eLuminous Tutorial

13. Probability
&
14. Linear
Programming
Problem

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13. Probability
1) Probability: Probability is a branch of mathematics in which the chance of an event
happening is assigned a numerical value that predicts how likely that event is to
occur.
2) Random Experiment: The experiment, in which the outcomes may not be same
even if the experiment is performed in identical condition, is called random
experiment. e.g., tossing a coin is a random experiment because if we toss a coin in
identical condition, outcomes may be head or tail.
3) Outcome: An outcome is a result of some activity or experiment.
4) Sample Space: A space is a set of all possible outcomes for a random experiment.

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5) Event: An event is a subset of the sample space.

Symbolically, we write P(E) =

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6) Theoretical Probability: The theoretical probability of an event is the number of
ways that the event can occur, divided by the total number of possibilities in the
sample space.
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐧(𝐬)
, where P (E) represents the probability of the
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event.
7) In general, for any sample space S containing k possible outcomes, we say n
(S)=k. When the event E is certain, every possible outcome for the sample space is

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also an outcome for event E or n(E)=k. Thus, the probability of a certain or sure
𝐧(𝐄) 𝒌
event is given as P(E)= = = 𝟏.
𝐧(𝐬) 𝒌
8) Another way of expressing probability is in term of axioms, laid by Russian
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mathematician A.N. Kolmogorov. If S is a sample space, then probability P is a real

valued function defined on S and take values [0,1], satisfying following axioms:
(i)Probability of any event ≥ 𝟎.
(ii)Sum of probabilities assigned to all members of S is 1.
(iii) For any two mutually exclusive events E and F, P(E ∪ 𝐅) = 𝐏(𝐄) + 𝐏(𝐅).
9) Theorems of probability: (i) Addition theorem: (a) When the events are not
mutually exclusive: The probability that at least one of the two events A and B
which are not mutually exclusive will occur is given.
Symbolically, 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) In the case of three events:
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 ∪ 𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐂) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐁 ∩ 𝐂) − 𝐏(𝐂 ∩ 𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
(b)When A and B are mutually exclusive: The addition theorem states that if two
events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability of the occurrence of either A
or B is the sum of the individual probability of A and B.
Symbolically, P(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁)

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The theorem can be extended to three or more mutually exclusive events thus,
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 ∪ 𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝑷(𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑪)
(ii)Multiplication Theorem: This theorem states that if two events A and B are
independent, the probability that they both will occur is equal to the product of their
individual probabilities.
Symbolically, 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀). 𝐏(𝐁)
The theorem can be extended to three or more independent events Thus,
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀). 𝐏(𝐁). 𝐏(𝐂)
Note: If A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive, then 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝑷(𝑨) +
𝑷(𝑩) = 𝟏
10) A rule for the probability of the event not A: If P(A) is the probability that some

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given event will occur, and P (not A) is the probability that the given event will not
occur, then

We write P (not A) as 𝑷(𝑨 ald

Symbolically: P(A)+P(not A) =1 or P(A)=1-P(not A) or P(not A)=1-P(A)
̅)
11) Problems, related to withdrawal of balls , cards, letters, etc. With replacement and
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without replacement:
In such type of problems, the sample space will not change when the articles (balls,
cards, letters, etc) are replaced after each withdrawal. While in case when the article
is not replaced (without replacement), the sample space will change after each

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withdrawal.
Note: (i)If the problem does not specifically mention “ with replacement” or “
without replacement”
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(ii)For many compound events, the probability can be determined most easily by using
the counting principal i.e., permutations and combinations.
(i) Every probability problem can always be solved by
• Counting the number of elements in the sample space n(s);
• Counting the number of outcomes in the events, n(E);
• And substituting these numbers in the probability formula.
𝒏(𝑬)
𝑷(𝑬) =
𝒏(𝑺)
(ii) Taking out 2 or more objects (e.g. balls) randomly from a bag one ny one
without replacement is same as taking out 2 or more objects simultaneously.
The number of ways in which r objects can be taken out of n objects i𝒔 𝒏𝑪𝒓 or
𝒏!
C(n,r) = (𝒏−𝒓)!.𝒓!

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12) Conditional Probability: If A and B are two events associated with the same
random experiment, then the probability of occurrence of event A, when the event
B has already occurred is called conditional probability of A when B is given. It is
represented by P (A/B) and is given by
𝑨
𝑷 ( ) = Probability of event A when B has already occurred
𝑩
=Probability of event ‘ A∩ 𝑩′ When B behaves like sample space
𝒏(𝐀∩𝑩)
=
𝒏(𝑩)
𝒏(𝐀∩𝑩)
= 𝒏(𝑺) [Dividing 𝑵𝒓 and 𝑫𝒓 by n(S)]
𝒏(𝑩)
𝒏(𝑺)
𝑷(𝐀∩𝑩)
=

a
𝑷(𝑩)
𝑩 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
Similarly, 𝑷 ( ) =
𝑨 𝑷(𝑨)

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Theorem of Total Probability: Let 𝑬𝟏 , … . 𝑬𝟐 , … 𝑬𝒏 be the events of a sample ‘S’ such that
they are pair wise disjoint, exhaustive and have non-zero probabilities. If A is any
𝑨
𝑬𝟏
𝑨
event associated with S, then P(A)=P(𝑬𝟏 ). 𝑷 ( ) + 𝑷(𝑬𝟐 ). 𝑷 ( ) + ⋯ 𝑷(𝑬𝒏 ). 𝑷( )
𝑬𝟐
𝑨
𝑬𝒏
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13) Bayes’ Theorem: If 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 , … . 𝑩𝒏 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and
A is any event that occurs with 𝑩𝟏 or 𝑩𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝒏 then
𝑨
𝑷(𝑩𝒊 ).𝑷( )
𝑩𝒊
P(𝑩𝒊 /𝑨) = , 𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏 …

