Rudolf Diesel cooperated with

Sulzer to construct the first

Sulzer diesel engine in 1898

Marine Internal Combustion

Engines
Lecture 2: Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
p-v and T-S diagrams of Dual cycle:
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
• Example: Assume the same state at the exhaust and intake manifolds for the
working medium of marine diesel engine.
1. Calculate the state functions (P, v, T, S) for all the states of the dual cycle, given the following:
Air specific heat ratio = Gas specific heat ratio = 1.4 Number of cylinders = 10
Specific heat at constant pressure for air/gas = 1 kj/kg ok Engine speed = 2 rps
Intake/exhaust manifold pressure = 180000 pa Mechanical loss percentage = 10 %
Intake/exhaust manifold temperature = 360.29 oK crank revolutions per cycle = 2
Temperature at the end of the compression event = 1100 oK Excess air factor = 1.05
Specific entropy of the air/gas in manifold = 1 kj/kg oK Standard air density= 1.225 kg/m3
Pressure ratio = 1.38
Cut-off ratio = 1.86
Fuel consumption per cylinder = 0.1 kg/sec
Calorific value of fuel = 42000 kj/kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
 γ= 1.4
R = CP (γ -1) / γ R = 1 * (1.4-1) / 1.4 = 0.286 kj/kg ok  CP= 1 kj/kg ok
 P1= 180000 pa
R ∗ T1 1000 ∗ 0.287 ∗ 360.29 3 /kg
v1 = v1 = = 0.572 m  T1= 360.29oK
P1 180000
 T2= 1100 oK
γ−1 γ 1.4  S1= 1 kj/kg oK
T2 P2 γ T2 γ−1 1100 1.4−1
= P2 = P1 P2 = 180000 ∗ 360.29 = 8950801 pa  a= 1.38
T1 P1 T1  b= 1.86

R ∗ T2 1000 ∗ 0.287 ∗ 1100 3 /kg  mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec

v2 = v2 = 8950801 = 0.035 m
P2  Ho= 42000 kj/kg
• Z= 10
S2 = 1 kj/kg oK
S2 = S1 • rps= 2
• Mechanical loss = 10 %
P3 = a ∗ P2 P3 = 1.38 ∗ 8950801= 12352105.38 pa
• i= 2
T3 = T2 ∗ a T3 = T2 ∗ a = 1100 ∗ 1.38 = 1518 °K • λ =1.05

v3 = v2 v3 = 0.035 m3 /kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
 γ= 1.4 S2 = 1 kj/kg oK
 CP= 1 kj/kg ok P3 = 12352105.38 pa
T3 P3 T3 P3  P1= 180000 pa T3 = 1518 °K
S3 − S2 = CP ln −R ln S3 = CP ln −R ln + S2 3
T2 P2 T2 P2  T1= 360.29oK v3 = 0.035 m /kg
 T2= 1100 oK
1518 12352105.38
S3 = 1 ∗ ln 1100
− 0.286 ∗ ln 8950801 + 1 = 1.2301 kj/kg oK  S1= 1 kj/kg oK
 a= 1.38
v4 = v3 ∗ b v4 = 0.035 ∗ 1.86 = 0.0653 m3 /kg  b= 1.86
 mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec
P4 = P3 P4 = 12352105.38 pa
 Ho= 42000 kj/kg
T4 = T3 ∗ b T4 = T3 ∗ b = 1518 ∗ 1.86 = 2823.48 °K • Z= 10
• rps= 2
T4 P4
S4 = CP ln −R ln + S3 • Mechanical loss = 10 %
T3 P3
• i= 2
2823.48 12352105.38  λ =1.05
S4 = 1 ∗ ln − 0.286 ∗ ln + 1.2301 = 1.8506 kj/kg oK
1518 12352105.38 R = 0.286 kj/kg ok
v1 = 0.572 m3 /kg
v5 = v1 v5 = 0.572 m3 /kg
P2 = 8950801 pa
S5 = S4 S5 =1.8506 kj/kg oK
v2 = 0.035 m3 /kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
 γ= 1.4 S2 = 1 kj/kg oK
 CP= 1 kj/kg ok P3 = 4974197.355 pa
 P1= 180000 pa T3 = 1273.74 °K
γ−1
T5 P5 T5 P5 γ  T1= 360.29oK v3 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
T1
=
P1 = S3 = 1.2301 kj/kg oK
T4 P4  T2= 1100 oK
 S1= 1 kj/kg oK v4 = 0.0653 m3 /kg
γ−1 γ−1  a= 1.38 P4 = 12352105.38 pa
T5 γ P1 γ  T4 = 2823.48 °K
T1 P1 1−γ b= 1.86
T5 T
= T5 ∗ T5 γ = T4 ∗ 1
o
 mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec S4 = 1.8506 kj/kg K
T4 P4 P4 3
 Ho= 42000 kj/kg v5 = 0.572m /kg
• Z= 10 S5 =1.8506 kj/kg oK
γ−1 • rps= 2
P1 γ γ−1 γ−1
γ−1 1 P1 γ P1 • Mechanical loss = 10 %
T5 =T4 ∗
T1
∗ T5 γ T5 γ =T4 ∗ T5 =T4 γ ∗
P4 T1 P4 T1 P4 • i= 2
• λ =1.05

