Floor Cleaning Machine 2024-2025

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Effective cleaning and sanitizing helps and protect the health of the human beings directly and
indirectly. Also, cleaning and sanitizing prevents the pest infestations by reducing residues that
can attract and support bees, pests ete. It also improves the shelf life of the floor, walls etc. due
to regular cleaning and maintenance. In recent years, most of the people prefer to use trains or
buses for commuting and hence these places are littered with biscuits covers, cold drink bottles
ete. Hence, it is necessary to clean the bus stands and railways stations at regular interval. There
is no one single cleaning method that is suitable for all locations and occasions and effective
cleaning depends upon type of cleaning device, cleaning technique and also the equipment
should be user friendly.

Cleaning work can be physically demanding and a need has been identified to developed
methods for systematic ergonomic evaluation of new products. In recent years, floor cleaning
robots are getting more popular for busy and aging populations due to lack of workers.
However in India, unemployment is more and hence there is a need to develop less labor
oriented cleaning machine. Hence, the present work is aimed to design, development and
evaluation of a manually operated road cleaning machine.

Carried out a technical analysis of residential floor cleaning robots based on US granted
patents. They observed that the macroscopic analysis of patents and patent biblio metrics or
patent maps, is useful tools to make an overview for designated technical topics and they
observed that the Samsung is the top one patentee in cleaning robot after macroscopic of view.
Imaekhai Lawrence et al.

Evaluation has shown how the use of multiple assessment techniques can provide a
comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and musculoskeletal loading upon the
operator. They suggested that the trials with a larger number of subjects would certainly
strengthen the conclusions.

1.1: PROCESSES USED IN ROAD CLEANING -

Abhishek Chakra borty et al reported that the most significant cause of road dust to the total
suspended particulate burden is vehicle traveling on paved and unpaved' surfaces.
Consequently data directly relating dust to road accidents are rare, but in a study if dust is the
cause of 10% of these accidents casualties then the cost could amount to as much as 0.02% of

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GDP in some developing countries and total about $800 million annually. The present state of
the road cleaning process is described below. There are two ways for road cleaning-

1) Manual process

2) Machinated process

1.1.1: Manual Process In manual process, the road cleaning is done with the help of and

shovel to clean off the debris, waste etc. hand to clean the road by spreading the dust all over
in the air. While in the Machinated process, a vehicle containing broom at bottom continuously
rotating, clean the road as well as sucks the dust spread by rotating broom. If one carefully
observes the first process, then he could find the following limitations which are given below:-

1. This process renders fatigue to the hand and even it cause damage to the shoulder.

2. As it is a continuous process, it produces

3. It is time consuming, and laborious process so, no one wants to do it.

1.1.2: Machinated Process- On the other side, in the second process following limitations have
been found out, which are discussed below:-

1. The requirement of petrol is prerequisite for this process and continuously.

2. The cost of machine is quite high cost and the rural people could not afford it to buy.

1.2: BACKGROUND OF PRESENT WORK:

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The manual operated machines are time consuming and laborious, on other side of the flip, the
diesel operated machines are very costlier. These problems actually instigate to think an
alternative arrangement which would nullify the limitations of former said processes. Further
its initial cost is also less. The new evolved concept is a road cleaning machine is operated by
human power. To accomplish this new idea, the present work is well carried out which is as
under.-

1. Firstly, the complete market review and literature survey based on the Road Cleaning
processes been done.

2. On the basis of the demand power the machine component are designed.

3. On the basis of obtained designed dimensions the fabrication work of the proposed manually
operated road cleaning machine is carried out.

4. At last, the testing and trails have been taken to ascertain the load capacity of the machine.

1.3: OBJECTIVE OF MANUALLY OPERATED ROAD CLEANER:

To provide the alternative method for road.

To reduce human efforts..

* To save the time.

To reduce the cost.

To avoid noise pollution.

1.4: TWO DIMENSIONAL VIEWS:

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A two dimensional (2D) object is an object that only has two dimensions, such as a length and
a width, but no thickness. They all share two dimensions. They all have a length and a width.
Certain shapes have specific defining measurement, such as them have thickness to them.

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Environment is a place where humans as well as plants and animals live. Keeping it clean and
neat is our responsibility. It is necessary to keep our environment clean because we get fresh
air, reduce pollution etc. An unclean environment leads to a bad condition of a society, arrival
of diseases and many more. In recent years cleanliness is becoming an important factor for the
betterment of the nation and so, to support the cause we have conducted a study, prepared a
design and working of a Semiautomatic Road Cleaning Machine. The cleaning machine is an
approach to deliver easy and time efficient cleaning of roads, by

reducing human efforts. There are in numerous functions of the road cleaning machine mainly.

1) Remove the dust from road by the use of scrubber which is operated by using engine.

2) Cleaning of dust and durt by use of brush.

3) Collecting the dust into the collector tank.

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This cleanliness can be achieved by utilizing all the functions of the road cleaner to the
optimum level. The basic idea is to generate a machine which works on basic principles of
physics, using mechanical, automobile components and devices. Making an assembly of the
components and ultimately creating a machine which can be the answer to various cleaning
issues in a single unit.

Road cleaning machines or floor cleaning machines are used in private as well as commercial
area such as hospitals, bus stand, malls, lawns, floors etc. Many of these devices required high
amount of electricity or fuel like petrol diesel for their operation. They produce enough
pollution to pollute environment. So in order to save energy and save nature, it is need to
develop low cost, user friendly road cleaning machine. Our focus is to develop a machine which
should be operated manually so that it can be alternative for conventional electric road cleaning
machine. In this work we have done modeling and analysis of the road cleaning machine. We
used such type of materials for manufacturing of road cleaning machine finally. We have
observed that all the components are with in safe limit in the manually operated road cleaning
machine.