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𝑨
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝑷(𝑩𝒊 ).𝑷( )
𝑩𝒊

Note: The probabilities P(𝑩𝒊 )𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … . , 𝒏 which were already known before

performing an experiment are known as prior probabilities and conditional
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probabilities 𝑷(𝑩𝒊 /𝑨), 𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏 which are calculated after the experiment is

performed are known as posterior probabilities. The events 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 , … 𝑩𝒏 are usually
called cause for event A to occur.
14) Random Variable: Random variable is simply a variable whose are determined by
the outcomes of a random experiment; generally it is denoted by capital letters such
as X,Y,Z etc. and their values are denoted by the corresponding small letters x, y,z,
etc.
15) Probability distribution: The system consisting of a random variable X along with
P(X) is called the probability distribution of X.
16) Mean of a Random Variable: Let a random variable X assume values 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 , … 𝑿𝒏
with probabilities 𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 , … 𝒑𝒏 respectively, such that 𝒑𝒊 ≥ 𝟎, ∑𝒏𝒊−𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =
𝟏 . 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎ean of X, denoted by 𝝁, [or expected value of X denoted by E (X) is
defined as] 𝝁 = 𝑬(𝑿) = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒑𝒊
LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAE
(I) P(A∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) × 𝑷(𝑩/𝑨), where A and B are any two events.

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(II) P(A∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑩) × 𝑷(𝑨/𝑩), where A and B are any two events.
(III) Two events A and B are independent , if and only if P(A∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) × 𝑷(𝑩)
(IV) If A,B,C are three independent events , then P(A∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = 𝑷(𝑨) × 𝑷(𝑩) × 𝑷(𝑪).
(V) P(𝑨̅ ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩), where 𝑨 ̅ and B are independent events.
(VI) P(A ∩ 𝑩̅ ) = 𝑷(𝑨) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩), where A and 𝑩 ̅ are independent events.
(VII) 𝑷(𝑨̅ ∩𝑩̅ ) = 𝑷(𝑨̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝑩) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ̅ ) × 𝑷(𝑩
̅ ), where 𝑨
̅ and 𝑩
̅ are
mutually exclusive events.
̅
𝑨 𝑷( ̅
𝑨∩̅
𝑩) 𝟏−𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
(VIII) 𝑷 ( ) = = ̅ and 𝑩
, where 𝑨 ̅ are independent events and P(A) ≠ 𝟏.
𝑩 ̅)
𝑷 (𝑨 𝟏−𝑷(𝑨)

14. Linear Programming Problem

1.Defination: Linear programming (LP) is an optimization technique in which a linear

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function is optimized (i.e., minimized or maximized) subject to certain constraints which

called objective function.

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are in the form of linear inequalities or /and equations. The function to be optimized is

2. Application of Linear Programming: Linear programming is used in determining

optimum combination of serval variable subject to certain constraints or restrictions.
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3.General LPP: (a)Decision variables: The variables 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , … . . 𝒙𝒏 whose values are to be
decided, are called decision variables.
(b) Objective function: The linear function Z=𝒄𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ . +𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒏 which is to be

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optimizes (maximized or minimized) is called the objective function or preference
function of the general linear programming problem.
(c) Structural constraints: The inequalities given in (ii), are called the structural
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constraints of the general linear programming problem. The structural constraints are
generally in the form of inequalities of ≥ type or ≤ type, but occasionally, a structural
constraint may be in the form of an equation.
(d) Non- negative constraints: The set of inequalities (iii) is usually known as the set of
non-negative constraints of the general LPP. These constraints imply that the variables
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , … . 𝒙𝒏 cannot take ies all the constraints, negative values.
(e)Feasible solution: Any solution of general LPP which satisfies all the constraints,
structural and non-negative, of the problem, is called a feasible solution to the general
LPP.
(f) Optimum solution: Any feasible solution which optimizes (i.e., minimizes or
maximizes) the objective function of the LPP is called optimum solution.
4. Solving Linear Programming Problem: To solve linear programming problems, Corner
Point Method is adopted. Under this method following steps are performed:
STEP I. At first, feasible region is obtained by plotting the graph of given linear
constraints and its corner points are obtained by solving the two equations of the lines
intersecting at that point.
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STEP II. The value of objective function Z =ax+by is obtained for each corner point by
putting its x and y -coordinate in place of x and y in Z =ax+by. Let M and m be largest and
smallest value of Z respectively.
CASE I: If the feasible region is bounded , then M and m are the maximum and minimum
values of Z.
CASE II: If the feasible region is unbounded, then we proceed as follows:
STEP III. The open half plane determined by ax+by?M and ax+by< m are obtained.
CASE I: If there is no common point in the half plane determined by ax+by> M and
feasible region, then M is maximum value of Z, otherwise Z has no maximum value.
CASE II: If there is no common point in the half plane determined by ax+by< m and
feasible region, then m is minimum value of Z, otherwise Z has no minimum value.

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Probability
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1.(Independent events &Conditional Probability)
EXERCISE 1

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Type 1: Job Problems
1. (a)Ramesh appears for an interview for two posts, A and B, for which the
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selection is independent. The probability for his selection for post A is (1/6) and
for Post B, it is (1/7). Find the probability that Ramesh is selected for at least one
post.
2. Arun and Ved appeared for an interview for two vacancies. The probability of
Arun’s selection is 1/4 and that of Ved’s rejection is 1/3 . Find the probability that
at least one of them will be selected
3. Kamal and Vimal appeared for an interview for two vacancies. The probability
of Kamal’s selection is 1/3 and that of Vimal’s selection is 1/5 Find the probability
that only one of them will be selected.
4. A and B appear for an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The
probability of A’s selection is 1/6 and that of B’s selection is ¼ Find the
probability that (i) both of them are selected (ii) only one of them is selected (iii)
none is selected (iv) at least one of them is selected.
𝟐 𝟒
5. The probability of two students A and B coming to school in time are and ,
𝟕 𝟕
respectively. Assuming that the events ‘A coming on time and ‘B coming on time’
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are independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to school on
time.
Type -2 Problems solving Numerical
6. The probability of a specific problem being solved independently by A & B are
1/2 & 1/3.If both try to solve the problem independently find probability
i)Problem is solved ii)exactly one of them solve the problem.
7. Given the probability that A can solve a problem is 2/3, and the probabffity that
B can solve the same problem is 3/5, find the probability that (i) at least one of
A and B will solve the problem (ii) none of the two will solve the problem.
8. A problem is given to three students whose chances of solving it are ¼, 1/5 and

