Lecture (3)

Diesel Power Plant

Introduction:
Heat engine:
Ahead engine is advice which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel
into thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work.
Classification of heat engine:
1- External combustion engine:
In this engine the product of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to a
second fuel which is the working fluid of the cycle.
2- internal combustion engine:
In this engine the combustion of air and fuels take place inside the
cylinder and are used as the direct force.
 Internal combustion engine:
In this engine , the combustion of air and fuels take place inside
the cylinder and are used as the direct motive force . It can be
classified into the following types .

1- According to the basic engine design

(a) Reciprocating engine (use of cylinder piston arrangement)

(b) Rotary engine (use of turbine)

2- According to the type of fuel

(a) Petrol engine (b) diesel engine
(c) Gas turbine (d) alcohol engine (ethanol , methanol)
 3- According to the number of strokes per cycle
(a) Four stroke (b) Two stroke

4- According to the method of igniting the fuel

(a) Spark injection (b) compression injection

5- According to the working cycle

(a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle)
(b) Diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)
(c) dual combustion cycle (constant volume cycle- constant pressure cycle)

6- According to the number of cycle

(a) Single cylinder (b) multi-cylinder engine
7- According to the speed of the engine
(a) Slow speed (b) medium speed (c) high-speed engine
8- According to the cylinder arrangement of the engine
(a) Vertical (b) Horizontal, inline (c) V-type,radial

Advantage of diesel power plant:

Disadvantage of diesel power plant:
Application of diesel power plant:
1. They are quite suitable for mobile power generation and are widely used in
transportation systems consisting of railroads, ships, automobiles and aero planes.
2. They can be used for electrical power generation in capacities from 100 to 5000H.P.
3. They can be used as standby power plants.
4. They can be used as peak load plants for some other types of power plants.

Layout of diesel power plant:

Generally the units are placed in parallel lines as shown in fig. In any plant some
space is always provided for further expansion. Also sufficient space should provide
for maintenance of diesel engine. Proper ventilation is also provided in power plant.
Storage of fuel for power plant is always provided outside the main building.
General Layout of Diesel Power Plant
Performance of diesel engine:
The two usual conditions under which I.C. engines are operated are:

(1) constant speed with variable load

(2) variable speed with variable load

A series of tests are carried out on the engine to determine its performance
characteristics, such as: indicated power (I.P.), Brake power (B.P.), Frictional
Power (F.P.), Mechanical efficiency(𝜏𝑚 ), thermal efficiency, fuel consumption
and also specific fuel consumption etc.
Indicated power (IP)
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑛 × 𝑁
𝐼. 𝑃 =
𝑘 × 60 × 1000

𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 = indicated mean effective pressure

L = Length of stroke in meters
A = Cross sectional area of Piston, m2
N = Revolution of engine shaft per minute, r.p.m.
n = Number of cylinders
k = 1 for two stroke engine
k= 2 for four stroke engine
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure:
[𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝑽 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎× 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎]
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 = Bar
[length of diagram,mm]
Brake power (B.P)
Brake power is defined as the net power available at the crankshaft. It is
found by measuring the output torque with a dynamometer.

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵. 𝑃 = 𝐾𝑊
60 × 1000

where T = Torque in N.m.

N = Speed in r.pm.

Frictional power (F.P)

The difference of I.H.P. and B.H.P. is called F.H.P. It is utilized in overcoming
frictional resistance of rotating and sliding parts of the engine.

F.P= I.P – B.P

Indicated thermal efficiency 𝝉𝒕𝒉
It is defined as the ratio of indicated work to thermal input

𝐼. 𝑃
𝜏𝑖𝑡𝑕 =
𝑚𝑓 × 𝑐. 𝑣

where 𝑚𝑓 = specific fuel consumption (kg/s) per minute.

c.v = Calorific value of fuel oil in kcal/kg.

