CHAPTER 4

MULTILOOP CIRCUITS & KIRCHHOFF’S RULE

43. If you traverse a battery from its negative terminal (cathode) to its positive terminal
(anode), is the voltage positive or negative?

➢ When a battery is traversed from its negative terminal (cathode) to its positive terminal (anode),
the voltage change across the battery is positive. This is because in conventional current flow
(the direction in which positive charges would hypothetically move), current flows from the
positive terminal (anode) to the negative terminal (cathode) of the battery. Other than that, the
positive terminal of the battery is at a higher electric potential than the negative terminal.
Therefore, if you move in the direction from the negative to the positive terminal (from cathode
to anode), you are moving in the direction of increasing electric potential. Since voltage is the
potential difference between the two terminals, and you are moving in the direction where the
potential is increasing (from negative to positive terminal), the voltage across the battery is
positive. In summary, when traversing a battery from its negative terminal (cathode) to its
positive terminal (anode), the voltage is positive. This indicates that there is a potential
difference between the two terminals, with the positive terminal being at a higher potential
compared to the negative terminal.

44. Kirchhoff’s junction theorem is based on the conservation of charge. Explain this
theorem with a simple example.

➢ Kirchhoff's junction theorem, also known as Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law,
is based on the principle of conservation of electric charge. It states that the total electric current
flowing into a junction (or node) in an electric circuit is equal to the total current flowing out
of that junction. In other words, electric charge is conserved at a junction in an electric circuit.

➢ Although it is an over-simplification, an analogy can be made with water pipes connected in a

plumbing junction. If the wires in the figure above were replaced by water pipes, and the water
 was assumed to be incompressible, the volume of water flowing into the junction must equal
the volume of water flowing out of the junction.

45. Kirchhoff’s loop theorem is based on the conservation of energy. Explain this theorem
with a simple example.

➢ Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of all the voltage drops (potential differences) around
any closed loop in an electrical circuit is equal to zero. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
Σ V = 0 (where V represents the voltage drops around the loop).
➢ The reasoning behind this rule is the conservation of energy. In a closed loop circuit, the total
energy supplied by the voltage sources (e.g. batteries) must be equal to the total energy
dissipated by the circuit elements (e.g. resistors).
➢ For example, consider a simple series circuit with a battery (emf ε) and two resistors (R1 and
R2) as shown:

+ - - - R1 - - - +

| |

+V- |

| |

+ - - - R2 - - - +

➢ Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule, we get: ε - IR1 - IR2 = 0 (where I is the current flowing through
the circuit). This equation can be rearranged to: ε = IR1 + IR2.
➢ The left-hand side represents the energy supplied by the battery per unit charge, while the right-
hand side represents the energy dissipated by the resistors per unit charge. The equality shows
that the energy supplied is equal to the energy dissipated, in accordance with the principle of
conservation of energy.

50. Two batteries, with terminal voltages of 10 V and 4 V, respectively, are connected with
their positive terminals together. A 12-Ω resistor is wired between their negative terminals.

a) The current in the resistor is (1) 0 A, (2) between 0 A and 1.0 A, or (3) greater than 1.0
A. Why?

ΣV=0
➢ The voltage drop across the 12 Ω resistor is I*R, where I is the current through the resistor.
➢ The voltage rise across the 10 V battery is +10 V.
➢ The voltage drop across the 4 V battery is -4 V.

10 V – I (12 Ω) - 4 V = 0
I (12 Ω) = 10 V - 4 V
6V
I=
12 Ω
I = 0.5 A

➢ Therefore, the current in the 12 Ω resistor is 0.5 A, which is between 0 A and 1.0 A.

b) Use Kirchhoff’s loop theorem to find the current in the circuit and the power delivered
to the resistor.

Step 1: Identify the Loop.

➢ In this circuit, there is one loop that includes both batteries and the 12-Ω resistor.

Step 2: Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).

10 V – I (12 Ω) - 4 V = 0
I (12 Ω) = 10 V - 4 V
6V
I=
12 Ω
I = 0.5 A

Step 3: Step 3: Calculate the Power Delivered to the Resistor.

P = I2 × R
P = (0.5 A)2 × 12Ω
P=3W

➢ Therefore, the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, and the power delivered to the 12-Ω resistor is 3
W.

c) Compare this result with the power output of each battery.