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½ respectively. Find the probability that the problem is solved.
9. The robabi1ities of A, B, C Solving a problem are ½, ¼ and 1/6 respectively. If

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all the three try to solve the problem simultaneously, find the probability that
exactly one of them will solve it.
Type -3:Target Hitting Problems
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10. The probability that A hits a target is (1/3) and the probability that B this it is
(2/5). What is the probability that the target will be hit if both A and B shoot at
it?

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11. A,B& C shoot to hit a target.If A hits the target 4 times in 5 trials,B hits it 3 times
in 4 trails & C hit it 2 times in 3 trails,what is the probability that the target is
hit by at least 2 person.
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12. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B can hits times in 4 shots, and C can hit 2
times in 3 shots. Calculate the probability that(i) A, B and C all hit the target(ii)
B and C hit and A does not hit the target.
𝟏 𝟐
13. The probability that A hits the target is and he probability that B hits it, is .If
𝟑 𝟓
both try to hit the target independently, find the probability that the target is
hit.
Type 4:Speaks Truth Problems
14. A speaks truth in 60% cases while B in 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases
are thus likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact? In the cases of
contradiction do you think, the statement of B will carry more weight as he speaks
truth in more number of cases than A?
15. A speaks truth in 70% cases and B speaks truth in 80% of the cases. In what
percent of cases are they likely to agree is stating the same fact? Think when they
wee, do you means both are speaking truth?

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16. Often it is taken that a truthful person commands, more respect in the society.
A man is known to speak the truth 4 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports
that it is actually a six. Find the probability that it is actually in a six.
Type 5: Coin or Die Problems
17. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times. Find the probability of getting atleast one
head.
18. A die marked 1,2,3 in red and 4,5,6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event
“number is even’’ and B be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether
the events A and B are independent or not.
19. Write the probability of an even prime number on each die, when a pair of dice

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is rolled.
Type 5:Successive throws of a coin or Die Problems

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20. i)Two person A & B throw a coin alternately till one of them gets a ‘head’ &
wins the game.fin their respective probability of winning if A starts first.
ii)A & B throw a die alternately till one of them gets a 6 head’ & wins the
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game.fin their respective probability of winning if A starts first.
iii) ) Three person A , B & C throw a die in succession till one of them gets a 6
head’ & wins the game.find their respective probability of winning.

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21. A coin is tossed.If a head comes up,a die is thrown but if a tail comes up the
coin tossed again.Find the probability of obtaining i) two tails ii)a head & the
number 6 iii)a head & an even number.
Type 6: P - Type Problems
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22. Two Independent events A and B are given such that P(A)=0.3 and P(B)=0.6,
find P(A and not B).
23. Let A and B be events such that P(A)=0.35,P(A or B)=0.85 & P(AandB )=0.15 Find
P(A)
24. The probability that atleast one of the two events A and B occurs is 0.6. if A and
B occur simultaneously with probability 0.3, evaluate P(𝑨 ̅ ) + 𝑷(𝑩
̅ ).
25. Given that E and F are events such that P(E)=0.8, P(F)=0.7, P(E∩ 𝑭)=0.6. Find
P(𝑬̅ |𝑭
̅ ).
26. (a)Let A and B be events such that P(A)=1/3,P(B)=1/4 & P(A∩B)=1/5 Find (i)
̅)
̅ /𝑨
P(A/B) (ii)P(B/A) iii)P(A∪B) iv)P(𝑩
(b)Let A and B be events such that P(A)=5/11,P(B)=6/11 & P(A∪B)=7/11 Find (i)
̅ /𝑩
P(A/B) (ii)P(B/A) iii)P(A∩B) iv)P(𝑨 ̅)
(iii)Let A and B be events such that 2P(A)=P(B)=5/13 & P(A/B) =2/5 Find P(A∪B) .

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𝟏 𝟏
̅ ∩ 𝑩) = . Find
̅ ) = and P(𝑨
27. A and B are independent events such that P(A∩ 𝑩
𝟒 𝟔
P(A) and P(B).
̅ ∩ B)=2/15
28. If A and B are independent events such that P(𝑨 ̅ )=1/6
& P(A∩ 𝑩
find P(A) and P(B)
Type 7 Card Problem
29. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards and without replacing
this card, a second card is drawn. Find the probability that the first card is a
club and the second card is a spade.
30. 12 cards numbered 1 to 12,are placed in a box,mixed up thoroughly & then a
card is drawn at random from the box.If it is known that the number on the card

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is more than 3,find the probability that it is even number.

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31. From a set of 100 cards numbered 1to 100, one card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the number on the card is divisible by 6 or 8, but not by 24.
Type 8:Miscellaneous Problems
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32. A couple has 2 children.Find the probability thatboth are boys if it is known
that i)one of the children is boy b)the elder child is a boy.
33. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be
8. What is the conditional probability that the number 5 has appeared at least

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once?
34. There is a box containing 30 bulbs of which 5 are defective. If 2 bulbs are
chosen at random from the box in succession without replacing the first, what is
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the probability that both the bulbs are defective?

