where to reinforce it

17
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Shear and bending-moment functions must be determined
for each region of the beam between any two
discontinuities of loading

18
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Beam sign convention
• Although choice of sign convention is arbitrary, in this
course, we adopt the one often used by engineers:

19
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Support reactions
• Determine all reactive forces and couple moments acting
on beam
• Resolve all forces into components acting perpendicular
and parallel to beam’s axis
Shear and moment functions
• Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at beam’s
left end, and extending to regions of beam between
concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where
there is no discontinuity of distributed loading

20
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment functions
• Section beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x
• Draw free-body diagram of one segment
• Make sure V and M are shown acting in positive sense,
according to sign convention
• Sum forces perpendicular to beam’s axis to get shear
• Sum moments about the sectioned end of segment to get
moment

21
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment diagrams
• Plot shear diagram (V vs. x) and moment diagram (M vs. x)
• If numerical values are positive, values are plotted above
axis, otherwise, negative values are plotted below axis
• It is convenient to show the shear and moment diagrams
directly below the free-body diagram

22
EXAMPLE 3
Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams
for the beam shown below.
EXAMPLE 3 (SOLN)

1. Sketch the free body diagram and calculate the support

reactions:

M A  0; 80  15(5)  5(5)(5  2.5)  C y (10)  0

C y  34.25 kN
F y  0; A y  34.25  15  5( 5)  0
A y  5.75 kN
2. Define the shear and moment functions. Since for this
example there is a discontinuity of distributed load and a
concentrated load at beam’s center, two regions of x
must be considered.
0  x1  5 m
Fy  0; 5.75  V  0
V  5.75
M sec tion  0 80  5.75 x1  M  0
M  80  5.75 x1

x  0; V  5.75 kN
M  80 kN.m
x  5m V  5.75 kN
M  80  5.755  108.75 kN.m
5 m  x2  10 m
Fy  0; 5.75  15  5 x2  5  V  0
V  15.75  5 x2
M sec tion  0; 80  5.75 x2  15 x2  5

5 x2  5
 x2  5   M  0
2
M  2.5 x22  15.75 x2  92.5

x  5m V  15.75  55  9.25 kN

M  2.55  15.755  92.5
2

 108.75 kN.m

x  10 m V  15.75  510   34.25 kN

M  2.510   15.7510   92.5  0
2
EXAMPLE 4
Sketch the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown below.
 EXAMPLE 4 (SOLN)

1. Sketch the free body diagram and calculate the support

reactions:
 2 
8(4)  (2)(6) 4  6 
1
M A  0;
2  3 
2(4)(10  2)  C y (10)  0
C y  17.6 kN
1
Fy  0; Ay  8  (2)(6)  2(4)  17.6  0
2
Ay  4.40 kN
2. Define the shear and moment functions. For this example
three regions of x must be considered.

0  x1  4 m

Fy  0; 4.4  VAB  0

VAB  4.4

M keratan  0; 4.4 x1  M AB  0
EXAMPLE 4 (SOLN) M AB  4.4 x1

x  0; V  4.4 kN
M  4.40  0

x  4 m; V  4.4 kN
M  4.44  17.6 kN.m
EXAMPLE 4 (SOLN)

4 m  x2  10 m

1  x  4
Fy  0; 4.4  8   2  x2  4  VBC  0
2  3 
VBC  0.167 x22  1.333 x2  6.267

1  x  4
M keratan  0; 4.4 x2  8 x2  4    2  x2  4 1 x2  4  M BC  0
2  3  3
M BC  0.056 x 3  0.667 x 2  6.267 x  35.556

x  4m V  0.1674   1.3334   6.267  3.607 kN

2

M  0.0564  0.6674  6.2674   35.556  17.6 kN.m

3 2
w 2

x2  4 6
x2  4 x  10 m V  0.16710   1.33310   6.267  9.637 kN
2
w
3 M  0.05610   0.66710   6.26710   35.556  16 kN.m
3 2
EXAMPLE 4 (SOLN)

10 m  x3  14 m

Fy  0;