➢ To compare the power output of each battery, we can calculate the power delivered by each
battery:

Power from 10 V battery = 10 V × 0.5 A = 5 W

Power from 4 V battery = 4 V × 0.5 A = 2 W
➢ Therefore, the 10 V battery is delivering 5 W of power, while the 4 V battery is delivering 2
W of power. The total power delivered to the 12-Ω resistor is 3 W, which is less than the
combined power output of the two batteries (5 W + 2 W = 7 W). This is because some of the
power is lost due to the internal resistance of the batteries and the connections in the circuit.

51. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, find the current in each resistor in Fig. 18.35.

Given:

Voltage sources: V1 = 20 V and V2 = 10 V

Resistors: R1 = 10 Ω and 20 Ω

➢ Since this is a series circuit, the currents I is the same through all components. The total
resistance R total in the series circuit is the sum of the individual resistances:

R total = R1 + R 2 = 10 Ω + 20 Ω = 30 Ω

➢ Apply the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law that sates that the sum of the voltages around any closed
loop in a circuit is zero. For the given series circuit, the equation will be:

V1 - IR1 - IR 2 + V2 = 0

Plug in the known values:

20V – I (10 Ω) – I (20 Ω) + 10V = 0

20V + 10V – I (10 Ω + 20 Ω) = 0

30V – (30 Ω × I) = 0

Solve for the current I:

30 V = 30 Ω x I
 30V
I=
30 Ω

I=1A

➢ Since the currents is the same throughout the series circuit:

The current through 𝑅1 is 𝐼𝑅1 = 1A

The current through 𝑅2 is 𝐼𝑅2 = 1A

So, the current in each resistor is 1A.

52. Apply Kirchhoff’s rules to the circuit in Fig. 18.36, and find

(a) the current in each resistor and

Given:

Resistors in parallel: R1 = 4Ω, R 2 = 6Ω, R 4 = 8Ω

Resistors in series: R 5 = 2Ω, R 4 = 8Ω, R 3 = 2Ω, R1 = 4Ω

Voltages: V1 = 12V, V2 = 6V

Simplifying the parallel combination:

1 1 1 1
= + +
Rparallel R1 R2 R5

1 1 1 1
= + +
Rparallel 4 6 8
 1 1 1 1 6+4+3 13
= + + = =
Rparallel 4 6 8 24 24

24
R parallel = ≈ 1.846 Ω
13

Simplifying the series combination:

R series = R 5 + R parallel + R 3 + R1

R series = 2 + 1.846 + 2 + 4 ≈ 9.846 Ω

➢ Since the circuit is a single loop,

Apply the Kirchhoff’s rules around the loop:

V1 - IR 5 - IR parallel - IR 3 - IR1 - V2 = 0

12 – (I × 2) – (I × 1.846) – (I × 2) – (I × 4) – 6 = 0

12 – 6 – I (2+1.846+2+4) = 0

6 = I × 9.846

6
I= ≈ 0.61 A
9.846

➢ The current I is the same through all resistors in series:

IR 5 = IR 3 = IR1 = Iparallel ≈ 0.61 A

➢ Let I1 , I2 and I4 be the currents through R1 ,R 2 and R 4 respectively.

The voltage across each of these resistors is the same:

Vparallel = I × R parallel = 0.61 × 1.846 ≈ 1.126 V

Using Ohm’s Law V = IR:

I1 = 1.126 / 4 ≈ 0.282 A

I2 = 1.126 / 6 ≈ 0.188 A

I4 = 1.126 / 8 ≈ 0.141 A
Summary of currents:

Currents through R 5 : IR5 ≈ 0.61 A

Currents through R 3 : IR3 ≈ 0.61 A

Currents through R1 in series R1 ≈ 0.61 A

Currents through R1 in parallel IR1 ≈ 0.282 A

Currents through R 2 : IR2 ≈ 0.188 A

Currents through R 4 : IR4 ≈ 0.141 A

➢ These are the currents flowing through each resistor in the circuit.

(b) the rate at which energy is being delivered to the 8.0 – Ω resistor.

P=I2 R

8.0 – Ω resistor = R 4

P R4 = IR2 4 R 4

P R4 = (0.141 A)2 x 8.0 Ω

P R4 = 0.019881 A2 x 8.0 Ω

P R4 = 0.159048 W

➢ Therefore, the rate at which energy is being delivered to the 8.0 Ω resistor (𝑅4 ) is
approximately 0.159 W (or 159 mW).

