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AS Maths CIE 

3. Trigonometry

CONTENTS
3.1 Basic Trigonometry
3.1.1 Trigonometry - Definitions
3.1.2 Right-Angled Triangles
3.1.3 Non-Right-Angled Triangles
3.2 Trigonometric Functions
3.2.1 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
3.2.2 Transformations of Trigonometric Functions
3.3 Circular Measure (Radians)
3.3.1 Radian Measure
3.3.2 Trigonometry Exact Values
3.4 Trigonometric Equations
3.4.1 Trigonometry - Simple Identities
3.4.2 Linear Trigonometric Equations
3.4.3 Quadratic Trigonometric Equations
3.4.4 Strategy for Trigonometric Equations
3.5 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions
3.5.1 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions

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3.1 Basic Trigonometry YOUR NOTES


3.1.1 Trigonometry - Definitions

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Trigonometry - Definitions YOUR NOTES

What is trigonometry? 
Trigonometry looks at the relationship between side lengths and angles of triangles
It comes from the Greek words trigonon meaning ‘triangle’ and metron meaning ‘measure’
The three trigonometric functions Sine, Cosine and Tangent come from ratios of side
lengths in right angled triangles

What is the unit circle and how does it help with trigonometry?
The unit circle is a circle with radius 1 and centre (0, 0)
It can be used to calculate trig values as a co‑ordinate point (x, y) on the circle
(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ), where θ is the angle measured anticlockwise from the positive x‑axis
It allows us to calculate sin, cos and tan for angles greater than 90°

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 Worked Example
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3.1.2 Right-Angled Triangles YOUR NOTES

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Right-Angled Triangles YOUR NOTES

What is SOHCAHTOA? 
SOH, CAH, and TOA are an easy way to remember the three basic trigonometry ratios
They show the relationship between an angle and the different sides of a right-angled
triangle which we can label Hypotenuse, Adjacent and Opposite
We use them to find missing angles and sides for right‑angled triangles
Hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle
Adjacent is the side next to the angle you are working with (in between the angle and
the right angle)
Opposite is the side opposite the angle you are working with

We use the inverse trig functions to find missing angles

How do I use SOHCAHTOA?

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 Exam Tip
Remember SOHCAHTOA are only for calculating missing sides and angles for
right‑angled triangles
For non-right‑angled triangles you will need to use the Sine or Cosine rules.
Make sure your calculator is in degree mode (D).
Always check your answers are sensible…
Should my answer be longer or shorter than the sides I have already i.e. is it
the hypotenuse?
Is my angle sensible…
Have I remembered to use -1?
Check if the question asks you to round your answer.

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 Worked Example
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3.1.3 Non-Right-Angled Triangles YOUR NOTES

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Non-Right-Angled Triangles YOUR NOTES

What do I do if there isn’t a right‑angle? 
The Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area Formula can be used for ANY type of triangle
They can help us calculate missing side lengths, angles and area

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How do I know which rule to use?

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Once you know which rule to use, simply label your triangle, substitute in the values and
rearrange if necessary

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 If you are given two angles in a triangle, finding the missing angle by subtracting

from 180° might help.
Make sure you are careful to pick the correct rule to use, you’ll need to
remember all the rules as they aren’t in the formula booklet.
Make sure your calculator is in degree mode (D).
Always check your answers are sensible…
Have I remembered to square root at the end?
Have I remembered to use -1?
Check if the question asks you to round your answer.

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 Worked Example
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3.2 Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES


3.2.1 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES

Graphs of trigonometric functions 
The Trigonometric Functions Sin, Cos and Tan all have special periodic graphs that you
need to be able to sketch and remember
You’ll need to know their properties and how to sketch them to solve equations and for
transforming trig functions

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Sketching trigonometric graphs

Using trigonometric graphs

By sketching the graph you can read off all the solutions in a given range (or interval)
Your calculator will only give you the principal value
You should recognise any values/angles associated with exact values
You should be able to spot the pattern of solutions using the symmetry and periodicity of
the graph

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 Always sketch with a pencil and draw a smooth curve and pay attention to the

key features of each graph:
Where it crosses the x and y axes
How often it repeats
Whether it is symmetrical
Remember, when answering exam questions that ask for solutions, a sketch will
help ensure you give all the appropriate solutions for a given interval.