4.4  8 
1
26  17.6  2 x3  10  VCD  0
2
VCD  28  2 x3

M keratan  0;

4.4 x3  8 x3  4  
1
26x3  8  17.6 x3  10  2 x3  10 x3  10  M CD  0
2 2
M CD   x  28 x  196
2

x  10 m V  28  210   8 kN
M  10   2810   196  16 kN.m
2

x  14 m V  28  214   0
M  14   2814   196  0
2
EXAMPLE 4 (SOLN)
EXAMPLE 5

34
EXAMPLE 5 (SOLN)

35
EXAMPLE 5 (SOLN)

36
EXAMPLE 5 (SOLN)

37
EXAMPLE 5 (SOLN)

38
EXAMPLE 5 (SOLN)

39
EXAMPLE 6 (Assignment)
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
simply supported beam shown. Show all the FBD
and calculation procedures in your answer

40
EXAMPLE 7 (Assignment)
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
simply supported beam shown. Show all the FBD
and calculation procedures in your answer

41
EXAMPLE 8 (Assignment)
• Members ABC and BD of the
counter chair are rigidly
connected at B and the smooth
collar at D is allowed to move
freely along the vertical slot.
Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for member ABC.
Show all the FBD and
calculation procedures in your
answer

42
Assignment E6-8
• Form a group consists of 3 persons, decide
by yourself.
• Conduct a discussion in your group.
• Scan your answer sheet via apps, eg
CamScanner.
• Submit through elearning, one representative
only.
• Due 10 May 2020, 11.59pm.
43
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Relationship between load and
shear:   Fy  0 :
V  w x x  (V  V )  0
V   w x x

• Relationship between shear and

bending moment:
M o  0 :
 Vx  M  w x xk x   M  M   0
M  Vx  w x k x 
2

Dividing by x and taking the limit as

x0, the above two equations
become: 44
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of distributed load

dV dM
= w(x) =V
dx dx
Slope of = distributed Slope of = shear at
shear load intensity moment each point
diagram at at each point diagram
each point at each
point

45
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of concentrated force and moment

46
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of distributed load

47
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Support reactions
• Determine support reactions and resolve forces acting on
the beam into components that are perpendicular and
parallel to beam’s axis
Shear diagram
• Establish V and x axes
• Plot known values of shear at two ends of the beam

48
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Shear diagram
• Since dV/dx = w, slope of the shear diagram at any point
is equal to the (-ve) intensity of the distributed loading at
that point
• To find numerical value of shear at a point, use method of
sections and equation of equilibrium

49
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Moment diagram
• Establish M and x axes and plot known values of the
moment at the ends of the beam
• Since dM/dx = V, slope of the moment diagram at any
point is equal to the shear at the point

50
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Moment diagram
• At point where shear is zero, dM/dx = 0 and therefore this
will be a point of maximum or minimum moment
• If numerical value of moment is to be determined at the
point, use method of sections and equation of equilibrium

51
EXAMPLE 9
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam
shown below.

52
EXAMPLE 9 (SOLN)
Support reactions:
See free-body diagram.
Shear diagram
From behavior of distributed load, slope
of shear diagram varies from zero at x =
0 to 2 at x = 4.5. Thus, its parabolic
shape.
Use method of sections to find point of
zero shear:

+↑  Fy = 0; ... x = 2.6 m

53
EXAMPLE 9 (SOLN)
Moment diagram
From shear diagram, slope of
moment diagram begin at +1.5, then
decreases positively till it reaches
zero at 2.6 m. Then it increases
negatively and reaches 3 at x = 4.5
m. Moment diagram is a cubic
function of x.