Indian road transport has come up as a fast growing and profit making organization.
Connectivity between towns, cities and different areas is an essential component in the
development of a Nation. Dirty roads lead to uncomfortable for the passengers. India has a road
network of over 5,472,144 kilometers (3,400,233 mi) as on 31 March 2015, the second largest
road network in the world. However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways
and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being improved. The pavement management system and
the systematic approach contained in this are not adequately implemented for repairs and
rehabilitation. Non compliance result into heavy losses, discomfort, Mechanical damages in
vehicles and loss of man hours. In many cases the high speed corridor pavernents have failed
prematurely in the absence of adequate maintenance during the design life itself. This triggers
the need for an automated machine which can remove the wastes in an easier and efficient way.
Our project aims at developing a Modern road cleaning vehicle that can clean the waste
particles lying in the roads effectively which provides clean roads. The vehicle is operated with
the help of dual power ie. solar power and battery. Thus Eco friendly environment can be
obtained by the Modern cleaning vehicle because of the harmless energy sources.

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS

M. RANJITH KUMAR ET AL 2015-

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"Design and Analysis of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine"- The authors has been
designed and analyzed manually operated floor cleaning machine. From his research he
concluded the stress level in the manually operated machine is within the safe limit.

SANDEEP. J. MESHEAM ET AL 2016-

"Design and Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning Machine" He has developed
the street cleaning machine by tricycle operated. In this research article he framed a model
especially for rural area. He concluded that the cleaning is less effective where the street seems
to be very rough and damaged.

1) It is found that the existing street cleaning machines uses petrol and diesel. It can cause
pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution. While manual
cleaning may cause health problem as the person directly comes in contact with dust. Also, the
shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs.

2) A tricycle operated street cleaning machine seems an alternative concept for avoiding such
problems enlisted in first point.

3) The tricycle operated machine can work very efficiently with respect to covering area, time
and cost of street cleaning process compared with the existing machineries. Also it is
economical.

4) It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where the street seems
to be very rough and damaged.

LIU ET AL 2013-

"A Technical Analysis of Autonomous Floor Cleaning Robots Based on US Granted Patents,
He carried out a technical analysis of residential floor cleaning robots based on US granted
patents. They observed that the macroscopic analysis of patents and patent bibliometrics or
patent maps, is useful tools to make an overview for designated technical topics and they
observed that the Samsung is the top one patentee in cleaning robot after macroscopic of view.

IMAEKHAI LAWRENCE ET AL 2012-

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"Evaluating Single Disc Floor Cleaners" The evaluation has shown how the use of multiple
assessment techniques can provide a comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and
musculoskeletal loading upon the operator. They suggested that the trials with a larger number
of subjects would certainly strengthen the conclusions.

2.2 IMPACT OF ROAD DUST EMMISSION ON HEALTH:

Brunekreef and Forsberg (2005) concluded in a review of a number of epidemiological studies

that there is some evidence for effects of coarse PM on mortality, mostly in arid regions
Transition metals embedded in road dust, such as Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti contribute to the
oxidative capacity of PM (Prahalad et al, 1999; Clarke et al, 2000). Valavanidis et al. (2005)
demonstrated that redox-active transition metals act synergistically with redox cycling quinines
and PAHs to produce reactive oxygen species, and that particularly ferrous ions in PM play an
important role in the generation of hydroxyl radicals.

Schlesinger et al. (2006) indicated that transition metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn,
which may act as redox compounds, are likely related to PM toxicity. Moreover coarse particles
can elicit inflammatory effects (Schins et al, 2004; Schwarze et al, 2007).

Association between high levels of coarse man-made particles and daily mortality in Barcelona
(Spain) has been shown by L. Perez et al. (2008) who also found a worsening during outbreaks
of Saharan dust. In a more recent work L. Perez et al. (2009) found that cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular mortality were associated with increased levels of both PM1 and PM2.5-10.

De Kok et al. (2006) found a positive correlation between the cytotoxicity of TSP and the sum
of transition metal concentrations. A recent study in Sweden, found that PM10 generated by
erosion of road pavement by studded tires provoked an inflammatory responses in cells as
potent as the response caused by diesel particles (Gustafsson et al., 2008). Comparisons of six
European cities (Jalava et al, 2007, 2008; Happo et al., 2007) evaluated the cytotoxic and
inflammatory activities of atmospheric PM in contrasting air pollution scenarios. Coarse
particles showed higher inflammatory effect than the other PM size fractions, especially in
Southern Europe. This high activity for these samples was attributed to the lack of rain, which
may account for the poor washout of road dust and the consequent accumulation of coarse PM
(with high levels of brake pads metals) on the road pavement.

2.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT:

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A British company in 2004 released a rider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion
of air. It has claimed to be light-weight and easier to move over (compared to using wheels),
although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this the Hoover Constellation predated it by at
least 35 years.

British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology,
which, instead of using a vacuum, uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet. This
technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer (MTP) and shown to be more
energy-efficient than the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist, Air Recycling
Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner. In India, road is cleaned by hand
using different handmade instruments. Initially it was washed by different reed brushes.
According to Egyptian houses were built of sundried mud bricks at times white- washed and
the roads were stamped earth. The road of the outdoor kitchen too was simply the ground baked
stone hard by the sun. Unless it was raining, which happened only rarely, these roads were easy
to keep clean by sweeping. Nowadays, India is very fast developing country. The major profit
of making organization of India is Indian Road Transport. There is still a lot of efforts are
implemented to clean the road for its maintenance. Also, some people are irresponsible. They
through garbage, wrappers, plastic bottles, waste on roads. So, it is very necessary to remove
waste from road. When maintenance of road is to be done, some worker especially women are
allotted to sweep the road. They clean the road conventionally like sweeping. While sweeping,
there is more chance of spreading of air born diseases like cough, asthma, problem in
respiration etc.