53. Find the current in each resistor in the circuit shown in Fig 18.37.
Using Ohm’s Law, V = IR:
➢ For first resistor, R1 we find the current,
10 V = I × 4.0 Ω
I = 2.5A
➢ Then, we calculate the total voltage across R1 and R 2 , Vtotal = V2 + V3 ,
Vtotal = 5V + 5V
Vtotal = 10V
➢ Next, we calculate the equivalent resistance, R eq = R 2 + R 3 ,
R eq = 4Ω + 4Ω
R eq = 8Ω
➢ Lastly, we calculate the current through the combination of R 2 and R 3 ,
10 V = I × 8 Ω
I = 10 V ÷ 8 Ω
I = 1.25 A

54. Find the currents in the circuit branches in Fig. 18.38.

Kirchoff’s Law for the left loop:
V1 - I1R1 - I4R4 - I5R5=0
20- 5I1- 2I4 - 2I5 = 0 (equation 1)

Kirchoff’s Law for the right loop:

V2 - I2R2 - I3R3 - I6R6=0
10- 4I2 - 6I3 - 2I6 = 0 (Equation 2)

Kirchoff’s Law at the node between R1, R6 and R3:

I1 = I4 + I5 (Equation 3)

Kirchoff’s Law at the node between R2, R3 and R6:

I2 = I3 + I6 (Equation 4)
Kirchoff’s Law at the central node:
I4 = I2 + I3 (Equation 5)

From equation (3):

I1= I4 + I5
Let I5 = I1 - I4, Substitute into equation (1)
20 - 5I1 - 2I4 - 2(I1-I4) = 0
20 - 5I1- 2I4 - 2I1 + I4 = 0
20 -7I1 = 0
I1= 2.857A

From equation (5):

I4 = I2 + I3
Substitute I1 into equation (1):
20 - 5(2.857) - 2I4 - 2I5 = 0
20 - 14.285 - 2I4 - 2I5 = 0
5.715 - 2I4 - 2I5 = 0

From equation (3):

I5 = 2.857 - I4
Substitute I5:
5.715 - 2I4 - 2(2.857- I4) = 0
5.715 - 2I4 – (5.714 +2I4) = 0
0.001= 0 (which is consistent)

By using equation (2):

10 - 4I2 - 6I3 - 2I1 = 0
From equation (4): I2 = I3 + I6
Substitute I2:
10 - 4(I3+I6) - 6I3 - 2I6 = 0
10 - 4I3 + 4I6 - 6I3 - 2I6 = 0
10 - 10I3 - 6I6 = 0
I3 = 10 - 6I610
I3 = 1 -0.6I6

Using equation (4):

I2 = I3 + I6
I2 = (1-0.6I6) + I6
I2 = 1 + 0.4I6

Substitute equation 4:
From equation (5):
I4 = I2 + I3
I4 = (1+0.4I6) + (1-0.6I6)
I4 = 2 - 0.2I6

Using equation (3):

I5 = I1 - I4
I5 = 2.857 - (2-0.2I6)
I5 = 2.857 + 0.2I6

Assume I6 = 0
I1 = 2.857A
I4 = 2 - 0.2I6
I4 = 2 - 0.2(0)
I4 = 2A
I5 = 0.857 + 0.2I6
I5 = 0.857 + 0.2(0)
I5 = 0.857A
I3 =1 - 0.6I6
I3 = 1- 0.6 (0)
I3 = 1A
I2 = 1 + 0.4I6
I2 = 1+0.4 (0)
I2 = 1A

55. For the multiloop circuit shown in Fig. 18.39, what is the current in each branch?

Loop 1 (left loop):

V1 − I1 R1 − I6 R 6 = 0
6.0V − 2I1 − 12I6 = 0
6 = 2I1 + 12I6
3 = I6 + 6I6 (eqn2)
Loop 2 (right loop):
V2 − I2 R 2 −V3 − I3 R 3 = 0⬚
12V − 4I2 − 6V − 6I3 = 0
6 = 4I2 + 6I3
3 = 2I2 + 3I3 (eqn2)
Loop 3 (outer loop):
V1 − I1 R1 − I2 R 2 − I4 R 4 − V2 = 0
6V − 2I1 − 4I2 − 8I4 − 12V = 0⬚
−6 = 2I1 + 4I2 + 8I4
−3 = I1 + 2I2 + 4I4 (eqn3)

Node analysis:
➢ At the node where I1 , I2 , and I3 converge
I1 = I2 + I3 (eqn4)⬚
➢ At the node where I4 , I5 , and I6 converge
I4 = I5 + I6 (eqn5)

From eqn1: I1 = 3 − 6I6 (eqn6)

