UNIT FIRST ORDER ODE — pS SIA GROUP I 5 PART-A r SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. Define differential equation. 7 Answer : A differential equation can be defined as an equation that contains differential coefficients or derivatives in it. Examples @ Answer : Model Paper-t, a1(a) Exact Differential Equation ‘An equation of the form Max + Nay = 0 (where Mand N are functions of x and y) is said to be Exact differential equation. : ia an, a Example: (' + y)dx + 0" + x)dy=0 The general solution of this form is obtained as, fut + fry =e econ ermine 2) 3. Define linear differential equation. Give an example. Answer + A differential equation of the form S+py-0 (Where P, Q are functions of x or constant) is said to be linear, if the dependent variable and its derivatives are of first degree, ‘Example: Brayuanx =sinx ‘The general solution of linear differential equation is obtained as, Joxunate Integrating factor (J.F) = ’ w (ill) -2y" + 4y"=0. 2. Whatis an exact differential equation? Give an example. __ SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Fcaper yan NP = BP =com tains From equations (5) and (6), We ‘Thus, the given differential equation is exact ‘The general solution of an exact differential equation is J mas + J rac (yconstat ) {terms independent of x) a J (sinv+y sinx)ae+ fod =e = siny fac+y [sins ace = xsiny—ycosx=e sin Ge Show that (= aq? y}adeqady = any? + siny) ae © Answer ® * Given differential equation is, (et Day? + yd — Qe'y =A" + siny)dy = 0. (1) Equation (1) is ofthe form, Max + Nay =0 ee Comparing equations (1) and (2), M=x-2y+y* 0) N= 2xty—4ay? + siny) = 4? — 2e'y— siny (4) Partially differentiating equation (3) with respect to 2M 2 9_ yy = 0- any + Ay? f = Yew (5) Partially differentiating equation (4) with respect.to BN = ay? dry —0 = B-sw-») 6) Frei ese Oa aM _ “oy -% Thus, the given dif Q9. Solve (e” + 1}oos x dx + @” sin x dy = 0. Auawer 4 Given differential equation is, (e+ 1) cosx dx +e’ sinx dy=0 ‘Equation (1) is of the form, Mdr+Ndy=0 Where, M=(e’ + 1) cos x N=e’sinx yuation is exact: G10. Solve sec? x tan y dx + secty tan x dy Answer Le Panially differentiating “M* with swith respect 10 "x", OM. o cons, Ze 72 ot ay oH = 5m Equation (1) is an exact differential equation. ‘The general solution of exact equation is given by, f Max+ [ (Terma independent a fers eorraes fotr=e (e+ sinx =e. of xin N)dy=e Model Paper, 100) Given differential equation is, sectx tany dx + sec*y tanx dy = 0 =) ‘Equation (1) is of the form, Md + Ndy = 0 -Q) ‘Comparing equations (1) and (2), M= sec’x tany -@) Nesectytmr (4) Partially differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘y's ee Partially differentiating equation (4) with respect to ‘x’, an ; Be sees _ 2M _ wN ee ‘Thus, equation (1) is an exact differential form ‘The general solution of an exact differential equation is, Jats fro (constant) (Terms independent of x) given by, ieee fee: a tay. f sectax =e => tanydany =e tane tany =o. SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSUNIT-1 FIRST ORDER ODE ®. — Temperature ofthe surroundings © — Temperature of the body k~Constant. a rate proportional to N. The value of N was “initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N after 1% hours? Model Paper-3, 21(0) = Mowe Ft = kdt Integrating on both sides, log N= it +e, Nee ate ? aA (OA) n 2 = Neat * ‘When 1=0,N = 100 aor From equation (1), M4 . N= 100 «" y ~ Also given when t= 1, N= 332" 332 a From equation (2), 720 AB) sn (22 = 100 (32 322)" ’ pore 3, w=100 (2% N= 6049 ‘Qi8. Explain the method of differential equation solvable for 'y’. Answer + A differential equation is first order but not first degree j is expressed as, Fly, p)=0 ® Where, ee ifthe equation (is solvable oy, hen Y=f%P) Dittman cin (2 with spent -@ p- B= ote 2) -@) Equation (3) is reduced to two variables x and p. The solution will be in the form of =) Fx, p,c)=0 @ ‘The elimination of p between equation (2) and (4) gives ‘between x, y and c, which is the required solution. solvable for ‘x’. Answer ‘A differential equation of first order but not of the first degree is expressed as Fy p)=0 @) ‘Where, te ‘If the equation (1) is solvable for “x", then x=f0iP) @) Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘y’, 332 = 100 ton (222 108 L100. on akeUNIT. FIRST ORDER ODE = yfeosxdrrsiny fiadery [rac+o Nin x) + sin y () +0) =e Q30. Define linear di the atepe Involve n steminng ie ter fe Linear Differential Equation For answer refer Unit-1, Q3. Procedure " ‘The sequence of steps involved in determining linear ‘equations are, Step 1 The first step is to write the given equation in the form a S.y-0 « Step 2 In second step, the functions P and @ are identified. Step 3 ‘The next step is to evaluate the integrating factor ic rad Step 4 Final step is to determine the general solution using the formula, yx P= JOxuredcre Given differential equation is, 2 ix ao = oz =3x on () Equation (1) represents a linear differential equation of the form, De r(ny=2 a Ss rey) @Q) Comparing equation (2) with equation (1), 2 PQ) =—2,.00)=3" _ Seen ‘Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3), 1 = froxharte = J-fare = Sasftarre = Lxstogxte x7 Glogx+c) tans ee eeee eee 32. solve: GY +sx?y=x? ‘Answer : Model Paper, 02(0) Given differential equation is, # (3e)\y-2 a) ‘Equation (1) represents a linear differential equation of the form, HrH(xy- Ox) 2) Comparing equation (2) with equation (1), PQ) =30.0G)=# ‘The general solution of a linear differential equation is given as, yx(LF)= fox) «uF dete Where, es ~@) Integrating Factor (I.F) = Law. Jee . Jl ‘The general solution of a linear differential equation is given as, SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP LF=e wIntegrating factor (LF) = e/mt => LF = ef tunnt, LP = eons) = Fs Saal Substituting the corresponding values in equation (6), seen (ede opie ge $f a reos2nde+0 ast aif lsc sotto posts 231] ee = cose = Hx 2 yc ater Yet] aye If the temperature of a cup of coffee is 92°C when freshly poured in a room hav- jing temp 24°C, in one minute it was cooled to 80°C. How long a period must elapse, before the temp of the cup becomes 65°C? (ii) A body kept in air with temp 25°C cools from 140°C to 80°C in 20 minutes. Find when the body cools down to 35°C. Answer : @ Given that, ‘Room temperature (9,) = 24°C Let 0, be the temperature of coffee at time ‘t’ From Newton ‘s law of cooling, =f 0-0) Ss =f 4 (0-24) (i) Given that, x ‘ T Look for the SIA GROUP Loco {i ©” the TITLE COVER before you bu Initial condition * 1 From equation (1), = log (68)=9 ing the value of Substituting the val Bs 5 tog (0-24) = Ht * 108 8 @ The temperature reduces 10 80° C in 1 minute ic, 1 1,0=80 =, 10g (60-24) = log 68-log 5 : (1) jog 02-2) = MO | / in equation (1) (1) + log 68 > t($8)-* ‘Substituting the value of => log(@- 24) in equation (2) 68 ‘A109 =65°; log (65 -24)=—loe( $5)! > togst 10g 68 ~—lon ($5)* ‘The body is kept at the temperature of 25°C. Let @ be the temperature of the body at time ‘?'