2.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Now, workers are hired to do this stuff but it is impossible to work continuously for workers.
So this is time consuming and also costly process because of workers salary. The important
factor is eliminating traffic problem because of less manpower as well as accident.

The running cost of machine is low and initial cost of machine is covered by saving of workers
salary. It can be recovered within in one or one and half year. The divider side cleaner requires
only one worker for handling.

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Chapter 3: DESIGN OF ROAD CLEANER

Cleaning is a necessary factor of daily routine process. Effective cleaning and sanitizing
help and protect the health of human beings directly and indirectly. The Road cleaner is used
to keep our surroundings clean. So that we feel fresh while walking on the streets. Generally,
in the era of modern technology, different devices such as electric motors, diesel engines, and
robots are being used to clean the floor, road. But such processes create abundant pollution,
maintenance and are very tough to carry out. So, in order to save energy and save nature, there
is a need to develop, user-friendly road and floor cleaning machine. A machine which should
be operated manually so that it can be as an alternative for conventional electric cleaning
machine. The dust cleaning machine system is fixed with a pair of wheels which are connected
with the help of shaft. The shaft makes the wheels connected to one and other. The wheels are

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moved to the desired position with the help of manual force, which can handle is provided to
move. The handle can be adjusted for a required height and are provided three adjusting holes
for it. A chain drive is connected to the wheels and gear at each side. The chain is moved
according to the wheel and gear. The brush moving the alternative direction of the wheels move
and the brush brooms the waste present on the road also it dumps the waste into the waste-
collecting box. The waste collection box is removed to dump the waste into desired places.

First of all we decides to make a structure of manually operated eco-friendly road

cleaning machine. In the making of structure of machine we can use software work as the
helping in measurement and design. After that we decides the materials through which the parts
will be prepared.

3.1 THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF ROAD CLEANER:

In analysis of manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner was carried out by using
SOLIDWORKS software. Analysis was used to find the deflection and stress on frames,
brushes and wheels. The maximum deflection & stresses were checked and maintained with in
the allowable limits for the materials of construction.

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface

of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The
product is called a 3D model. Someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D
artist. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering
or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically
created using 3D printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of

preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
There are three popular ways to represent a model

Polygonal modeling Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments
to form a polygon mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal
models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However,
polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.

Curve modeling Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted
control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing

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the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include non-uniform
rational B-spline (NURBS), splines, patches, and geometric primitives.

Digital sculpting Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very
popular in the few years it has been around. [citation needed] There are currently three types
of digital sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this
moment, uses a dense model (often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control
mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores
the adjusted locations. Volumetric, loosely based on voxels, has similar capabilities as
displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons
in a region to achieve a deformation. Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the
surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods
allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once
the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the
original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map
data if for a game engine.

A 3D fantasy fish composed of organic surfaces generated using LA14D. The modeling
stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number
of modeling techniques, including:

Constructive solid geometry-

Implicit surfaces.

Subdivision surfaces.

Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., Cinema 4D, Maya,
3ds Max, Blender, LightWave, Modo) or an application component (Shaper, Loffer in 3ds Max)
or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction
between these phases, in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is
the case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D).

3D models can also be created using the technique of Photogrammetry with dedicated
programs such as Reality Capture, Metashape, 3DF Zephyr, and Meshroom, and cleanup
applications such as MeshLab, netfabb or MeshMixer. Photogrammetry creates models using

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algorithms to interpret the shape and texture of real-world objects and environments based on
photographs taken from many angles of the subject.

Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with
particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture
splats, or sprites assigned to them. The three dimensional structure are required for the making
of design of manually operated eco friendly road cleaning machine. On this basis we can
decides the length and height of frame work. So we are properly maintains the design by this
modeling.

3.1.1 TESTING:

3D solid models can be tested in different ways depending on what is needed by using
simulation, mechanism design, and analysis. If a motor is designed and assembled correctly
(this can be done differently depending on what 3D modeling program is being used), using
the mechanism tool the user should be able to tell if the motor or machine is assembled correctly
by how it operates.

Different design will need to be tested in different ways. For example; a pool pump
would need a simulation ran of the water running through the pump to see how the water flows
through the pump. These tests verify if a product is developed correctly or if it needs to be
modified to meet its requirements.

SOLIDWORKS focuses on quickly creating 3D solid models of your design, rapidly

creating both complex parts and assemblies on screen in 3D as oppose to flat 2D drawings
which in turn leads to:

Faster design development and detailing.

Improved visualisation and communication.

Assess design functionality and performance prior to prototype production.

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Auto generated manufacturing data for 3D solid models which use programming CNC
machine tools and rapid prototyping equipment.

With all drawing views generated from the original 3D model SOLIDWORKS ensures
any amendments made to the model are automatically updated within the drawing. This
automatic associativity guarantees your solid model is always accurately reflected within in
your drawings.

SOLIDWORKS 3D solid modeling features enable you to:

Produce 3D solid models of any part and assembly, regardless of size and complexity,

Synchronise all 3D modek, 2D drawings and other design and manufacturing

documents thanks to inbuilt associativity which automatically tracks for any

changes and makes updates. Quickly amend designs by controlling key design
parameters.

Create surfacing for any 3D geometry regardless of complexity or stylisation.

Produce in depth 3D model analysis instantly on an extensive range of properties: mass,

density, moments of inertia.

diaa

3.2 MATERIALS:

Sprocket, Link Plates (C40, C50 alloy steel), Pin, Pushing and Rollers (C15, C20
Steels), Rotary Brooms are used to clean In this work components used as given below-

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1) Wheels: Use two wheels each wheel having diameter of 609.6mm. As shown in the
figure 3.2.