From eqn2: 2I2 + 3I3 = 3 (eqn7)
From eqn3: −3 = (3 − 6I6 ) + 2I2 + 4I4
−3 = 3 − 6I6 + 2I2 + 4I4
−6 = −6I6 + 2I2 + 4I4
−3 = −3I6 + I2 + 2I4 (eqn8)

From eqn4: I3 = 3 − 6I6 − I2 (eqn9)

From eqn5: I4 = I5 + I6
Eqn9 sub into eqn7:
2I2 + 3(3 − 6I6 − I2 ) = 3
2I2 + 9 − 18I6 − 3I2 ) = 3
−I2 − 18I6 = −6
I2 + 18I6 = 6 (eqn10)
I2 = 6 − 18I6 (eqn11)

Subs I2 into eqn9:

I3 = 3 − 6I6 − (6 − 18I6 )
I3 = 12I6 − 3(eqn12)

Subs I2 into eqn8:

−3 = −3I6 + (6 − 18I6 ) + 2I4
−3 = −3I6 + 6 − 18I6 + 2I4
−3 = −21I6 + 6 + 2I4
−9 = −21I6 + 2I4
I4 = 10.5I6 − 4.5 (eqn13)
V2 − I4 R 4 − V3 − I5 R 5 = 0
12V − (10.5I6 − 4.5)x8Ω − 6V − I5 x10Ω = 0
12 − 8 x (10.5I6 − 4.5) − 6 − 10I5 = 0
6 − 84I6 + 36 − 10I5 = 0
84I6 + 10I5 = 42
I5 = 4.2 − 8.4I6
I4 = I5 + I6 :⬚
10.5I6 − 4.5 = 4.2 − 8.4I6 + I6
10.5I6 − 4.5 = 4.2 − 7.4I6
17.91I6 = 8.7
I6 = 0.486A
I1 = 3 − 6(0. 486)0 = 0.084A
I2 = 6 − 18(0. 486) = −2.748A
I3 = 12(0. 486) − 3 = 2.832A
I4 = 10. 5(0. 486) − 4. 5 = 0.603A
I5 = 4. 2 − 8. 4(0. 486) = 0. 118A

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
94. Find the current in each resistor in the circuit in Fig. 18.42.

Loop 1:
V1 − I1 R1 − V2 = 0
6V − 2I1 − 6V = 0
2I1 = 0
I1 = 0 (eqn1)

Loop 2:
V2 − I2 R 2 − I3 R 3 − V3 = 0
6V − 4I2 − 8I3 − 6V = 0
0 = 4I2 + 8I3
0 = I2 + 2I3 (eqn2)

Node analysis: I1 = I2 + I3

From eqn1, I1 = 0 thus,

0 = I2 + I3
I2 = −I3

From eqn2
0 = I2 + 2I3
0 = −I3 + I3
I3 = 0
I2 = 0

KVL around the left loop (loop1):

6V − I1 x2Ω − 6V + I3 x8Ω = 0
−2I1 + 8I3 = 0
I1
I3 =
4
KVL around the right loop (loop 2):
6V − I2 × 2Ω − I2 × 4Ω = 0
6 − 2I1 − 4I2 = 0

Sub I3 from previous eqn:

I1
I3 =
4
I2
I3 =
4
I1 I2
=
4 2
I1 = 2I2

Sub I1 = 2I2 into outer loop eqn:

6 − 2(2I2 ) − 4I2 = 0
6 − 4I2 − 4I2 = 0
6 − 8I2 = 0
I2 = 0.75A

Using I1 = 2I2 :
I1 = 2(0.75)
I1 = 1.5A
 I2
Using I3 = :
2
0.75
I3 =
2
I3 = 0.375A

CHAPTER 19
19.1 MAGNETS, MAGNETIC POLES & MAGNETIC FIELD DIRECTION

5. List some of the similarities and differences between electric and magnetic forces.

Electric forces Magnetic forces

Similarities

- Both are Fundamental Forces. Electric and magnetic forces are two of the four
fundamental forces in nature, the others being gravity and the weak nuclear force.

- Both Can Cause Attraction and Repulsion: Similar to electric charges, magnetic poles
can attract or repel each other depending on their orientation.

Differences

- Involves interactions between electric - Involves interactions between

charges (positive and negative). magnetic poles (north and south).

- Can act on both stationary and moving - Primarily acts on moving charges
charges, influencing the behavior of (currents) and magnetic materials
conductors and insulators based on (ferromagnetic substances).
their charge distributions.

