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Unit - IV

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Unit - IV

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T.Ramakrishna JITS
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UNIT-IV

Probabilistic graphical models


Probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) are a framework for representing and reasoning about
probabilistic relationships between variables. They provide a graphical way to model complex
systems by capturing the dependencies between random variables and their joint probability
distribution. PGMs are widely used in various fields, including machine learning, artificial
intelligence, statistics, and bioinformatics.

There are two main types of PGMs:


Bayesian networks (also known as directed graphical models)
Markov random fields (also known as undirected graphical models).

Bayesian Networks (BNs): A Bayesian network is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) where nodes
represent random variables, and edges represent direct dependencies between variables.
Each node is associated with a conditional probability distribution that quantifies the probability
of that variable given its parents.
BNs are used for modeling cause-and-effect relationships and making inferences about the
system's behavior.
They are particularly useful for probabilistic reasoning, decision making, and handling
uncertainty.

Markov Random Fields (MRFs): A Markov random field is an undirected graph where nodes
represent random variables, and edges represent the dependencies between variables.
Unlike BNs, MRFs do not have explicit directed causal relationships. Instead, they represent the
joint probability distribution through a set of potential functions defined over cliques (groups of
variables) in the graph. MRFs are commonly used for image analysis, computer vision, and
spatial modeling, where local interactions among variables are important.

PGMs provide several benefits:

Explicit modeling of probabilistic relationships: PGMs offer a structured way to represent and
visualize complex dependencies between variables, making it easier to understand and reason
about the underlying system.

Uncertainty handling: PGMs allow for modeling and reasoning under uncertainty by explicitly
capturing probabilistic dependencies between variables. This makes them suitable for decision
making and prediction tasks in the presence of incomplete or noisy data.

Inference and learning: PGMs provide algorithms for efficient inference, such as computing the
probability distribution of unobserved variables given observed data. They also support learning
the structure and parameters of the model from data, enabling automatic model construction.

Scalability and modularity: PGMs can handle large and complex systems by decomposing them
into smaller, more manageable parts. This modularity facilitates the design and implementation
of algorithms for inference and learning.

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