2) Shaft: The shaft length 500mm long and 25mm diameter. As shown in the figure3.3.

3) Chain: Total chain length used 1219mm of 75 numbers. As shown in the figure 3.4.

4) Supporting wheels: Diameter of wheel 200mm. As shown in the figure3.5.

5) Handle: For the handle we are using two rods they are usually in bending shape One
of the rod length is 1092.2mm and another small rod of size is 685.8mm.For these two roads a
vertical shape of rod is connected of length 203.2mm for this vertical rod an horizontal rod is
attached of size of 457.2mm and the height adjustment is made with the rods.

6) Gears: Use two gears driver and driven the smaller gear has a diameter of 50mm,
and larger gear has diameter of 130mm. As shown in the figure3.6.

7) Bearings: Bearings having an outer diameter of 60mm and inner having a 50 mm

diameser As shown in the figure3.7.

8) Brush: Brush having a length of 480mm long and outer diameter of 250mm and inner
diameter of 20mm. As shown in the figure3.8.

9) Collecting box: The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste upto some
quantity after that remove box and dump the waste. The dimensions of the collecting box
measures length of 546 mm and width 233mm. As shown in the figure3.9.aring the dust by the
motion of rotation.

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3.3 COMPONENTS:

1) Wheels: Use two wheel

2) Shaft
3) Chain
4) Supporting wheels.
5)
Handle: For the handle we are using two rods they are usually in bending shape.
6) 6) Sprocket.
7) Bearings.
8) Brush
9) Collecting box: The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste up to
some quantity after that remove box and dump the waste

3.3.1 WHEEL:

A circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to
enable it to move easily over the ground. In its primitive form, a wheel is a circular block of a
hard and durable material at whose center has been bored a circular hole through which is
placed an axle bearing about which the wheel rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or
torque to the wheel about it which the wheel rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or
torque to the wheel about its axis, thereby making together one of the six simple machines.

When placed vertically under a bad-bearing platform or case, the wheel turning on the
horizontal axle makes it possible to transport heavy loads; when placed horizontally, the wheel
turning on its vertical axle makes it possible to control the spinning motion used to shape
materials (e.g. a potter's wheel); when mounted on a column connected to a rudder or a chassis
mounted on other wheels, one can control the direction of a vessel or vehicle (e.g. a ship's
wheel or steering wheel); when connected to a crank or engine, a wheel can store, release, or
transmit energy (e.g the flywheel),

3.3.1 MECHANICS AND FUCTION OF WHEEL:

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The wheel was barely used, with the exception of the Horn of Africa, in sub-saham
Africa well into the 19th century but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans.

The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification untill 870s, when
wire- spoked wheels and pneumatic tires were invented. Some of mechanics function are listed
below:

The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.

Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the
bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "plain bearing").

Example:

If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the coefficient of friction = 0.5,
the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work force x distance)
981×0.5×10-4905 joules.

Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same
(in total) 981 N. Assume, for wood, 0.25, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle
diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only

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slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 0.25 0.5 123 joules; the work
done has reduced to 1/40 of that of dragging

Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling resistance
which is predominantly a deformation loss. This energy is also lowered by the use of a wheel
(in comparison to dragging) because the net force on the contact point between the road and
the wheel is almost perpendicular to the ground, and hence, generates an almost zero net
work. This depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in
the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors.

A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is
sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.

Construction

This article is about structure of wheel. For making of wire-spoked wheels, see Wheel
building For making of non-wire spoked wheels, see Wheel construction.

Rim An aluminium alloy wheel. Which is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire." It
makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is
mounted on vehicles such as automobiles.

Hub The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the
spokes meet. A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of
wheel with no center hub. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel
itself. The axle is hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances.

Spokes A spoked wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is
dated to the late 2nd millennium BC and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil A spoke is one of
some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects),
connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of
a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six section. The wheel is prepared using
this method. The wheel is the important for drive the road cleaner machine so we prepared
the wheel firstly.

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Wire The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire
spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function
mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting
applied loads. Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles.
They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by
James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheel building.

Tire/Tyre -A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (insome
Commonwealth Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped
covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by
providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with
the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie," which refers to the outer
steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology
below).-

The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and
wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread
provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first
versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent
wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising
a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with
compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of
vehicles, such as cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and aircraft.

Different Types of Wheels: The different types of wheels available include conventional steel
wheels, modern alloy wheels, forged and cast wheels and chrome coated wheels.

Construction

This article is about structure of wheel. For making of wire-spoked wheels, see Wheel
building For making of non-wire spoked wheels, see Wheel construction.

Rim An aluminium alloy wheel. Which is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire." It
makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is
mounted on vehicles such as automobiles.

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Hub The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the
spokes meet. A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of
wheel with no center hub. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel
itself. The axle is hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances.

Spokes A spoked wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is
dated to the late 2nd millennium BC and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil A spoke is one of
some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects),
connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of
a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six section. The wheel is prepared using
this method. The wheel is the important for drive the road cleaner machine so we prepared
the wheel firstly.

Wire The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire
spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function
mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting
applied loads. Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles.
They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by
James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheel building.

Tire/Tyre -A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (insome
Commonwealth Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped
covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by
providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with
the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie," which refers to the outer
steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology
below).-

The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and
wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread
provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first
versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent
wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising
a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with
compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of
vehicles, such as cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and aircraft.

Different Types of Wheels: The different types of wheels available include conventional steel
wheels, modern alloy wheels, forged and cast wheels and chrome coated wheels.

