**kwargs

Program 1: Print All Keyword Arguments

This program demonstrates how to print all the key-value pairs passed to the
function.
python
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def print_kwargs(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Example call
print_kwargs(name="Alice", age=25, country="USA")
Output:
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name: Alice
age: 25
country: USA

Program 2: Check for Specific Argument

This program checks if a specific key exists in the keyword arguments.
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def check_key(**kwargs):
if 'name' in kwargs:
print(f"Name is: {kwargs['name']}")
else:
print("Name not provided.")

# Example call

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check_key(age=30, city="London")
Output:
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Name not provided.

Program 3: Default Value with get()

Use the .get() method to provide default values for missing keys.
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def student_info(**kwargs):
name = kwargs.get('name', 'Unknown')
age = kwargs.get('age', 'Not specified')
print(f"Student Name: {name}")
print(f"Student Age: {age}")

# Example call
student_info(name="Bob")
Output:
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Student Name: Bob
Student Age: Not specified

Program 4: Combine Fixed and Arbitrary Arguments

This program combines normal parameters and **kwargs.
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def describe_pet(pet_type, **kwargs):
print(f"Pet type: {pet_type}")
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

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# Example call
describe_pet("Dog", name="Buddy", age=3, breed="Golden Retriever")
Output:
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Pet type: Dog
name: Buddy
age: 3
breed: Golden Retriever

Program 5: Count Keyword Arguments

This program counts how many keyword arguments were passed.
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def count_kwargs(**kwargs):
print(f"Number of keyword arguments: {len(kwargs)}")

# Example call
count_kwargs(name="Sarah", age=22, city="Paris")
Output:
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Number of keyword arguments: 3

Program 6: Modify a Dictionary

This program modifies an existing dictionary with the **kwargs.
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def update_dict(original, **kwargs):
original.update(kwargs)
return original

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# Example call
my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
updated = update_dict(my_dict, b=3, c=4)
print(updated)
Output:
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{'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}

Program 7: Return a Dictionary

This program accepts **kwargs and directly returns the resulting dictionary.
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def create_dict(**kwargs):
return kwargs

# Example call
result = create_dict(name="Emma", age=29, city="New York")
print(result)
Output:
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{'name': 'Emma', 'age': 29, 'city': 'New York'}

Program 8: Filter Even Numbers

This program filters and prints only the keyword arguments with even values.
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def filter_even_numbers(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
if value % 2 == 0:
print(f"{key}: {value}")

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# Example call
filter_even_numbers(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4)
Output:
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b: 2
d: 4

Program 9: Greeting with Optional Details

This program greets a person and displays optional details using **kwargs.
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def greet(name, **kwargs):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Example call
greet("Alice", age=25, city="Berlin", hobby="Reading")
Output:
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Hello, Alice!
age: 25
city: Berlin
hobby: Reading

Program 10: Flexible Calculation

This program takes **kwargs to perform addition or multiplication based on the
operation type.
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def calculate(operation, **kwargs):
result = 0 if operation == "add" else 1
for key, value in kwargs.items():
if operation == "add":
result += value
elif operation == "multiply":
result *= value
print(f"Result: {result}")

# Example call
calculate("add", a=10, b=20, c=30)
calculate("multiply", x=2, y=3, z=4)
Output:
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Result: 60
Result: 24

These examples cover a variety of basic use cases for **kwargs to help you
understand its flexibility and power!

What is **kwargs in Python?

**kwargs in Python functions allows you to pass arbitrary keyword arguments
(key-value pairs) to a function.
 Arbitrary: The number of keyword arguments doesn't have to be fixed.
 Keyword Arguments: Arguments are passed as key=value pairs.

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  Inside the function, Python collects these arguments into a dictionary.

Why Use **kwargs?

1. When you don't know in advance what keyword arguments might be
passed.
2. To create flexible and reusable functions that can handle extra information
dynamically.

Syntax
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def function_name(**kwargs):
# kwargs is a dictionary
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

Example Code: Using **kwargs

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def display_info(**kwargs):
print("Keyword arguments received:")
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Call the function with arbitrary keyword arguments

display_info(name="Alice", age=30, country="USA")

How it Works:
1. The function display_info uses **kwargs.
2. Inside the function, kwargs is a dictionary containing the passed keyword
arguments (name, age, country).
3. The for loop iterates through the dictionary to print each key-value pair.

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Output:
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Keyword arguments received:
name: Alice
age: 30
country: USA

Additional Example: Combining Positional, Default, and **kwargs

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def greet_user(greeting, **kwargs):
print(greeting)
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Call the function

greet_user("Hello!", name="Bob", hobby="Cycling", age=35)
Output:
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Hello!
name: Bob
hobby: Cycling
age: 35
Summary
 **kwargs is used to pass a variable number of keyword arguments to a
function.
 It collects these arguments into a dictionary.
 This makes your function flexible and capable of handling extra input
dynamically.

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9
What are Return Values in Python
Functions?
In Python, a return value is the output of a function. It is the value that a
function sends back to the caller (where the function was called).
 The return keyword is used to specify the value that a function
should return.

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  A function can return:
o A single value
o Multiple values
o No value (implicitly returns None if no return is used)

Why Use Return Values?

1. To use the output of a function in other parts of the program.
2. To make the function reusable and modular.
3. To store the result for further processing.

Syntax
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def function_name(parameters):
# Code block
return value

Examples of Return Values

1. Returning a Single Value
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def add(a, b):
return a + b

# Call the function and store the result

result = add(3, 5)
print(result)
Output:
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8

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2. Returning Multiple Values
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def get_name_and_age():
name = "Alice"
age = 25
return name, age

# Call the function and unpack the returned values

name, age = get_name_and_age()
print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")
Output:
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Name: Alice, Age: 25

3. Returning Nothing (Default None)

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def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Call the function

result = greet("John")
print(result) # No explicit return value
Output:
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Hello, John!

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None

4. Using Return Value in Another Function

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def square(number):
return number * number

def sum_of_squares(a, b):

return square(a) + square(b)

# Call the function

result = sum_of_squares(3, 4)
print(result)
Output:
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25

Key Points:
1. A function stops executing as soon as it encounters a return
statement.
2. If no return is specified, the function implicitly returns None.
3. You can return any data type (integers, strings, lists, dictionaries,
etc.).

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What is the pass Statement in
Python?
The pass statement in Python is a placeholder. It does nothing and is
used when a statement is syntactically required but no action is needed.
It is often used in the following cases:
1. To define an empty function, class, or loop as a placeholder while
building the code.

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 2. To avoid syntax errors when the body of a function or block is yet to
be implemented.

Key Characteristics:
 It is a no-operation (NOP) statement.
 It is a way to write valid Python code without functionality in certain
blocks.

Syntax
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def function_name():
pass # This does nothing for now

Code Examples
1. Using pass in a Function
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def my_function():
pass # Placeholder for future implementation

print("Function defined successfully!")

Output:
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Function defined successfully!

2. Using pass in a Loop

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for i in range(5):

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 pass # Placeholder for loop body

print("Loop executed successfully!")

Output:
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Loop executed successfully!

3. Using pass in a Class Definition

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class MyClass:
pass # Placeholder for the class body

print("Class defined successfully!")

Output:
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Class defined successfully!

4. Using pass with Conditional Statements

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x = 10

if x > 5:
pass # Placeholder for 'if' block
else:
print("x is 5 or less")

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print("Code executed successfully!")
Output:
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Code executed successfully!

Why Use the pass Statement?

 To write code without implementation while avoiding syntax errors.
 It helps in creating the structure of a program, making it easier to fill
in the details later

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