 Worked Example

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3.2.2 Transformations of Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES

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Transformations of Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES

Transformations of trigonometric functions 
You should already have a good idea about translating, stretching and reflecting basic
functions (see Transformations of Functions)
The basic principles are exactly the same for transforming any trigonometric graph
y = n cos x gives a vertical stretch or squash
y = sin nx gives a horizonal stretch or squash
y = tan (x + c) gives a horizonal translation

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 Always sketch with a pencil and draw a smooth curve.

When you sketch the transformation of a graph, be sure to indicate the new
coordinates of any points that are marked on the original graph.
Try to indicate the coordinates of points where the new graph intersects the
axes.

 Worked Example

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3.3 Circular Measure (Radians) YOUR NOTES


3.3.1 Radian Measure

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Radian Measure YOUR NOTES

Radian measure 
Radians are an alternative to degrees for measuring angles

1 radian is the angle in a sector of radius 1 and arc length 1

Radians are normally quoted in terms of π
This leads to
2π = 360°
π = 180°
The symbol for radians is c but it is more usual to see rad
Often, when π is involved, no symbol is given as it is obviously in radians
Radians are used in trigonometry (see Exact Values) and calculus (First Principles
Differentiation – Trigonometry)
How do I change between radians and degrees?
The most common are below, these are helpful to know

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Multiples of these are quite common too, eg ¾π = 135°

For less familiar angles use π = 180° to convert

How do I use radians to find the length of an arc?

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The length of an arc is s = rθ

How do I use radians to find the area of a sector?

The area of a sector is A = ½r2θ

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Solving problems with radians

Other angle, circle, area, etc skills may be needed
For example, area of a triangle "A = ½absinC"

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 Exam papers will have a mixture of questions in degrees and radians

Check the mode (degrees/radians) of your calculator before using it
Ensure you know how to change the mode on your calculator
For the Casio fx-991EX Classwiz
SHIFT then MENU SETUP
Choose option 2: ANGLE UNIT
Choose either 1: DEGREE or 2: RADIAN

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 Worked Example
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3.3.2 Trigonometry Exact Values YOUR NOTES

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Trigonometry Exact Values YOUR NOTES

Exact values 
In trigonometry some values of sin, cos and tan are “nice”
For example sin 30° = ½, tan 45° = 1
We can find those associated with the angles 30°, 45° and 60° using SOHCAHTOA on
isosceles and equilateral triangles

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sin, cos and tan values for 30°, 45° and 60° should be recalled easily
Memorise either the actual values or how to work them out from the triangle
sin, cos and tan for 0°, 90°, 180° should also be very familiar
They can be recalled using the relevant trigonometric graph (see Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions)
Exact values and radians
All of the above applies to radians as well as degrees
Here is a table of all exact values including radians (see Radian Measure)

How do I find exact values of other angles?

Exact sin, cos and tan values of multiples of 30°, 45°, 60° can also be found
This is a combination of recalling the basic values and using the graph

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 Exam Tip
Draw the triangles for sin, cos and tan of 30°, 45° and 60° on the exam paper so
that you can then use them as many times as you need throughout the paper.

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 Worked Example
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3.4 Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES


3.4.1 Trigonometry - Simple Identities

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Trigonometry - Simple Identities YOUR NOTES

What is a trigonometric identity? 
Trigonometric identities are statements that are true for all values of x or theta (θ)
They are used to help simplify trig equations before solving them
The first two identities you must know are:

Where do these identities come from?

Although you don’t need to know the proof for these identities it is important to understand
where they come from

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How to use the identities

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 If asked to show one thing is identical (≡) another look at what parts are missing

– for example, if tan x has gone it must have been substituted.