+  M = 0; . . . M = 2.6 kN·m

54
EXAMPLE 10 (Assignment)
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhang beam using graphical method.

55
EXAMPLE 11 (Assignment)
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhang beam using graphical method.

56
EXAMPLE 12 (Assignment)
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhang beam using graphical method.

57
Assignment E10-12
• Form a group consists of 3 persons, decide
by yourself.
• Conduct a discussion in your group.
• Scan your answer sheet via apps, eg
CamScanner.
• Submit through elearning, one representative
only.
• Due 20 May 2020, 11.59pm.
58
6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
• When a straight prismatic beam is under bending
deformation, the longitudinal lines become curved and
vertical transverse lines remain straight and yet undergo a
rotation

59
6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
• Thus, we make the following assumptions:
1. Longitudinal axis x (within neutral surface) does not
experience any change in length
2. All cross sections of the beam remain plane and
perpendicular to longitudinal axis during the
deformation
3. Any deformation of the cross-section within its own
plane will be neglected
• In particular, the z axis, in plane of cross-section and
about which the cross-section rotates, is called the
neutral axis
60
61
6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
• A neutral surface is where longitudinal fibers of the material
will not undergo a change in length.

62
6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
• For any specific cross-section, the longitudinal normal
strain will vary linearly with y from the neutral axis
• A contraction will occur () in fibers located above the
neural axis (+y)
• An elongation will occur (+)
in fibers located below
the axis (y)

 = (y/c)max

63
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
s 's  y
  
s E 
s 'x  Ey
  
x 
  y   

 In general ,
Ey
  y   
 
 or
y  E
 
 y 

64
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA

M     dA  y
Combine with previous derivation,
Ey
  
 dA  y
M E 
 
E I  y

 y 2
 dA

 My

EI 
 I
M E where

I 
  bending stress (N/m 2 )
M  bending moment (N  m)
y  distance from neutral surface (m)
I  second moment of area (m 4 )
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
The Neutral Axis
Fx  0;    dA  0
Ey
 
 dA  0

E
  y  dA  0
E
0

  y  dA  0

For the first moment of area equal to zero, the neutral axis
must runs through the centroid of the cross section.
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
• Assume that material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so
that Hooke’s law applies.
• A linear variation of normal strain
must then be the consequence of
a linear variation in normal stress
• Applying Hooke’s law to Eqn 6-8,

 = (y/c)max

67
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
• By mathematical expression,
equilibrium equations of moment
and forces, we get

∫A y dA = 0

max
M= ∫A y2 dA
c
• The integral represents the moment of inertia of x-
sectional area, computed about the neutral axis. We
symbolize its value as I.
68
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
• Hence, Eqn 6-11 can be solved and written as
Mc
max =
I
max = maximum normal stress in member, at a pt on x-
sectional area farthest away from neutral axis
M = resultant internal moment, computed about neutral axis
of x-section
I = moment of inertia of x-sectional area computed about
neutral axis
c = perpendicular distance from neutral axis to a pt farthest
away from neutral axis, where max acts
69
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
• Normal stress at intermediate distance y can be
determined from
My
=
I
• Equations 6-12 and 6-13 are often referred to as the flexure
formula.

70
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
IMPORTANT
• X-section of straight beam remains plane when beam
deforms due to bending.
• The neutral axis is subjected to zero stress
• Due to deformation, longitudinal strain varies linearly from
zero at neutral axis to maximum at outer fibers of beam
• Provided material is homogeneous and Hooke’s law
applies, stress also varies linearly over the x-section
• For linear-elastic material, neutral axis passes through
centroid of x-sectional area. This is based on the fact that
resultant normal force acting on x-section must be zero
71
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
IMPORTANT
• Flexure formula is based on requirement that resultant
moment on the x-section is equal to moment produced by
linear normal stress distribution about neutral axis

72
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Procedure for analysis
Internal moment
• Section member at pt where bending or normal stress is to
be determined and obtain internal moment M at the section
• Centroidal or neutral axis for x-section must be known
since M is computed about this axis
• If absolute maximum bending stress is to be determined,
then draw moment diagram in order to determine the
maximum moment in the diagram

73
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Procedure for analysis
Section property
• Determine moment of inertia I, of x-sectional area about
the neutral axis
• Methods used are discussed in Textbook Appendix A
• Refer to the course book’s inside front cover for the values
of I for several common shapes