Brake thermal efficiency

𝐵. 𝑃
𝜏𝑏𝑡𝑕 =
𝑚𝑓 × 𝑐. 𝑣

Mechanical efficiency (𝝉𝐦 )

𝐵. 𝑃
𝜏𝑚 =
𝐼. 𝑃
 Example(1):
A 6-cylinder four stroke internal combustion engine is run on test and following
Data was noted:
Compression ratio =8.2:1 Speed= 3700 r.p.m
Brake torque =0.204 KN/m Bore =90 mm
Fuel consumption = 26 kg/hour Stroke = 110 mm
Calorific value of fuel = 42 MJ/kg Indicated mean effective pressure =7.82 bar
Calculate :
(a) The mechanical efficiency.
(b) The brake thermal efficiency.
(c) The specific fuel consumption.

Solution:
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁 × 𝑛
𝐼. 𝑃 =
2 × 60 × 1000
𝜋
7.82×105 × ×0.092 ×0.11×3700×6
4
𝐼. 𝑃 = = 101.2 KW
2×60×1000
 2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵. 𝑃 = 𝐾𝑊
60 × 1000
2𝜋 × 3700 × 0.204
𝐵. 𝑃 = = 79𝐾𝑊
60 × 1000
𝐵. 𝑃
𝜏𝑚 =
𝐼. 𝑃
79
𝜏𝑚 = = 0.781 = 78.1%
101.2
𝐵. 𝑃
𝜏𝑏𝑡𝑕 =
𝑚𝑓 × 𝑐. 𝑣

79
𝜏𝑏𝑡𝑕 = = 0.26 = 26%
26
× 42 × 103
3600
𝑚𝑓 26
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 0.329 𝐾𝑔/𝐾𝑊𝑕
𝐵.𝑃 79
Heat balance sheet:
It is a useful method to watch the performance of the
diesel power plant. Among all the heat supplied to an
engine only part of it is converted into useful work, the
remaining goes as waste. The distribution of the heat
imparted to an engine is called as its heat balance. The
heat balance of an engine depends on a number of
factors among which load is primary importance. The
heat balance of an internal combustion engine shows
that the cooling water and exhaust gases carry away
about 60-70% of heat produced during combustion of
fuel. Heat balance sheet is a useful method to watch
the performance ofthe plant. In order to draw the heat
balance sheet of Diesel engine, the engine is run at
constant load and constant speed and the indicator
diagram is drawn with the help of indicator. The
following quantities are noted:
The thermal energy produced by the combustion of
fuel in an engine is not completely utilized for the
production of the mechanical power. The thermal
efficiency of I. C. Engines is about 33 %. Of the
available heat energy in the fuel, about 1/3 is lost
through the exhaust system, and 1/3 is absorbed and
dissipated by the cooling system. It is the purpose of
heat balance sheet to know the heat energy
distribution, that is, how and where the input
energy from the fuel is is distributed. The heat
balance sheet of an I. C. Engine includes the
following heat distributions:
 a. Heat energy available from the fuel brunt.
b. Heat energy equivalent to output brake power.
c. Heat energy lost to engine cooling water.
d. Heat energy carried away by the exhaust gases.
e. Unaccounted heat energy loss.

Heat energy available from the fuel brunt, Qs = 𝒎𝒇 x C. V.

Heat energy equivalent to output brake power, 𝑸𝑩𝑷 = 𝑩𝑷 ×3600 KJ/hr

Heat energy lost to engine cooling water, 𝑸𝑪𝑾 = 𝒎𝒘 × 𝑪𝒘 (𝒕𝒘𝒐 -𝒕𝒘𝒊 ) × 3600
KJ/hr

Heat energy carried away by the exhaust gases, QEG = 𝒎𝒇𝒈 × 𝑪𝒇𝒈 (𝒕𝒇𝒈 – 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒓 )
× 3600 KJ/hr
The heat balance sheet is drawn as follows:

A typical heat balance sheet at full load for Diesel cycle (compression
ignition) is as follows:
(1) Useful work = 30%
(2) Heat rejected to cooling water = 30%
(3) Heat carried away by exhaust gases = 26%
(4) Heat unaccounted (Heat lost due to friction, radiation etc.) = 10%.
 Heat balance sheet:
From the data given below, calculate indicated power, brake power
and drawn heat balance sheet for a two stroke diesel engine run for
20 minutes at full load:
r.p.m. = 350
m.e.p. = 3.1 bar
Net brake load = 640N
Fuel consumption = 1.52 kg
Cooling water = 162 kg
Water inlet temperature = 30°C
Water outlet temperature = 55°C
Air used/hg of fuel = 32 kg
Room temperature = 25°C
Exhaust temperature = 305°C
Cylinder bore = 200 mm
Cylinder stroke = 280 mm
Brake diameter = 1 metre
Calorific value of fuel = 43900 kJ/kg
Steam formed per kg of fuel in the exhaust = 1.4 kg
Specific heat of steam in exhaust = 2.09 kJ/ kg K
Specific heat of dry exhaust gases = 1.0 kJ/kg K
Solution.
N = 350 r.p.m., pmi = 3.1 bar, (W – S) = 640N,
mf = 1.52 kg, mw = 162 kg, tw1 = 30°C,
tw2 = 55°C, ma = 32 kg/kg of fuel, tr = 25°C,
tg = 305°C, D = 0.2 m, L = 0.28 m,
Db = 1 m, C.V = 43900 kJ/kg, cps = 2.09,
cPg = 1.0,
K=1 for two stroke cycle engine

(1) Indicated power,I.P:-

𝑛 × 𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑝 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁 × 𝐾
𝐼. 𝑃 =
60 × 1000 × 1
𝜋
1 × 3.1 × 105 × × 0.22 × 0.28 × 350 × 1
𝐼. 𝑃 = 4 = 15.9 𝐾𝑊
60 × 1000 × 1

(2) Brake power,B.P:-

𝑤−𝑠 ×2×𝜋×𝑁×𝑅
𝐵. 𝑃 =
60 × 1000
 640 × 2 × 𝜋 × 350 × 1
𝐵. 𝑃 = = 11.73 𝐾𝑊
2 × 60 × 1000

Heat supplied in 20 minutes =1.52 × 43900 = 66728 𝐾𝐽 (𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)

(i) Heat equivalent of I.P in 20 minutes =

= 𝐼. 𝑃 × 60 × 20 = 15.9 × 60 × 20 = 19080 𝐾𝐽
(𝑖𝑖)Heat carried away by cooling water =
= 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × 𝑡𝑤2 − 𝑡𝑤1
= 162 × 4.18 × 55 − 30 = 16929 𝐾𝐽

Total mass of air=32 × 1.52 = 48.64 𝐾𝐽

Total mass of exhaust gases =mass of fuel +mass of air
= 1.52+48.64=50.16 kg

Mass of steam formed=1.4 × 1.52 = 2.13 𝑘𝑔

Mass of dry exhaust gases = 50.16 -2.13=48.03 kg

(𝑖𝑖𝑖)Heat carried away by dry exhaust gases =

= 𝑚𝑔 × 𝐶𝑝𝑔 × 𝑡𝑔 − 𝑡𝑟
= 48.03 × 1.0 × 305 − 25 = 13448 𝐾𝐽
(𝑖𝑣)Heat carried away by steam =
= 𝑚𝑠 × [𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓𝑔 + 𝐶𝑃𝑆 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑡𝑠 ]
= 2.13 × [𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓𝑔 + 𝐶𝑃𝑆 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑡𝑠 ]

At 1.013 bar pressure (atmospheric assumed)

𝑲𝑱
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝒉𝒇𝒈 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟗 𝑲𝑱/𝒌𝒈

= 2.13 417.5 + 2257.9 + 2.09 305 − 99.6 = 6613 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔

[𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆]

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒕 (𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆):

 Item KJ Percent
Heat supplied by fuel 66728 %
(i) Heat equivalent of I.P 19080 28.60

(ii) Heat carried away by cooling water 16929 25.40

(iii) Heat carried away by dry exhaust gases 13448 20.10

(iv) Heat carried away by steam in exhaust gases 6613 9.90

(v) Heat unaccounted for (by difference ) 10658 16.00

Total 66728 100.00