 Worked Example

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3.4.2 Linear Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

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Linear Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

Solving linear trigonometric equations 
You should have already seen two ways to solve linear trig equations
By sketching the graph (see Graphs of Trigonometric Functions) you can read off all
the solutions in a given range (or interval)
By using trigonometric identities you can simplify harder equations
Another way to find solutions is by using the CAST diagram which shows where each
function has positive solutions
You may be asked to use degrees or radians to solve trigonometric equations
Make sure your calculator is in the correct mode
Remember common angles
90° is ½π radians
180° is π radians
270° is 3π/2 radians
360° is 2π radians

How do I use the CAST diagram?

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What about more complicated trig equations?
Some trig equations could involve a function of x or θ (see Transformations of
Trigonometric Functions)
Functions could be in two forms, either y = sin(θ ± k) or y = sin kθ
An easy way to solve an equation involving sin, cos or tan of (θ± k) or kθ is by transforming
the range of the question

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 Exam Tip
Your calculator will only give you the principal value and you need to find all
other solutions for the given interval.
Also, remember the CAST diagram only gives you some solutions, so again you
may need to find more depending on the given interval.
It is entirely up to you how you solve a trig equation, but some ways are more
helpful than others depending on the type of equation you are trying to solve

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 Worked Example
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3.4.3 Quadratic Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

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Quadratic Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

Solving quadratic trigonometric equations 
If an equation involves sin2θ or cos2θ then it is a quadratic trigonometric equation
These can be solved by factorising and/or using trigonometric identities (see
Trigonometry – Simple Identities)
As a quadratic can result in two solutions, will need to consider whether each solution exists
and then find all solutions within a given interval for each
You may be asked to use degrees or radians to solve trigonometric equations
Make sure your calculator is in the correct mode
Remember common angles
90° is ½π radians
180° is π radians
270° is 3π/2 radians
360° is 2π radians

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Exam Tip YOUR NOTES

 Sketch the appropriate sin, cos, tan graph to ensure you find ALL solutions

within the given interval, and be super-careful if you get a negative solution but
have a positive interval.
For example, for an equation, in the interval 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°, with solution sin x = ‑¼
then sin‑1(‑¼) = -14.5 (to 1d.p.), which is not between 0 and 360 – by sketching
the graph you’ll be able to spot the two solutions will be 180 + 14.5 and 360 ‑
14.5.

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 Worked Example
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3.4.4 Strategy for Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

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Strategy for Trigonometric Equations YOUR NOTES

How to approach solving trig equations 
You can solve trig equations in a variety of different ways
Sketching a graph (see Graphs of Trigonometric Functions)
Using trigonometric identities (see Trigonometry – Simple Identities)
Using the CAST diagram (see Linear Trigonometric Equations)
Factorising quadratic trig equations (see Quadratic Trigonometric Equations)
You may be asked to use degrees or radians to solve trigonometric equations
Make sure your calculator is in the correct mode
Remember common angles
90° is ½π radians
180° is π radians
270° is 3π/2 radians
360° is 2π radians
If you’re having trouble solving a trig equation, this flowchart might help:

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 Exam Tip
Don’t forget to check the function range and ensure you have included all
possible solutions.
If the question involves a function of x or θ, make sure you transform the range
first (and ensure you transform your solutions back again at the end!).

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 Worked Example
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3.5 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES


3.5.1 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions

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Modelling with Trigonometric Functions YOUR NOTES

Modelling with trigonometric functions 
Various real-life situations can be modelled using trigonometric functions
You need to be able to interpret the equations used in the model
If you need to identify maximum or minimum values of a formula, remember the bounds of
the sin and cos functions:
-1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
-1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

You may also need to discuss the period of an equation

The period is often indicated by T
For a periodic function in x like sin or cos, the period is how much x has to change by
for the function to go through one complete cycle

For functions of the form cos (qx+ r) or sin (qx + r) the period T is:

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 Exam Tip
The variable in these questions is often t for time.
Read the question carefully to make sure you know what you are being asked to
solve.

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 Worked Example
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