74
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA

Second Moment of Area for Rectangular Section

d
2
b Iz  y  dA
2
dA
y
+d/2 d
A B 2
d
2
  y  b  dy 
2
dy
d
2

d
y
 b
1 3 d 2
3
y d  
z 2
0
bd3 d3 
   
3 8 8 
or

C D bd 3
-d/2 Iz 
12
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Second Moment of Area for Circular Section
I z   y 2  dA
2
  0o r  sin   r  d  dr 
r 2

 
2
  0o r 2  sin 2  r  d  dr 
r

 
2
  sin 2   d 0o r 3  dr
r

0
ro
 sin 2 
2 r4 
   
2 4  0  4 
0

 ro4

4
or
d 4
Iz 
64
EXAMPLE 13
Determine the maximum bending stress in tension and
compression for the beam loaded as shown in Figure (a)
and its cross section as shown in Figure (b).

Figure (a)

100 mm

Figure (b) 200 mm

 100 mm

200 mm neutral axis (NA)

I NA 
bd 3

0.10.2  6.67  10 5 m 4
3

12 12

For M = + 17.6 kN.m:

 tension 
17.6  10 0.1  26.4 MPa
3
bottom
6.67  10 5 layer

 compression 
17.6  10 0.1  26.4 MPa
3
top
5
6.67  10 layer

For M = -16 kN.m:

 tension 
16  10 0.1  24 MPa
3
top
6.67  10 5 layer

 compression 
16  10 0.1  24 MPa
3
bottom
5
6.67  10 layer
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Cross Section of Beam

79
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Parallel Axis Theorem

I x   y 2 dA
   y ' h  dA
2

  y ' 2 dA  2h  y ' dA  h 2  dA
 I x '  Ah 2
EXAMPLE 14
Determine the second moment of area about its neutral
axis for the section shown below.
 Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10

3
 yA 114  10
Y    38 mm
A 3000

I NA   I  A h 2    121 bd 3  A h 2 
 121 90  20 3  1800  12 2   121 30  40 3  1200  18 2 
I  868  10 3 mm  868  10 -9 m 4
 I NA  868  10-9 m 4

For M = + 17.6 kN.m:

 tension 
17.6  10 0.038  771 MPa
3
bottom
9
868  10 layer

 compression 
17.6  10 0.022   446 MPa top
3

868  10 9 layer

For M = -16 kN.m:

 tension 
16  10 0.022  406 MPa
3
top
9
868  10 layer

 compression 
16  10 0.038  700 MPa
3
bottom
868  10 9 layer

  max tension  771 MPa

 max comp  700 MPa
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Procedure for analysis
Normal stress
• Specify distance y, measured perpendicular to neutral axis
to pt where normal stress is to be determined
• Apply equation  = My/I, or if maximum bending stress is
needed, use max = Mc/I
• Ensure units are consistent when substituting values into
the equations

84
EXAMPLE 15
Beam shown has x-sectional area in the shape of a channel.
Determine the maximum bending stress that occurs in the
beam at section a-a.

85
EXAMPLE 15 (SOLN)
Internal moment
Beam support reactions need not be determined. Instead,
use method of sections, the segment to the left of a-a. Note
that resultant internal axial force N passes through centroid of
x-section.
The resultant internal moment must be computed about the
beam’s neutral axis a section a-a.

86
EXAMPLE 15 (SOLN)
Internal moment
To find location of neutral axis, x-sectional area divided into 3
composite parts as shown. Then using Eqn. A-2 of Appendix
A:
yA
y= = ... = 59.09 mm
A

87
EXAMPLE 15 (SOLN)
Internal moment
Apply moment equation of equilibrium about neutral axis,
+  MNA = 0; 24 kN(2 m) + 1.0 kN(0.05909 m)  M = 0
M = 4.859 kN·m

88
EXAMPLE 15 (SOLN)
Section property
Moment of inertia about neutral axis is determined using
parallel-axis theorem applied to each of the three composite
parts of the x-sectional area.
I = [1/12(0.250 m)(0.020 m)3
+ (0.250 m)(0.020 m)(0.05909 m  0.010 m)2]
+ 2[1/12(0.015 m)(0.200 m)3
+ (0.015 m)(0.200 m)(0.100 m  0.05909 m)2]
I = 42.26(10-6) m4