19.2 MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH & MAGNETIC FORCE

10. A proton and an electron are moving at the same velocity perpendicularly to a constant
magnetic field.

(a) Compare the magnitude of the magnetic force on them.

- The magnitude of the force on the electron is the same as the proton. The force on the electron
is in the opposite direction to the force on the proton.

(b) Compare the magnitude of their accelerations.

- The magnitude of the acceleration on the electron is greater than on the proton. The
acceleration on the electron is in the opposite direction to the force on the proton.
11. If a charged particle moves in a straight line and there are no other forces on it except
possibly from a magnetic field, can you say with certainty that no magnetic field is present?
Explain.

➢ If a charged particle moves in a straight line, we cannot definitively conclude that there is no
magnetic field present. Just because a particle is moving in a straight line does not necessarily
mean there is no magnetic field present. The absence of any observable deviation from a
straight line could be due to the particle’s motion being parallel to the magnetic field lines,
where the magnetic force does not contribute to a change in the particle's path.

14. A positive charge moves horizontally to the right across this page and enters a magnetic
field
directed vertically downward.

(a) Is the magnetic force on the charge directed into or out of the page? Explain.

➢ To determine the direction of the magnetic force, we can use the right-hand rule:
➢ Point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the charge's velocity (horizontally to the
right).
➢ Your palm will indicate the direction of the magnetic force, which is into the page.
➢ The magnetic force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the charge and the direction
of the magnetic field. In this case, the magnetic force is directed into the page, perpendicular
to both the horizontal velocity of the positive charge and the vertical magnetic field.

(b) If the charge is 0.25 C, its speed is 2.0 × 10^2 m/s, and it is acted on by a force of 20 N,
what is the magnetic field strength?

F=q×v×B

Rearranging the formula to solve for B:

B = F / (q × v)
B = 20 N / (0.25 C × 2.0 × 10^2 m/s)
B = 0.4 T
➢ Therefore, the magnetic field strength is 0.4 T.

15. A charge of 0.050 C moves vertically in a field of 0.080 T that is oriented horizontally.
What speed must the charge have such that the force acting on it is 10 N?

F=q×v×B
Solving for v:
v = 10 N / (0.050 C × 0.080 T)
v = 2500 m/s
➢ Therefore, the charge must move at a speed of 2500 m/s vertically in the 0.080 T horizontal
magnetic field to experience a magnetic force of 10 N.

19.4 MAGNETIC FORCES ON CURRENT-CARRYING WIRES &

19.5 APPLICATION; CURRENT-CARRYING WIRES IN MAGNETIC FIELDS

32. Two straight wires are parallel to each other. If the currents in the wires are in the same
direction, will the wires attract or repel each other? What if the currents are opposite?

1. If the currents in two parallel wires are flowing in the same direction, the wires will attract
each other.
➢ The magnetic fields created by the currents in the wires are in opposite directions between the
wires, causing an attractive force.
➢ This is because the right-hand rule shows that the magnetic fields point towards each other
between the wires with parallel currents.

2. If the currents in two parallel wires are flowing in opposite directions, the wires will repel each
other.
➢ The magnetic fields created by the currents in the wires are in the same direction between the
wires, causing a repulsive force.
➢ This is because the right-hand rule shows that the magnetic fields point away from each other
between the wires with antiparallel currents.

35. A magnetic field exists in the east–west direction, but it is unknown whether it points east
or west. Can you determine the direction of the magnetic field, using a current-carrying wire
with a known current direction? Explain.

Yes, you may use a current-carrying wire to measure the direction of the magnetic field by
applying the right-hand rule, which establishes a relationship between the direction of the wire's
current flow and the direction of the magnetic force operating on it. This is how it operates: After
inserting the wire carrying the current into the magnetic field, note the direction of the force acting
on the wire. The right-hand rule states that your fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic
field lines if you point your right thumb in the direction of the conventional current (positive to
negative). Your hand's palm will point in the direction of the force applied to the wire. Practically
speaking, hang the wire horizontally and let a known current pass through it, preferably from north
to south. The force acting on the wire will be perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic
field if the magnetic field is oriented east-west. The right-hand rule states that the magnetic field
is heading west if the wire feels an upward push. This is due to the fact that your fingers point west
when you point your right thumb south (the direction of current) and your palm upward (the
direction of force). In addition, the magnetic field points east if the wire encounters a downward
force. This is due to the fact that your fingers point east when you point your right thumb south
and your palm downward. You may tell if the magnetic field is pointing east or west by closely
observing the direction of the force on the wire and using the right-hand rule.