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Types- They are mainly classified into two types.

Transmission shaft
Machine Shaft
Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine
absorbing
power, e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.
Machine shafts are the integral part of the machine itself, eg crankshaft.
Materials The material used for ordinary shafts is mild steel. When high strength is required,
an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or chromium-vanadium steel is used.

Shafis are generally formed by hot rolling and finished to size by cold drawing or turning and
grinding

Standard sizes
Machine shafts Up to 25 mm steps of 0.5 m
Transmission shafts.
25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm steps
60 mm to 110 man with 10 mm steps
110 mm to 140 mm with 15 man steps

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140 mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps

The standard lengths of the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and 7 m.

Stresses The following stresses are induced in the shafts.

o Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (due to torsional load).

* Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon the machine
elements like gears and pulleys as well as the self weight of the shaft.

Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

3.3.3 CHAIN:

Chain is a serial assembly of connected pieces, called links, typically made of metal, with an
overall character similar to that of a rope in that it is flexible and curved in compression but
linear, rigid, and load-bearing in tension. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains
can be classified by their design, which can be dictated by their use:

Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist, for pulling, or for securing, such
as with a bicycle lock, have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in two
dimensions (the fixed third dimension being a chain's length). Small chains serving as
jewellery are a mostly decorative analogue of such types.

Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth
of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as
roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.

3.3.3 CHAIN:

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Chain is a serial assembly of connected pieces, called links, typically made of metal, with an
overall character similar to that of a rope in that it is flexible and curved in compression but
linear, rigid, and load-bearing in tension. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains
can be classified by their design, which can be dictated by their use:

Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling or for securing, such as
with a bicycle lock, have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in two
dimensions (the fixed third dimension being a chair's length). Small chains serving as
jewellery are a mostly decorative analogue of such types.

Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth
of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as
roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.

Two distinct chains can be connected using a quick link, carabiner, or elevis.

Figure 3.3.3: Chain

Uses for chain:

Links of the American Revolutionary War-era Hudson River Chain as a memorial at West
Point.

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Power transfer

Bicycle chain, transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling
it.

Chain drive, the main feature that differentiated the safety bicycle.

Chain gun, type of machine gun that is driven by an external power source, sometimes
connected by a chain, to actuate the mechanism rather than using recoil.

Chain pumps, type of water pump where an endless chain has positioned on it circular discs.
Chainsaw, portable mechanical, motorized saw using a cutting chain to saw wood.

Flat chain, form of chain used chiefly in agricultural machinery.

Ladder chain, a light wire chain used with sprockets for low torque power transmission.

O-ring chain, a specialized type of roller chain.

Roller chain, the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on
bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery.

Timing chain, used to transfer rotational position from the crankshaft to the valve and ignition
system on an internal combustion engine, typically with a 2:1 speed reduction.

Traction and pulling

Anchor cable, as used by ships and boats, in British nautical usage it is a cable, not a chain.

Chain steam shipping Chain-linked Lewis, lifting device made from two curved steel legs

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Curb chain, used on curb bits when riding a horse.

3.3.4 SUPPORTING WHEEL:

Training wheels are an additional wheel or wheels mounted parallel to the rear wheel of a
machine that assist learners until they have developed a usable sense of balance on the
machine.

3.3.5 HANDLE OR FRAME:

It is defined as the engineering structure of different shapes like curved or straight. It contains
one multi-force member. The frame structure is the combination of beams, column, and slab.
The use of frame is to resist the moments which developed during the applied loading.

Frame or a machine is an engineering structure that that contains at least one member that is
not a two force member. This beam is connected to other members (where normal forces
would exist) at more than two locations. This beam is therefore not a two force member. This
beam has two connection points, but a force is acting on a third point. Therefore the beam has
forces acting on it at more than two locations and it is not a two force member.

A frame is a rigid structure, while a machine is not rigid. This means that no part can move
relative to the other parts in a frame, while parts can move relative to one another in a
machine. Though there is a difference in vocabulary in describing frames and machines, they
are grouped together here because we use the the same process to analyze both of these
structure

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When we talk about analyzing frames or machines, we are usually looking to identify both
the external forces acting on the structure and the internal forces acting between members
within the structure.

The method we use to analyze frames and machines (no special name here) centers around
the process of breaking the structure down into individual components and analyzing each
component as a rigid body. Where the components are connected, Newton's Third Law states
that each body will exert an equal and opposite force on the other body. Each component will
be analyzed as an independent rigid body leading to equilibrium equations for each
component, but because of Newton's Third Law, some unknowns may show up acting on two
bodies.

3.3.7 BEARING:

Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to
the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems,
and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it.
The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.
Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce sliding
friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located
between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs
exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency,
reliability, durability and performance.

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis;
or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the
moving parts.

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The term "bearing" is derived from the verb 'to bear" a bearing being a machine element that
allows one part to bear (ie., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces,
cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and
location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or
machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very
precise devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current
technology.

3.3.8 BRUSH:

Brushes are tools composed of bristles that are fixed into a mounting board, and, like other
types of brushes, they are elastic, flexible, and conform to irregular or flat surfaces. Due to
these features, a gutter brush can reach difficult or specific areas without damaging the
bristles or the surfaces to be swept. The wafer ring brushes and spacers from Brushtec are
designed to sweep debris from the centre of roads and they are manufactured to meet the
municipal cleaning industry's highest standards. For durability and high performance, the
wafer ring brushes are made from either polypropylene monofilament or crimped steel wire.
The range of ring brushes are supplied in boxed kits, which allows them to be easily
assembled onto the cylinder shafts of your street sweepers. Fitted together, side-by-side, the
ring brushes produce the cylinder under chassis sweeping brush.