35. A coin is tossed thrice.Let the event E be the first throw results in a head & the
event F be the last throw result in a tail.Find whether the events E & F are
independent.
36. Prove that if E and F are independent events, then the events E and F are also
independent.

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Probability
(baye’s Theorem)
EXERCISE 2

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Type-1(Factory Problem)
1. A factory has three machines X,Y,Z producing 1000,2000 & 3000 bolts per day
respectively.The machine X produces 1% defective bolts,Y produces 1.5 % defective
bolts & z produces 2% defective bolts.At the end of the day,a bolt is drawn at random
& it is found to defective.What is the probability that this defective bolt has been
produced by the machine X?
2. In a bolt factory, three machines, A, B, C, manufacture 25%, 35% and 40% of the total
production respectively. Of their respective outputs, 5%, 4% and 2% are defective. A
bolt is drawn at random from the total product and it is found to be defective. Find
the probability that it was manufactured by the machine C.

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3. In a bulb factory, three machines,A, B, C, manufacture 60%, 25% and 15% of the total
production respectively. Of their respective outputs, 1%, 2% and 1% are defective. A

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bulb is drawn at random from the total product and it is found to be def&tive. Find
the probability that it was manufactured by machine C.
4. A company manufactures scooters at two plants, A and B. Plant A produces 80% and
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plant B produces 20% of the total product. 85% of the scooters produced at plant A
and 65% of the scooters produced at plant B are of standard quality. A scooter
produced by the company is selected at random and if is found to be of standard
quality. What is the probability that it was manufactured at plant A?

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5. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of manager in a private company.
Chances of their selection (A,B and C) are in the ratio 1:2:4. The probabilities that
A, b and C can introduce changes to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5
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and 0.3 respectively. If the change does not take place, find the probability that it
is due to the appointement of C.

Type-2(Bag Problem)
6. Bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls. Another bag B contains 4 white and 5 red
balls. One of the bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it, which is
found to be red. Find the probability that the ball drawn is from the bag B.
7. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) and
are found to be write. What is the probability that all balls in the bag are white?
8. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 3 white and 4 black balls, and bag II
contains 5 white and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags
and is found to be white. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag I.
9. There are two bags, I and II. Bag I contains 3 red and 5 black balls and Bag II
contains 4 red and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred randomly from Bag I to
Bag II and then a ball is drawn randomly from Bag II. I if the ball so drawn is

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found to be black in colour, then find the probability that the transferred ball is
also black.
10. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another bag II contains 5 red and 6
black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be
red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.
11. There are two boxes I and II. Box I contains 3 red and 6 black balls. Box II contains
5 red and ‘n’ black balls. One of the two boxes, box I and box II is selected at
random and a ball is drawn at random. The ball drawn is found to be red. If the
𝟑
probability that this red ball comes out from box II is , find the value of ‘n’
𝟓
Case-2 Coin & Bag

a
12. A bag A contains 4 back and 6 red balls and B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A
die is thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B. If two

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balls are drawn at random (without replacement) from the selected bag, find the
probability of one of them being red and another black.
13. Three urns A, B and C contain 6 red and 4 white; 2 red and 6 while; and 1 red and 5
.H
white balls respectively. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn. If the ball
drawn is found to be red, find the probabffity that the ball was drawn from the urn A.
14. A box contains 2 gold and 3 silver coins. Another box contains 3 gold and 3 silver
coins. A box is chosen at random, and a coin is drawn from it.If it the selected coin is a

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gold coin, find the probability that it was drawn from the second box.
15. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coin such that P(head): P(tail) is 1:3
and the other coin is a fair coin. A coin is selected at random and tossed once. If the
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coin showed head, then find the probability that it is a biased coin.

Type-3(More than 1 element drawn Problem)

16. Urn A contains 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls; urn B contains 2 white, 1 black and 1
red ball; and urn C contains 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls. One urn is chosen at
random and two balls are drawn. These happen to be one white and one red. What is
the probability that they come from urn A?
17. Two balls are drawn at random one by one with replacement from an urn
containing equal number of red balls and green balls. Find the probability
distribution of number of red balls. Also, find the mean of the random variable.
18. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards
are drawn and are found to be both spades. Find the probability of the lost card being
a spade.

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19. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
pack three cards are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to be
all spades. Find the probability of the lost card being a spade.

Type-4 Boy Girl type

20. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has
two children, what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that (i)
the youngest is a girl? (ii) atleast one is a girl?
21. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair A grey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this jwor beng male? Assume that there
are equal number of males and females

a
Type-5(Miscellaneous-Problem)
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22. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probability of an accident involving a scooter, a car and a truck is 1/100,
3/100 and 3/20 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What
.H
is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
23. A doctor is to visit a patient. From past experience, it is known that the probabilities
that he will come by train, bus, scooter or by car are respectively 3/10,1/5 and 2/5.The
probabilities that he will be late are 1/4,1/3 & 1/12 if he comes by train, bus and

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scooter respectively; but if he comes by car, he will not be late. When he arrives, he is
late. What is the probability that he has come by train?
24. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting of 7 boys
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and 4 girls. Find the probability that there are exactly 2 boys in the committee,
given that at least one girl must be there in the committee.
25. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it
is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six
26. The probability of finding a green signal on a busy crossing X is 30%. What is the
probability of finding a green signal on X on two consecutive days out of three?
27. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of
obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
𝑨
28. Let A and B be two events. If P(A)=0.2, P(B)=0.4, P(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)=0.6 then find 𝑷 ( ).
𝑩
29. If P(A)=0.6, P(B)=0.5 and P(B/A)=0.4, find P(A∪ 𝑩) and P(A/B).