180000 0.4 R = 0.286 kj/kg ok

T5 = 2823.481.4 ∗ 360.29 ∗12352105.38 = 1185.36 °K v1 = 0.49213 m3 /kg
T 1185.36 P2 = 3604490.84 pa
P5 = 5 P1 P5 = ∗ 180000 = 592201.787 pa
T1 360.29 v2 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
 γ= 1.4 S2 = 1 kj/kg oK
 CP= 1 kj/kg ok P3 = 4974197.355 pa
 P1= 180000 pa T3 = 1273.74 °K
CV = CP - R CV = 1 – 0.286 = 0.714 kj/kg ok
 T1= 360.29oK v3 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
rc (compression ratio)= v1/v2 = 0.49213/ 0.0732 = 16.287 v4 = 0.0653 m3 /kg
 T2= 1100 oK
S3 = 1.2301 kj/kg oK
 S1= 1 kj/kg oK
Heat added at constant volume per unit mass P4 = 12352105.38 pa
 a= 1.38
QH1 =0.714 * 1100 * (1.38 - 1) = 298.57 kj/kg T4 = 2823.48 °K
 b= 1.86
S4 = 1.8506 kj/kg oK
Heat added at constant pressure per unit mass  mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec
v5 = 0.572m3 /kg
 Ho= 42000 kj/kg
QH2 = 1.4 ∗ 0.714 * 1100 * 1.38 * (1.86 - 1) = 1305.48 kj/kg S5 =1.8506 kj/kg oK
• Z= 10
T5 = 1185.36 °K
Heat rejected at constant volume per unit mass • rps= 2
P5 = 592201.787 pa
• i= 2
QL = −1 ∗ 0.714 * 360.29 * (1.38*1.861.4 - 1) = - 589.335 kj/kg
• Mechanical loss = 10 %
Cycle work done per unit mass per cylinder
• λ =1.05
ഥ = 298.57 + 1305.48 - 589.335 = 1014.72 kj/kg
W R = 0.286 kj/kg ok
v1 = 0.49213 m3 /kg
P2 = 3604490.84 pa
589.335
𝜂𝑖 = 1 − 1305.48 +298.57 = 0.633 v2 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)S = 1 kj/kg K o
 γ= 1.4 2
 CP= 1 kj/kg ok
P3 = 4974197.355 pa
p T3 = 1273.74 °K
W (kj/kg) . R . 1T (kg/m3)  P1= 180000 pa
1  T1= 360.29oK
v3 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
pI (kpa)= (Indicated mean pressure) v4 = 0.0653 m3 /kg
(1−r1 )  T2= 1100 oK
c S3 = 1.2301 kj/kg oK
 S1= 1 kj/kg oK
1014.72 ∗ 1000 ∗ 180000 P4 = 12352105.38 pa
0.286 ∗ 360.29 = 1890.387 kpa  a= 1.38
pI = T4 = 2823.48 °K
(1− 1 )  b= 1.86
16.287 S4 = 1.8506 kj/kg oK
 mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec
PI v5 = 0.572m3 /kg
ηi = PI = mሶ f . HO . ηi  Ho= 42000 kj/kg
S5 =1.8506 kj/kg oK
mሶ f .HO • Z= 10
T5 = 1185.36 °K
• rps= 2
PI = 0.1*42000 * 0.633 = 2656.9 kw (Indicated Power per cylinder; i.e. Z=1) P5 = 592201.787 pa
• Mechanical loss = 10 %
Z∙n∙VS ∙pi i . Pi CV = 0.714 kj/kg ok
• i= 2
Pi =
i
VS =
n.pi • λ =1.05
r c = 16.287
QH1 = 298.57 kj/kg
R = 0.286 kj/kg k o
2 ∗2656.9 (stroke volume per cylinder; i.e. Z=1)
QH2 = 1305.48 kj/kg
VS = 2 ∗ 1890.387 = 1.41 m3 3
v1 = 0.49213 m /kg QL = - 589.335 kj/kg
ഥ = 1014.72 kj/kg
W
VS + VC V 1.41 P2 = 3604490.84 pa
rc = VC = r −S 1 = = 0.092 m3 𝜂𝑖 = 0.633
VC c 16.38 −1 3
v2 = 0.0732 m /kg
(VC = clearance volume in m3 per cylinder; i.e Z=1)
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle) 𝜂 = 0.633
 γ= 1.4 S2 = 1 kj/kg oK 𝑖
Theoretical/ideal mass (kg/sec) of intake air per cylinder ; i.e Z=1
 CP= 1 kj/kg ok P3 = 4974197.355 pa pI =1890.387 kpa
mሶ a (theoretical)= VS .𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 1.41 ∗ 1.225 = 1.72 kg/sec
 P1= 180000 pa T3 = 1273.74 °K PI = 2656.9 kw
 T1= 360.29oK v3 = 0.0732 m3 /kg VS = 1.41 m3
pf =1890.387 * 0.1 = 189.04 kpa  T2= 1100 oK v4 = 0.0653 m3 /kg VC = 0.092 m3
pf = pI . (Mech. Loss)
 S1= 1 kj/kg oK
S3 = 1.2301 kj/kg K o