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3.3.9 COLLECTING BOX:

The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste upto some quantity after that remove
box and dump the waste.

3.3.9 COLLECTING BOX:

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The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste upto some quantity after that remove
box and dump the waste.
A street sweeper or street cleaner may refer to a person's occupation, or a machine that cleans
streets. A street sweeper cleans the streets, usually in an urban area.

Street sweepers have been employed in cities as "sanitation workers" since sanitation and
waste removal became a priority. A street-sweeping person would use a broom and shovel to
clean off litter, animal waste and filth that accumulated on streets. Later, water hoses were
used to wash the streets.

3.3.10 NUTS AND BOLTS:

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction
with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of
the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.

In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking
fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts,
nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.

Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most
common largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While
rare today due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are
occasionally used in some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed
for a given size: the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger
surface area and more leverage at the nut.

A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are very closely
related to screws.

Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial
clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against
sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the

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grip length) as this makes for a better, stronger dowel The presence of the unthreaded shank
has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws, but this is incidental to its use,
rather than defining.

Selection of nuts and bolt material:

Regarding the requirement of the strength and circumstance, there are several types of
material can be used for the Fastener Material Selection.

Steel Fasteners (Grade 2,5,8) the level of strength.

Stainless Steel Fasteners (Martensitic Stainless Steel, Austenitic Stainless Steel),

Bronze and Brass Fasteners Water proof usage

Nylon Fasteners it is used for the light material and water proof usage.

In general, Steel is the most commonly used material of all fasteners (90%) or more.

3.4 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES AND ASSEMBLED MODE:

Metal fabrication is the creation of metal structures by cutting, bending and assembling
processes. It is a value-added process involving the creation of machines, parts, and structures
from various raw materials.

Typically, a fabrication shop bids on a job, usually based on engineering drawings, and if
awarded the contract, buikis the product. Large fab shops employ a multitude of vake- added
processes, including welding, cutting, forming and machining

As with other manufacturing processes, both human labor and automation are commonly
used. A fabricated product may be called a fabrication, and shops specializing in this type of
work are called fab shops. The end products of other common types of metalworking, such as
machining, metal stamping, forging, and casting, may be similar in shape and function, but

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those processes are not classified as fabrication. Fabrication process is carried out by using
following operation as given below-

WELDING.

GRINDING.

DRILLING.

CUTTING.

3.4.1 WELDING PROCESS:

Welling is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by using high heat to melk the parts together and allowing them to cool,
causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as
brazing and soklering, which do not melt the base metal

In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a
pool of molten material (the well pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent
metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat or by itself to produce a weld.
Welling also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame (chemical), an
electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an
industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including in
open air, under water, and in outer space. Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions
are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and
fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, BIET LUCKNOW

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Welding is a process of joining two metal pieces by the application of heat. Wekling is the
least expensive process and widely used now a days in fabrication. Welding joints different
metals with the help of a number of processes in which heat is supplied either electrically or
by mean of a gas torch.

Processes:

1) Arc:

These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric are between
an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can use either
direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), and consumable or non- consumable
electrodes. The welling region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas,
known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well

2) Power supplies:

To supply the electrical power necessary for are welding processes, a variety of different
power supplies can be used. The most common welding power supplies are constant current
power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In are wekling, the length of the are is
directly related to th…

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Types of Welding: Some of the most common current welding methods are:

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as "stick wekling"

Gas tungsten are welding (GTAW), also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas).

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as MIG (metal, inert gas).

Flux-cored are welding (FCAW), very similar to MIG.

Submerged are wekling (SAW), usually called Sub Arc.

Electro-slag welding (ESW), a highly productive process for thicker materials.

Working process of welding:

One of the most common types of are wekling is shielded metal arc welding (SMAW); it is
also known as manual metal are welding (MMAW) or stick welding. Electric current is used
to strike an are between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is made of fil
material (typically steel) and is covered with a flux that protects the weld area from oxidation
and contamination by producing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during the welding The process is
versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making it well suited
to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest
amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather slow,
since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue
from the flux, must be chipped away after wekling. Furthermore, the process is generally
limited to welding ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible the
welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and other metals process. The electrode core
itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler unnecessary.

Metal cutting

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Cutting has been at the core of manufacturing throughout history. For metals many methods
are used and can be grouped by the physical phenomenon used. It is the process of producing
a work piece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal, in the form of chips.

Chip forming (material removal processes) sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.

Shearing punching, stamping, scissoring, blanking.

Abrasive material removal grinding, lapping, polishing, water-jet.

Heat-flame cutting, plasma cutting, laser cutting

Electrochemical machining (ECM). etching, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrical

chemical

Every method has its limitations in accuracy, cost, and effect on the material For example,
heat may damage the quality of heat treated alloys, and laser cutting is less suita ble for
highly reflective materials such as aluminum. Laser cutting sheet metal produces flat parts
and etches and engraves parts from complex or simple designs.

Surface Integrity (e.g., Roughness, Hardness, Residual Stress):

Cutting processes generate and affect different surface integrity attributes on the produced
parts. These can be categorized as follows:

(1) Topography characteristics like surface roughness and textures waviness,

(2) Mechanical properties affected like hardness and residual stress,

(3) Metallurgical phase like microstructure, grain size and shape, phase transformation,
inclusions, etc.