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eLuminous Tutorial (JEE/NEET/BOARDS)

Probability(Probability Distribution)
EXERCISE 3
Type-1 Finding Mean & Variance
1. Find the mean (𝝁),variance (𝝈𝟐 ) & Standard deviation (𝝈) for each of the following
probabitlity distribution

a
i)

ii)
x
P(x)
0
1/6
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1/2
2
3/10
3
1/30
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x 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

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iii x -3 -1 0 2
P(x) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1
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X -2 -1 0 1 2
v) P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1
X 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1/10 1/5 3/10 2/5

Find E(X2)
Type-2 Finding k
2. The probability distribution of X is :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 K K 2k
Write the value of k.
3. Find k
X 2 3 4 5
P(x) 5/k 7/K 9/k 11/k

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4. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below:

X 1 2 3
P(X) 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
(i)find the value of k.
(ii)Find P(1≤X<3).
(iii)Find E (X), the mean of X.
5. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a
𝟐 𝟐
P(X) 0 K 2k 2k 3k 𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟕𝒌𝟐 +k
Determine: (i)k (ii)P(X<3) (ii)P(X>6) (iii)P(0<X<3)

𝑿={
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6. A die is tossed once. If the random variable X is defined as
𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
.H
𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒐𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
Then find the mean and variance of X.
7. The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following from,
𝒌, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎

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𝟐𝒌, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏
where ‘k’ is some number P(𝑿 = 𝒙) = {
𝟑𝒌, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟎, 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
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Determine the value of ‘k’

8. The probability distribution of random variableX is given as
P(X=x)= kx2 ,x=1,2,3
=2kx ,x=4,5,6
=0 otherwise, Calculate i)k ii)P(X≥4) iii)E(X) iv)E(X2)
9. The random variable X can take only the values 0,1,2,3. Given that P(X=0)=P(X=1)=p
and P(X=2)=P(x=3)=a such that ∑ 𝒑𝒊 𝒙𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝒑𝒊 𝒙𝒊 , find the value of p.
Type-3 Mean and variance for tossing coin
10. Find the mean and variance of the number of tails when two coins are tossed
simultaneously.
11. Find the mean and variance of the number of tails heads when three coin tossed
simultaneously.
12. A coin is tossed 4 times. Let X denote the number of heads. Find probability
distribution of X. Also, find the mean and variance of X.

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13. A coin is biased so that the head is three times as likely to occur as tail. If the
coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails. Hence
find the mean of the number of tails.
14. A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the absolute difference of
numbers obtained on the pair of dice, then find the probability distribution of
X.
Type-4 Mean and variance for tossing die
15. Find the mean and variance of the number of Sixes in two tosses of a die.
16. A die is tossed twice. ‘Getting an odd number on a toss’ is coñsidered a success.
Find the probability distribution of number of successes. Also, find the mean

a
and variance of the number of successes.
17. A die is tossed twice. ‘Getting a number greater than 4’ is considered a success.

and variance of the ald

Find the probability distribution of number of successes. Also, find the mean

18. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success,

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find the probability distribution of number of successes. Also, find the mean
and variance of number of successes.
Type-5 Mean and variance for Selecting Card

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19. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement)
from a well -shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the
number of aces.
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20. Four cards are drawn one by one with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of
playing cards. Find the probability that at least three cards are of diamonds.
21. Two cards are drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
distribution of number of kings. Also, compute the variance for the number of
kings.
22. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards. Let X be the number of face cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of
X.
23. Two cards are drawn one by one with replacement from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the number of aces.
24. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. A random variable X denotes the number of hearts in the three cards
drawn. Find the mean and variance of X.

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25. Let X denote the number of times ‘a total of 9’ appears in two throws of a pair of
dice. Find the probability distribution of X. Also, find the mean, variance and
standard deviation of X.
26. There are 5 cards, numbered 1 to 5, one number on each card. Two cards are
drawn at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers on
the two cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of X.
Type-6 Mean and variance for Selecting Defective bulb
27. A box contains 16 bulbs, out of which 4 bulbs are defective. Three bulbs are
drawn at random from the box. Let X be the number of defective bulbs drawn.
Find the mean and variance of X.

a
28. 20% of the bulbs produced by a machine are defective distribution of the
number of defective bulbs in a sample of 4 bulbs chosen at random.

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29. Five defective bulbs are accidently mixed with 20 good ones. It is not possible
to just look at a bulb and tell whether or not it is defective. Find the probability
distribution from this lot.
.H
30. Four bad oranges are accidentally mixed with 16 good ones. Find the
probability distribution of the number of bad oranges when two oranges are
drawn at random from this lot. Find the mean of the distribution.

r
31. An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Let X be the number of red balls in a
random draw of 3 balls. Find the mean and variance of X.
32. In a game, 3 coins are tossed. A person is paid Rs 5 if he gets all heads or all
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tails; and he is supposed to pay Rs 3 if he gets one head or two heads. What can
he except to win on an average per game?
MCQ
𝟒 𝟕
1) If for any two events A and B, P(A)= and 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = , then P(B/A) is equal to (a)
𝟓 𝟖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟕
(𝐛) (𝐜) (d)
𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝟖 𝟐𝟎
2) Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of the events that at least
𝟐𝟕 𝟓 𝟑𝟏 𝟏
one head comes up is (a) (b) (𝐜) (d)
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝑨 𝑩
3) If 𝑷 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝑷 (𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟒 and P(B)=0.8, then P( ) is equal to (a) 0.6 (b)0.3 (c)0.06
𝑩 𝑨
(d)0.4
4) If the sum of numbers obtained on throwing a pair of dice is 9, then the probability
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
that number obtained on one of the dice is 4, is (a) (b) (c) (𝒅)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟐
5) From the set {1,2,3,4}, two numbers a and b (a≠ 𝒃 )are chosen at random. the
𝒂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
probability that is an integer is (a) (b) (𝒄) (d)
𝒃 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓

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6) A and B are events such that P(A)=0.4, P(B)=0.3 and P(A∪ 𝑩)=0.5. Then P(B’∩ 𝑨)
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
equals (a) (𝒃) (c) (𝒅)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
7) A bag contains 3 white, 4 black and 2 red balls. If 2 balls are drawn at random
(without replacement), then the probability that both the balls are white is (a)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒃) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟒
𝟑 𝟏
8) You are given that A and B are two events such that P(B)= , 𝑷(𝑨|𝑩) + and P(A∪
𝟓 𝟐
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝑩) = , then P(A) equals (a) (𝒃) (c) (d)
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓
9) Three persons A, B and C, fire at a target in turn, starting with A. Their probability
of hitting the target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The probability of two hits is
(a)0.024 (b)0.188 (c)0.336 (d)0.452

a
10) Assume that in a family, each child is equally likely to be a boy or girl. A family

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with three children is chosen at random. The probability that the eldest child is a
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
girl given that the family has at least one girl is (𝒂) (b) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟒

11) A die is thrown and a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 playing cards.
The probability of getting an even number on the die and a spade card is (a)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕
.H
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(𝒃) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒
12) A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn
at random from the box without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green

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𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟕
balls and one blue ball is (a) (𝒃) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟔𝟖
13) A flashlight has 8 batteries out of which 3 are dead. If two batteries are selected
𝟑𝟑 𝟗
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without replacement and tested, the probability that both are dead is (a) (b) (c)
𝟓𝟔 𝟔𝟒
𝟏 𝟑
(𝒅)
𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟖
14) Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of number on the dice was less
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
than 6, the probability of getting a um 3, is (a) (𝒃) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟓 𝟓
15) Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards with
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
replacement. The probability, that both cards are queens is (a) × (b) × (c)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
× (d) ×
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟏
16) A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random without
replacement, then the probability of getting exactly one red ball is (a)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
(𝒃 ) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟗
17) Three persons A, b and C , fire at a target in turn, standing with A. Their probability
of hitting the target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The probability of two hits is (a)
0.025 (b)0.188 (c)0.339 (d)0.475
18) The probability distribution of a discreate random variable x is given below:

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X 2 3 4 5
P(X) 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟏
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
(a)8 (b)16 (c)32 (d)48
19) Two dice are thrown together. Let A be the event ‘getting 6 on the first die’ and B be
the event ‘getting 2 on the second die’, then P(A∩ 𝐁) 𝐢𝐬 (a)
𝟏 𝟕 𝟗
(b) (𝐜) (d)none of these
𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟐𝟎
20) In a college, 30% students fail in Physics, 25% fail in Mathematics and 10% fail in
both. One student is chosen at random. The probability that she fails in Physics if
𝟏 𝟐 𝟗 𝟏
she has failed in Mathematics is (a) (𝒃) (𝒄) (𝒅)
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏

a
21) A and B are two students. Their chances of solving a problem correctly are and ,
𝟑 𝟒
𝟏
respectively. If the probability of their making a common error is, and they

𝟏
𝟏𝟐
𝟏
(𝒃 ) (𝒄 )
𝟏𝟑
(𝒅)
𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟑
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obtain the same answer, then the probability of their answer to be correct is (a)

22) A mapping is selected at random from set A ={1,2,….10} into itself. The probability
𝟐𝟎
.H
𝟏𝟎 𝟗! 𝟏𝟎
that mapping selected is an injective, is (a) 𝟗 (b) 𝟗 (𝐜) ⌊𝟏𝟎 (𝐝) none of these
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
23) If two events are independent, then (a) they must be mutually exclusive. (b)the sum
of their probabilities must be equal to 1. (c)Both (a) and (b) are correct. (d) none of

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the above is correct.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
24) If A and B are two events such that P(A)= , 𝐏(𝐁) = and P(A/B)= , then 𝐏(𝐀′ ∩ 𝐁) is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
(𝐜) (𝐝)
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equals to (a) (b)

𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔

1. Assertion (A): Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting
𝟏
two heads, if it is known that at least one head comes up, is .
𝟑
Reason (R): Let E and F be two events with a random experiment then P(F/E)=
𝑷(𝑬∩𝑭)
.
𝑷(𝑬)
2. Assertion (A): The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die,
𝟏
when a pair of dice is rolled is .
𝟑𝟔
Reason (R):If P(A/B) > 𝑷(𝑨), 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 P(B/A)>P(B).
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
3. Assertion (A):If P(A)= , 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = , Then the value of P(B/A)= .
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝑷(𝑨∩𝑩)
Reason (R): P(B/A)= .
𝑷(𝑨)
4. Assertion (A):A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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P(X) 𝒂 3𝒂 5𝒂 7𝒂 9𝒂 11𝒂 13𝒂 15𝒂 17𝒂

𝟏
Then 𝒂 =
𝟖𝟏
Reason (R): The sum of probabilities of a probability distribution is always 1
i.e., ∑ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏.
5. Assertion (A): If P(A)=0.2, P(B)=0.3, and A and B are independent events then
P(A∩ 𝑩)=0.06.
Reason (R): When A and B are independent events than P(A∩ 𝑩)=P(A). P(B).
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝑨′ 𝟐
6. Assertion (A): If P(A)= and P(B)= 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷 ( ′ ) = .
𝟖 𝟖 𝟒 𝑩 𝟑
Reason (R):P(A∪ 𝑩)=P(A)+P(B) −𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩).
7. Assertion (A):Two dice are thrown . Then the probability of getting an odd

a
𝟏
number on first and a multiple of 3 on the other die, is .
̅
Reason (R):P(A)+P(𝑨)=1.
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8. Assertion (A):The mean of the following distribution
X 0 1 2
𝟔
.H
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
Is 1.
Reason (R):Mean of the distribution is ∑ 𝒑𝒊 𝒙𝒊 .