89
EXAMPLE 15 (SOLN)
Maximum bending stress
It occurs at points farthest away from neutral axis. At bottom of
beam, c = 0.200 m  0.05909 m = 0.1409 m. Thus,
Mc 4.859 kN·m(0.1409 m)
max = =
-6 4
= 16.2 MPa
I 42.26(10 ) m
At top of beam, ’ = 6.79 MPa. In
addition, normal force of N = 1 kN
and shear force V = 2.4 kN will
also contribute additional stress on
x-section.
90
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Beams constructed of two or more different materials are
called composite beams
• Engineers design beams in this manner to develop a more
efficient means for carrying applied loads
• Flexure formula cannot be applied directly to determine
normal stress in a composite beam
• Thus a method will be developed to “transform” a beam’s x-
section into one made of a single material, then we can
apply the flexure formula

91
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Trial-and-error procedure requires the stress distribution
produce a zero resultant force on x-section and moment of
stress distribution about neutral axis must be equal to M
• A simpler way to satisfy the conditions is to “transform” the
beam into one made of a single material

92
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Height remains the same, but upper portion of beam
widened to carry equivalent load to that carried by material
1.
E1
n=
E2
• Dimensionless factor n, is called the transformation factor.
It indicates that x-section, with a width b on original beam,
be increased to a width of b2 = nb in region where material
1 is being transformed into material 2.

93
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS

94
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Once “transformed”, the normal-stress distribution over the
transformed x-section will be linear as shown below.

95
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• For “transformed” material, stress on transformed section
has to be multiplied by transformation factor n (or n’)

 = n’ Equation 6-21

96
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
IMPORTANT
• Composite beams made from different materials to
efficiently carry a load
• Application of flexure formula requires material to be
homogeneous, and x-section of beam must be transformed
into a single material

97
*6.5 COMPOSITE BEAMS
IMPORTANT
• Transformation factor is a ratio of the moduli of different
materials that make up the beam. It converts dimensions of
x-section of composite beam into a beam of single material.
• Stress in transformed section must be multiplied by
transformation factor to obtain stress in actual beam

98
EXAMPLE 16
Composite beam as shown. If allowable normal stress for
steel is (allow)st = 168 MPa and for wood is (allow)w = 21
MPa, determine maximum bending moment beam can
support, with and without reinforcement.

Est = 200 GPa, Ew = 12 GPa,

Moment of inertia of steel
beam is Iz = 7.93  106 mm4,
x-sectional area is
A = 5493.75 mm2

99
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
Without board
Neutral axis coincides with the z axis. Direct application of
flexure formula to steel beam yields

Mc
(allow)st =
Iz

...
M = 12.688 kN·m

100
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
With board
Easier to transform wood to equivalent amount of steel. Thus,
n = Ew/Est.
12(103) MPa
bst = nbw = (300 mm) = 18 mm
200(103) MPa

101
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
With board
Neutral axis is at yA
y= = ... = 13.57 mm
A
Moment of inertia about neutral axis is
I = ... = 13.53(106) mm4

102
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
With board
Maximum normal stress in steel will occur at bottom of the
beam. Here
c = 105 mm + 13.57 mm = 118.57 mm.
Therefore,
Mc
(allow)st =
I
...

M = 19.17 kN·m

103
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
With board
Maximum normal stress in wood occur at top of the beam.
Here c’ = 105 mm  13.57 mm = 91.43 mm. Since w = nst,
maximum moment based on allowable stress for wood is

M’c’
(allow)w = n
I
...

M’ = 51.79 kN·m

104
EXAMPLE 16 (SOLN)
With board
By comparison, maximum moment limited by allowable
steel in the steel. Thus, M = 19.17 kN·m.
Note also that by using board as reinforcement, one
provides an additional 51% moment capacity for the beam

105