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These variations of the surface fall into five categories, ie., thermal, metallurgical,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical proper

Surface defects:

Different forms of surface defects are reported in Section, major forms are material pull-out
or cracking, surface drag, adhered material particles, feed marks, tearing surface, debris of
microchips, chip layer formation, surface cavities, surface plucking, laps (material fokled
onto the surface), slip zones, deformed grains, and lay patterns. Displays the effect high speed
milling inputs on the surface roughness during machining of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AL The effect of
feed per tooth (2) on surface roughness is depicted in. The surface roughness increased from
0.51 to 0.96 µm with increasing off from 0.08 to 0.22 mm/z. This is mainly because of the
growth in feed per tooth,

(1) The scallop and height of machined surface escalates rapidly;

(2) Sudden shear deformation would increase in size with the growth in milling thickness in
order to extend the fracture zone;

(3) Friction and extrusion between workpiece and tool get more severe with an increase in
milling force.
Metal cutting

Cutting has been at the core of manufacturing throughout history. For metals many methods
are used and can be grouped by the physical phenomenon used. It is the process of producing
a work piece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal, in the form of chips.

Chip forming (material removal processes) sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.

Shearing punching, stamping, scissoring, blanking.

Abrasive material removal grinding, lapping, polishing, water-jet.

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Heat-flame cutting, plasma cutting, laser cutting

Electrochemical machining (ECM). etching, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrical

chemical

Every method has its limitations in accuracy, cost, and effect on the material For example,
heat may damage the quality of heat…treated alloys, and laser cutting is less suita ble for
highly reflective materials such as aluminum. Laser cutting sheet metal produces flat parts
and etches and engraves parts from complex or simple designs.

Surface Integrity (e.g., Roughness, Hardness, Residual Stress):

Cutting processes generate and affect different surface integrity attributes on the produced
parts. These can be categorized as follows:

(1) Topography characteristics like surface roughness and textures waviness,

(2) Mechanical properties affected like hardness and residual stress,

(3) Metallurgical phase like microstructure, grain size and shape, phase transformation,
inclusions, etc.

These variations of the surface fall into five categories, ie., thermal, metallurgical,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical proper

Surface defects:

Different forms of surface defects are reported in Section, major forms are material pull-out
or cracking, surface drag, adhered material particles, feed marks, tearing surface, debris of
microchips, chip layer formation, surface cavities, surface plucking, laps (material fokled
onto the surface), slip zones, deformed grains, and lay patterns. Displays the effect high speed
milling inputs on the surface roughness during machining of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AL The effect of
feed per tooth (2) on surface roughness is depicted in. The surface roughness increased from

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0.51 to 0.96 µm with increasing off from 0.08 to 0.22 mm/z. This is mainly because of the
growth in feed per tooth,

(1) The scallop and height of machined surface escalates rapidly;

(2) Sudden shear deformation would increase in size with the growth in milling thickness in
order to extend the fracture zone;

(3) Friction and extrusion between workpiece and tool get more severe with an increase in
milling force.

3.4.3 DRILLING PROCESS:

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross- section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed
against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the
hole as it is drilled.

In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the bit
is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole
with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from
outside the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used
for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.

In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross- sectiona square
cross-section is possible.

Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-
cutting material removed comes from drilling operations. Drilling involves the creation of
holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist
drill.

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Figure 3.4.3: Drilling process

Working process of Drilling:

Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence of
burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually
has helical feed marks.

Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the work piece by creating low residual
stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed
material on the newly formed surface. This causes the work piece to become more susceptible
to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation may be done to
avoid these detrimental conditions.

For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long spirals or
small flakes, depending on the material, and process parameters. The type of chips formed
can be an indicator of the machiability of the material, with long chips suggesting good
material machinability.

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When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the workpiece surface. This
minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is, to be deflected from the intended center-
line of the bore, causing the hole to be misplaced. The higher the length-to-diameter ratio of
the drill bit, the greater the tendency to walk. The tendency to walk is also preempted in
various other ways, which include:

Establishing a centering mark or feature before drilling, such as by:

Casting, molding, or forging a mark into the work piece.

Center punching

Spot drilling (ie, center drilling). Spot facing, which is machining a certain area on a casting
or forging to establish an accurately located face on an otherwise rough surface.

Constraining the position of the drill bit using a drill jig with drill bushings.

Chapter 4: WORKING AND ANALYSIS OF ROAD CLEANER

Road cleaning machines or floor cleaning machines are used in private as well as commercial
area such as hospitals, bus stand, malls, lawns, floors etc. Many of these devices required
high amount of electricity or fuel like petrol diesel for their operation. They produce enough.
pollution to pollute environment. So in order to save energy and save nature, it is need to
develop low cost, user friendly road cleaning machine. Our focus is to develop a machine
which should be operated manually so that it can be alternative for conventional electric road
cleaning machine. In this work we have done modeling and analysis of the road cleaning
machine. We used such type of materials for manufacturing of road cleaning machine finally.
We have observed that all the components are with in safe limit in the manually operated road
cleaning machine.

4.1 WORKING OF ROAD CLEANER:

Eco friendly road cleaning machine is an advanced type of machine used for the roads or
streets. The detail working of the Eco friendly road cleaning machine is explained below Eco

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friendly road cleaning machine we are making without using any power supply, fuels and
engines.

The machine is run by a human effort or a man power. The system is fixed with pair of
wheels which are connected with the help of shaft The shaft makes the wheels connected to
one and other. The wheels are moved for a desired position with a help of manual force which
can handle is provided to move. The handle can be adjusted for a required height and
provided three adjusting holes for it. A chain drive is connected to the wheels and gear at both
sides. The chain is moved according to the wheel and gear the brush moving opposite
direction of the wheels move and the brush brooms the waste present on the road also it
dumps the waste into the waste collecting box. The waste collecting box is removed to dump
the waste into desired places.