Pf = PI . (Mech. Loss) Pf = 2656.9 * 0.1 = 265.7 kw per cylinder  a= 1.38 P4 = 12352105.38 pa

 b= 1.86 T4 = 2823.48 °K
pe = pI - pf pe =1890.387 - 189.04 = 1701.35 kpa S = 1.8506 kj/kg oK
 mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec 4
v = 0.572m 3 /kg
Pe = PI - P f Pe = 2656.9 - 265.7 = 2391.21 kw per cylinder  Ho= 42000 kj/kg 5
• Z= 10
S5 =1.8506 kj/kg oK
Pe 2391.21
ηtot = ηtot =
0.1 ∗ 42000
= 0.57 • rps= 2 T5 = 1185.36 °K
mሶ f ∙ HO P % = 592201.787 pa
• Mechanical loss = 10 5
ηmech =1−(mech. loss) ηmech = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9 • i= 2 CV = 0.714 kj/kg ok
• λ =1.05 r
c = 16.287
mሶ f 0.1 QH1 = 298.57 kj/kg
ISFC= ISFC= 2656.9 = 135.5 g/kwhr o
R = 0.286 kj/kg k QH2 = 1305.48 kj/kg
PI v1 = 0.49213 m3 /kg QL = - 589.335 kj/kg
mሶ f P2 = 3604490.84 pa W ഥ = 1014.72 kj/kg
BSFC= 0.1
BSFC= 2391.21 = 150.55 g/kwhr
Pe v2 = 0.0732 m3 /kg
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
• Example (continues): Assume the same state at the exhaust and intake manifolds for the working
medium of the marine diesel engine. Calculate the actual mass of air per cylinder, volumetric efficiency, A/F air
fuel ratio, and draw Sankey diagram for the engine, if thermal losses were distributed as follows:

Ambient air temperature = 20oC Qrad = 0.02∗mሶ f (for all cylinders)∗HO

Cooling water temperature difference = 11o C Qrad = 0.02 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 10 ∗ 42000 = 840 kw
Cooling water circulation = 39.2 Kg/HP hr Qcw = mሶ cw (for all cylinders)∗CPw ∗∆tcw
water specific heat at constant pressure = 4.184 Kj/Kg K 10 ∗ 39.2 ∗2391.21∗4.184 ∗11
Qcw = 0.746∗3600
= 16063.765 kw
Misc. heat losses are 2% of the thermal power

Heat input supplied by fuel = shaft or effective or brake power + losses in exhaust, cooling and radiation

mሶ f (for all cylinders)∗HO = Pe + Qrad + Qcw + Qexh Qexh = mሶ gas ∗CPgas ∗ ∆tgas
0.1 ∗ 10 ∗ 42000 =2391.21 * 10 + 840 + 16063.765 + mሶ gas * 1 * 10 * (360.29-293)
 Pe = 2391.21 kw per cylinder T1= 360.29oK Ho= 42000 kj/kg mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec Z= 10 CP= 1 kj/kg o K
mሶ gas (per cylinder) =1.76 kg/sec
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
• Example (continues): Assume the same state at the exhaust and intake manifolds for the working medium of the
marine diesel engine. Calculate the actual mass of air per cylinder, volumetric efficiency, A/F air fuel ratio, and
draw Sankey diagram for the engine.

Actual mass (kg/sec) of air per cylinder

mሶ air (actual) = mሶ gas - mሶ f =1.76-0.1 = 1.65 kg/sec

Air fuel ratio

Draw Sankey diagram and commit to the following:
1- The width of the arrows should be drawn to scale
mሶ air (actual) 1.75 2- Complete all the branches with the correct percentages and label each branch
A/F = = 0.1 ∗1.05 = 15.8
mሶ f .λ
mሶ air (actual) 1.65
ηvol = mሶ = 1.72 = 0.964
air (theoretical/ideal)

mሶ a (theoretical)= 1.72 kg/sec mሶ f = 0.1 kg/sec λ =1.05 mሶ gas (per cylinder) =1.76 kg/sec
 Basic practical diesel cycle (dual cycle)
• Example (continues): Assume the same state at the exhaust and intake manifolds for the working
medium of the marine diesel engine. Calculate the compressor, turbine, and compressor-turbine efficiencies of a
turbocharger fitted to the engine in the previous example. use the data from the previous example together with
those provided herein:
Air temperature before the compressor = 313 ok T ′ − T1 356.51−313
ηC = 360.29−313 = 0.92
ηC = 2
Gas temperature at turbine exit= 304.6 ok T2 − T1
Ideal gas temperature at turbine exit= 299.75 ok T3 − T4 360.29−304.6
ηT = η 𝑇 = 360.29−299.75 = 0.92
Ideal air temperature at compressor exit= 356.51 ok T3 − T ′
4

mሶ f ∗ λ ∗ AΤF ∗ CPair ∗ T ′ − T1 λ ∗ AΤF ∗ T ′ − T1

mሶ gas ∗ CPgas ∗ T3 − T ′ = 2 ηTC = 2
ηTC ∗ ηT ∗ ηC 1+𝜆∗A/F ∗ T − T
4 3 4′ ∗ ηT ∗ ηC

1.05 ∗ 15.8 ∗ 356.51−313

 mሶ gas = mሶ f 1 + λ∗A/F
ηTC = 1+1.05 ∗ 15.8 ∗ 360.29−299.75 ∗ 0.92∗ 0.92
 CPair = CPgas only in this example ηTC = 0.8
T2(turbocharger) = T3(turbocharger) =T1(Dual cycle) = 360.29oK A/F= 15.8 λ =1.05