14.Linear Programming Problem

1. Graphical Solution
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EXERCISE 1(A)
1. Minimize Z=13x-15y subject to the constraints 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟕, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 and
𝒚≥𝟎
2. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in the following figure. Evaluate Z=4x+y at
each of the corner points of this region. Find the minimum value of Z, if it exists.
3. Maximize: Z=80x+120y Subject to the constraints: 3x+𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
4. Maximize: Z=100x+120y Subject to : 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝒙𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
5. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically: Maximum Z=𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗𝒚
Subject to the constraints 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙𝒚, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
6. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically: Minimize: z= 𝟓𝒙 +
𝟏𝟎 𝒚 Subject to constraints: 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
7. Solve graphically the following linear programming problem: Maximize 𝒛 =
𝟔𝟑𝒚, Subject to the constraints 4 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟖𝟎,3 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟓𝟎,x +𝟓𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟏𝟓,x 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥
𝟎,

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𝟏
8. Maximize: Z=300x+190ySubject to constraints: 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝟒, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟔, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
𝟐
9. Maximize: Z=5x+8ySubject to the constraints: 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
10. Maximize: Z=20x+10ySubject to constraints: 1.5𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟒, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
11. Maximize: Z=22x+18ySubject to constraints: 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟒𝟖, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
12. Minimize: 𝒁 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚Subject to constraints: 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟖𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
13. Maximize: Z=10500x+9000ySubject to constraints: 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟖𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
14. The graph of the inequality 2x+ 3y> 6 is (a)half plane that contains the origin (b)half
plane that neither contains the origin nor the point of the line 2x + 3y =6 (c)whole XOY
–plane excluding the points on the line 2x+3y=6 (d) entire XOY plane
15. If Z= 2x+3y, subject to constraints x+2y≤ 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟒, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎,then find the corner

a
point of feasible region.
16. .Find the maximum value of Z= 11x+7y Subject to the constraints 2x+y≤ 𝟔, 𝒙 ≤
𝟐𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
ald
17. The minimum value of Z, where Z=2x+3y, subject to constraints 2x+y≥ 𝟐𝟑, 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤
𝟐𝟒𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒊𝒔
18. The feasible solution for a LPP is shown And the objective function is Z-15x-
.H
below. 4y.Based on the above information, answer
the following questions. (i)Find the value of
(n-1)2, where n is number of corner points.

r
(ii)Find 𝒁(𝟔,𝟏) + 𝒁(𝟎,𝟐) (𝒊𝒊𝒊)Find the
𝟐
coordinate of point D. Or Find the
maximum of Z.
S

19. The feasible region for an LPP is shown

in the following figure.
Let F=3x-4y be the objective function.
Maximum value of F is (a)0(b)8 (c)12 (d)-18
20. If feasible solution of a LPP is given as And the objective function is Z=10500x
follows: +9000y. On the basis of above information,
answer the following question. (i)If n is the
number of corner point, then find the value
of (n+2)3. (ii)Find the value of Z(1,1) (iii)Find
the point where objective function is
maximum. OR Evaluate Z|(𝟐𝟎,𝟐𝟎) −𝒁|(𝟏𝟎,𝟏𝟎)
21. Assertion (A)Consider the linear programming problem. Maximise Z=4x+y, subject to
constraints are x+y≤ 𝟓𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 Then , maximum value of Z is

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50.Reason (R) If the shaded region is not bounded, then maximum value cannot be
determined.
22. Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function Z=-50x+20 y,
subject to constraints are 2x-y≥ −𝟓, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎. 𝑶𝒓Find
graphically the maximum value of Z=2x+5y, subject to constraints given below 2𝒙 +
𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟖, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟔, 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟒, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎.
23. (i)Solve the following LPP graphically (ii)Solve the following LPP graphically
Minimize Z=5x +10y, Subject to the Maximize and minimize Z=3x+5y Subject to
constraints x+2y≤ 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙 − the constraints 3𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 +
𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 ≥
𝟐

a
24. (i)Solve the LPP, maximise , Z= (ii)Solve the following LPP graphically:
0.08x+0.10y Subject to the constraints , Minimize and maximize Z=5x+2y Subject to

𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎. ald
x+y≤ 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ constraints −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 ≤ −𝟔, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟑𝒙 +
𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
25. (i)Solve the LPP Objective function (ii)Solve the following LPP by graphical
.H
Z=3x+3.5 y (maximise), subject to method minimise Z=20x+10y,Subject to
constraints are 𝒙 + constraints are x+2y≤ 𝟒𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟑𝟎,𝟒𝒙 +
𝟐𝒚 ≥240,3x+1.5y ≥ 𝟐𝟕𝟎,1.5x+2y≤ 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝒚 ≥ 𝟔𝟎And 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
x≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎

r
26. (i)Maximise Z=8x+9y subject to the (ii)Solve minimise Z=5x+7y Subject to
constraints given below constraints 2x+y ≥ 𝟖; 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟎 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟔,𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟔𝒚 ≤ 𝟏, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
S

MCQ
1. The number of feasible solutions of the linear programming problem given as
Maximize Z= 15x+30y subject to constraints: 3x+y≤ 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
is (a) 1(b)2 (c)3 (d)infinite
2. The feasible region of a linear programming problem is shown in the figure
below: Which of the following are the possible constraints? (a) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟒, 𝒙 +
𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 (b) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟒, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 (c) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟒, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥
𝟑, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 (d) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟒, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≤ 𝟎