Eco friendly road cleaning machine is an advanced type of machine used for the roads or
streets The detail working of the Eco-friendly road cleaning machine is explained. below Eco
friendly road cleaning machine we are making without using any power supply,

fuels and engines The machine is run by a human effort or a man power. The system is fixed
with pair of wheels which are connected with the help of shaft The shaft makes the wheels
connected to one and other The wheels are moved for a desired position with a help of
manual force which can handle is provided to move The handle can be adjusted for a required
height and provided three adjusting holes for it. A chain drive is connected to the wheels and
gear at both sides The chain is moved according to the wheel and gear the brush moving
opposite direction of the wheels move and the brush brooms the waste present on the road
also it dumps the waste into the waste collecting box.

The waste collecting box is removed to dump the waste into desired places. The manual
operating floor cleaning machine uses two separate rods, in this one is connected at the front
of the machine and another one is connected at the back of the machine as shown in the
figure, the rod connected which is below having one dry mat cloth which having a function to
clean the dust, and sweeps dust.

Another one back congaing a wet cloth which function a to clean floor at a maximum extent
length, here we cover about 5 foot length having maximum area of cleaning

4.2: ANALYSIS: DATA REQUIRED

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In analysis of manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner was carried out by using
SolidWorks software. Analysis was used to find the deflection and stress on frames, brushes
and wheels. The maximum deflection & stresses were checked and maintained with in the
allowable limits for the materials of construction.

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF PROJECT

5.1 CONCLUSION:

The manually operated eco-friendly road and floor cleaner is successfully designed, and
fabricated. This project works implements the manually operated eco friendly road cleaner
for road cleaning that reducing the cost, human efforts as well as time.

It is the best alternative for automated road cleaning machine during power crisis. It is found
that the existing road cleaning machines works with a human simple effort. Manual cleaning
may causes shoulder problem due to continuous sweeping.

The manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative concept for avoiding such
problems. It works very efficiently with respect to covering area.

It is very economical to use. The manually operated eco-friendly road and floor cleaner can
work very efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of road cleaning process
compared with the existing machineries.

Also it is economical It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective
where the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can provide job to the uneducated
person who is in need for such jobs as human energy is needed to drive the machine.

Maintenance of machine is less and it is easy to control and clean it having health benefits
and it mainly protects environment pollution.

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This design of eco-friendly road cleaning system can be used to clean any kind of remote
places. As the chain mechanism selected can consume much less power so it will be the
power saving and cost saving as well.

Also, there is a need of a brush which operates automatically. As well as provides new add on
of sanitization of road.

Thus, with the help of MODERN ROAD CLEANING VEHICLE we will be able to clean the
wastes dumped in the Road tracks in a very easy and efficient way. The simple mechanisms
employed in the system makes the vehicle easier for operation. This machine will overcome
the human effort and saves time.

Various modern Road cleaning machines are already being used in the foreign countries, but
in India it is not possible to use those machines because of the economic background and lack
of sophistications. So, we can use this machine for road cleaning, since it is cheaper than that
of modern machines.

Using this Simplified Road Cleaning Machine with Modified Technology, Suitable for Indian
conditions, because of its reliability and expendability. Due to total cost of the system is very
low and only one time investment has to be made for reducing labor charges.

It will reduce human efforts drastically and very helpful to clean roads even in traffic. Due to
these benefits, usage of this system helps in cleaning roads. I think there may be chance of
using this machine in future of Indin.

After studying the various research papers of floor cleaning machines we have concluded that
there are certain limitations in floor cleaning machines which can be worked upon.

For example cleaning machines are made with an aim to clean only dry surface of the floor.
This means that they are only sufficient in the summer and winter season but not in rainy
season this is the major issue for cleaning the floor surface but during the rainy season floor
cleaning machines are required which can perform the tasks when the surface contain
moisture or little amount of water on the surface of floor.

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So we are developing the machine which can work in both dry and wet conditions. This
machine called as dry and wet floor cleaning machine. This machine can remove the dust in
summer season and also it can remove and clean the dirt, water from floor in rainy season.

5.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT:

The product thus developed is fully operational and give…desired motion. It is being tested
in a room which results in successful outcome. The scrubber design should be modified in
future because the current design has few problems. If these features will be modified, this
will work well Overall the concept is very much helpful and there is scope of a lot of
development in mechanical parts. The optimization will continue till achieving the best one.
Overall the project is successful to its intent and will definitely change the era floor cleaning.
This product has the move in the direction of dust and thus resulting in better cleaning of
floors. This is a successful product developed that can be used in current Indian house-hold.

Existing road clean methods are two types-

i) Electrical operated.

i) Manually operated.

Manual cleaning may causes shoulder problem due to continuous sweeping. Electrically
operated road cleaner's uses electrical energy to run the motor.

In our project manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative concept for avoiding
such problems. It works very efficiently with respect to covering area. It is very economical
to use.
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Engineering and Technology, Bangalore, India. ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015.

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APPENDIX 1

TECHNICAL NOTES ON THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MANUALLY OPERATED

ECO-FRIENDLY ROAD CLEANER

Our survey of federal "Social R&D" obligation was not meant to duplicate the surveys
conducted y the Indian research of Journal Engineering and Technology and faculties of
B.IET LUCKNOW. We instead sought to amplify and build upon the existing data in order to
describe more comprehensively the activities we define as social knowledge production and
application and application. Our budget figures differ in three major ways from the NSF and
OMG data and these differences should be kept I mind when comparing other data with our.

First: we did not use the traditional definition of research and development. Instead, we used
the seven categories of knowledge production and knowledge application activities describe
in chapter 1. Some of these categories are not included in the traditional definition of research
and development, as discussed below.

Moreover, the concept of "development" is a particularly trouble- someone for the

classification of R&D applied to social problems; this has long been recognized by those
interested in federal support of the social and behavioral sciences. The bass report of Indian
research journal engineering and Technology and the Social Science Research council (1969)
did not confront this question directly, but instead estimated that one percent.

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