. From Newton’s law of cooling, eS a ™ 0-28) Initial condition, 0, From equation (1), log | 140-25 |=—k@) +e Jog) 115)ep) rep) . tt skype be ings Explain the method of solving differential oer eT se — equation when It does not contain ‘x’ of 'y! : ot het ard is ‘Bquation That do Not Contain x . East Sterest rena ins ate det art ; = iS |-at wold od ob talctals ‘The solution of equation (1) is obtained by substituting isp} BS ‘in equation (1). ‘Equation That do Not Contain *y’ a * ‘Consider the differential equation of the form = 2p(l+ py" dp= dy oe) Fonp)=0 .A1)7 Integrating equation (3), *y" teem is not present : Joy [rope Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’, t . ede 144 Deets ax #4) BA Integrating equation (2), : Preset el x= FQ) | ‘The solution of equation (1) is obtained by substituting value of ‘p’ in equation (1). Given equation is (l) em [a5 fe. Differentiating equation (1) with respect to‘) Equation (1) can also be written as a $e cause x (fy ae) ; Lear — [--2| sae ita) (2), eae a Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘y’, Integrating equation (2), > $-8| tare] foo [aor SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ae<4fGoa8'] 46 yedptedptee The required solution is, Yr +Iphde Pe = ‘Model Papers, 02/0) Given equation is, Pitpee” Py one og (e?) = log @ +p) ym los @ +P) = A) > a 7e(4 > ata it fees] = &e/ (etrep}o Integrating equation (3), yi x- $2) +alumo}re = x-Li2umgte +: The required solution is, x= 1420p +e ‘Solve y= ptanp + logcosp. Given equation is. 2 =ptanptlogcosp, oo) Differentiating equation (1) with respect x", HF ~tanp + reepy +h sing) | P= [tanp + psec'p— tap) [-R-2] ~~ @) P = psecip ds = secip dp on) Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Tegrating equation 2)+ te = free’ f retary +e ve sre required solution In = 000" * Q60, Solve y # in p~P.co®P Anawert Given equation is yesinp pcos? “s, Ditterentiating equation (1), with respect to a if (sin p 008 7) wf cconp fe -[o-sine) nl by «(con p- [pain p+ (1) 608 7)} => p»[cosp +psinp~ cos p) > desing => des sinp dp Integrating both sides of equation (2), Jide Jsin p dp = x-en-cosp Here, > cosp=o-x andsinp= Vi—cos'p ‘Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), i ‘c’ is constant cos" p ~ pcos p = = C=3"— (6-2) con" (c- 2) (€=x) cos" (c~x)= Yim cor'(e~ sym LA on the TITLE CovERTntegrating equation 3), Saf Saf 2B ap-o = ytte B+ Bo eno > Fe 2p'+e=0 = “7-H -Breno yr Bee Xand y (clairaut's Answer A differential equation of the first order Bike Pe (2) +2.( Pin get eee -@) Where, 4 r-2% ‘Q54. Discuss about equations of the first. degree in equation). P,P, P, -« P_are functions of x andy. Equation (2) can also be expressed as oY Fly, p)=0 « r ~@) ‘If equation (3) is of the form of first degree in x and y, ¥==5(0) + ff) (4) - Equation (4) is called as Lagrange’s equation. ‘Differentiating equation (4) with respect to“ $- gov $+ sor no€ p= sorKor ho € [- oo 4) = p-fo) -|vorhol$ b- LONE = KO* LO nll na (Bone 0 Q55. Reduce (y- s Pee 1) =p to clairaut's form Answer : na (5) is of the form i 6 by eliminating p from Taqation 3) i 2 linear Therefore, the solution of eanatio? ‘equations (4) and (6). . Let Mp) =P a0 S{0) - IP ‘Substituting the y=pr+fo) -® cmt ised ci _ fe sion (7) with respect tox", pri SWE # pares Bs£ = BroiZ-0 ene = pre ‘Substituting the equation (9) in equation (7). yraxthe) 4 Equation (10) is the required solution of find the solution. Given equation is % 0-P)@-1)=p a eee QoPE mr synpe+ Be Equation (2) is in Clairaut’s form, Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’ is a , PN) np ts 2+ SVD « a ei ee