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3. The objective function Z= ax+by of an LPP has maximum value 42 at (4,6) and
minimum value 19 at (3,2) . which of the following is true?
(a) 𝒂=9, b=1 (b) 𝒂=9, b=2 (c) 𝒂= 3, b=5 (d) 𝒂=5 , b=3
4. The corner points of the feasible region in the graphical representation of a
linear programming problem are (2, 72), (15, 20) and (40, 15). If Z=18x +9y be the
objective function, then (a) Z is maximum at (2,72) , minimum at (15, 20) (b) Z is
maximum at (15, 20), minimum at (40, 15) (c) Z is maximum at, (40, 15),
mimimum at (15, 20) (d) Z is maximum at (40, 15), minimum at (2,72)
5. The number of cornet points of the feasible region determined by the
constraints 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 is (a) 2(b) 3 (c)4 (d)5

a
6. If the corner points of the feasible region of an LPP are (0,3), (3,2) and (0,5), then
the minimum value of Z =11x+7y is (a)21 (b)33 (c)14 (d)35

ald
7. The number of solution of the system of inequations 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≥
𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏 is (a)0 (b)2 (c)finite (d)infinite
8. The maximum value of Z=3x+4y subject to the constraints 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 and 𝒙 +
.H
𝒚 ≤ 𝟏 is (a)7 (b)4 (c)3 (d)10
9. The feasible region of an LPP is
given in the following figure:

r
Then the constraints of the LPP
are 𝐱 ≥ 𝟎, 𝐲 ≥ 𝟎 and (a) 2x+y ≤ 𝟓𝟐
and 𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 ≤ 𝟕𝟔 (b) 2x+ 𝐲 ≤
𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 ≤ 𝟕𝟔 (c) 𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 ≤
S

𝟏𝟎𝟒 and 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 ≤ 𝟕𝟔 (d) 𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 ≤

𝟏𝟎𝟒 and 2x+ 𝐲 ≤ 𝟑𝟖
10. For the following LPP Maximize Z =3x+4y sun=subject to constraints 𝒙 − 𝒚 ≥
−𝟏, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎The maximum value is (a)0 (b)4 (c)25 (d)30
11. The feasible region for an LPP is shown below:
Let Z=3x-4y be the objective function. Minimum of Z occurs at a)(0,0) (b) (0,8)
(c)(5,0) (d) (4,10)

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12. In an LPP , if the objective function Z= ax+by has the same maximum value on
two corner points of the feasible region, then the number of points of which
𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒙 occurs is(b)2 (c) finite (d)finite (d)infinte
13. Corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear
constraints are (0,3), (1,1) and (3,0). Let Z = px+qy, where p,q>0. Ciondition on p
𝒒
and q so that the minimum of Z (a) p=2q (b)p= (c)p=3q (d) p=q
𝟐
14. The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points (a) given by
intersection of inequation with y -axis only. (b)given by intersection of
inequation with x-axis only. (c) given by corner points of the feasible region. (d)
none of these.

a
15. A linear Programming Problem is as follows: Minimize : Z=2x+y
Subject to the constraints 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙-y ≥ 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟒
ald
The feasible region has (a) 5 corner points including (0,0) and (9,5) (b) 5 corner
points including (7,7) and (3,3) (c) 5 corner points including (14, 0) and (9,0) (d) 5
.H
corner points including (3,6) and (9,5)
16. The corner points of the feasible region for a LPP are P (0,5), Q (1,5), R (4,2) and
s (12, 0). The minimum value of objective function Z=2x+5y is at the point (a) P

r
(b)Q (c) R (d) S
17. A LPP is as follows: Maximize/ minimize objective function Z=2x-y+5
Subject to constraints
S

3𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 ≤ 𝟔𝟎, 𝒙+3y ≤ 𝟑𝟎
𝒙 ≥0, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎If the corner points A(0, 10), B (12, 6), C (20, 0) and (0,0), then which
of the following is true.
(a) Maximum value of Z is 40.
(b) Minimum value of Z is -5.
(c) Difference of maximum and minimum value of Z is 35.
(d) At two corner points, value of Z are equal.
18. The corner points of the feasible region determined by the set of constraints
(linear inequalities) are P(0,5), Q(3,5), R(5,0) and S (4,1) and the objective
function Z=ax+2by where a, b> 0. The condition on a and b such that the
maximum Z occurs at Q and S is (a) 𝐚 − 𝟓𝐛 = 𝟎 (b) 𝐚 − 𝟑𝐛 = 𝟎 (c) 𝐚 − 𝟐𝐛 = 𝟎 (d)
𝐚 − 𝟖𝐛 = 𝟎
19. For al LPP the objective function is (a)maximum value of Z is at R.
Z=4x+3y and the feasible region (b)Maximum value of z is at Q. (c)Value
determined by a set of constraints

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(linear inequations) is shown in the of Z at R is less than the value at P. (d)The

graph. value of Z at Q is less than the value at R.
Which of the following statements
is true?

20. The maximum value of Z =4x+3y subject to constraint 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 is

(a) 36 (b)40 (c)20 (d) none of these
Assertion & Reason
1. Assertion (A): The maximum value of Z=5x+3y, satisfying the conditions 𝒙 ≥

a
𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 and 5x+2y ≤ 𝟏𝟎, is 15.Reason (R): A feasible region may be bounded or
unbounded.
ald
2. Assertion(A): The maximum value of Z=𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚. Such that 2𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤
𝟐𝟎, 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 is 30.eason (R): The variables that enter into the problem are called
decision variables.
.H
3. Assertion(A): Shaded region represented by 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 ≥ 𝟖𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥
𝟎 is Reason(R): A region or a set of points is said to be convex if the line joining
any two of its points lies completely in the region.

r
4. Assertion (A)The linear programming problem , maximise Z=x+2y, subject to the
𝟒𝟎
constrains x-y ≤ 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝟎 and x,y≥ 𝟎.It gives the maximum value of Z as .
𝟑
Reason (R)To obtain maximum value of Z we need to compare value of Z at all the
S

corner points of the shaded region.

5. Assertion (A)Maximum value of
Z=3x+2y , subject to the constraints
x+y ≤ 𝟐; 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎; 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 will be obtained
at point (2,0). Reason (R) In a
bounded feasible region, it always
exist a maximum and minimum
value.

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