39. A 2.0-m length of straight wire carries a current of 20 A in a uniform magnetic field of
50 mT whose direction is at an angle of 37° from the direction of the current. Find the force
on the wire.

F = ILB sin (θ)

Given,

I = 20 A

L = 2.0 m

B = 50 mT = 50 x 10−3T

Θ = 37o

Plug these values into the formula:

F = (20 A) (2.0m) (50 x 10−3 T) sin (37𝑜 )

Calculate sin (37o ):

sin (37o ) ≈ 0.6018

Now, compute the force:

F = (20 A) (2.0m) (50 x 10−3 T) (0.6018)

F = 40 (50 x 10−3T) (0.6018)

F = 40 (0.050) (0.6018)

F = 2.0 x 0.6018

F ≈ 1.2036 N

So, the force on the wire is approximately 1.204 N.

42. A horizontal magnetic field of 1.0 x 10^-4 T is at an angle of 30° to the direction of the
current in a straight, horizontal wire 75 cm long. If the wire carries a current of 15 A, what
is the magnitude of the force on the wire?

F = ILB sin (θ)

Given,

I = 15 A

L = 75 cm = 0.75 m

B = 1.0 x 10−4T

Θ = 30o

Plug these values into the formula:

F = (15 A) (0.75m) (1.0 x 10−4 T) sin (30o )

Calculate sin (30o ):

sin (30o ) ≈ 0.5

Now, compute the force:

F = (15 A) (0.75m) (1.0 x 10−4 T) (0.5)

F = 15 x 0.75x (1.0 x 10−4T) (0.5)

F = 11.25 x 0.5 x 10−4

F = 5.625 x 10−4

F = 5.625 x 10−4 N

So, the magnitude of the force on the wire is 5.625 x 10−4 N.

50. What is the force per unit length on wire 1 in Fig. 19.38?
To determine the force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying wires, we follow the
μ0 I1 I2
Ampere’s force law: f = 2πd
We calculate the force per unit length on wire 1 due to wire 2:
(4π×10−7 N/A2 )×8.0A×2.0A
f12 =
2π×0.09 m
f12 = 3.56 × 10−5 N/m

51. What is the force per unit length on wire 2 in Fig 19.38?

The force per unit length on wire 2 due to wire 1 will be equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force on wire 1 due to wire 2 that is related to Newton’s third law.
Therefore, f21 = 3.56 × 10−5 N/m.

55. Two straight wires are positioned at right angles to each other as in Fig. 19.41. What is
the net force on each wire? Is there a net torque on each wire?

➢ Two straight wires are positioned at right angles to each other and carry currents, they interact
magnetically that lead the force and torque between them.
Force on Wire 1 (Horizontal)
The magnetic force F1 on Wire 1 due to Wire 2: Fon 1 = I1 × L1 × B2
Force on Wire 2 (Vertical)
The magnetic force F2 on Wire 2 due to Wire 1: Fon 2 = I2 × L2 × B1 .
➢ Since, both of the wire carry the same amount of currents of 15A, the forces on each wire will
be equal in magnitude. Since the forces are equal in magnitude and perpendicular to each other.
➢ The net force will be |Fnet 1 | = |Fon 1 | and |Fnet 2 | = |Fon 2 |. Furthermore, since the |Fon 1 | =
|Fon 2 |The torque will also be equal in magnitude but may act in the opposite direction
depending on the relative position of the wires.

19.6 ELECTROMAGNETISM: THE SOURSE OF MAGNETIC FIELD

62. There are two solenoids, one with 100 turns and the other with 200 turns. If both carry
the same current, will the one with more turns necessarily produce a stronger magnetic
field at its center? Explain.

➢ The solenoid with 200 turns will generate a higher magnetic field at its centre if both
solenoids are the same length.
➢ The ratio N/L will determine the strength of the magnetic field if the solenoids are of various
lengths. A larger N/L ratio solenoid will generate a more powerful magnetic field.

Because of this, a solenoid with more turns does not always generate a greater magnetic field at
its center, this also relies on the solenoid's length.

66. A solenoid is 0.20 m long and consists of 100 turns of wire. At its center, the solenoid
produces a magnetic field with a strength of 1.5 mT. Find the current in the coil.

BL
I= μo N

(1.5x10−3 T)(0.20m)
I =
(4πx10−7 Tm/A)(100)
1.5x10−3 x0.20
I= 4πx10−7 x100
3x10−4
I= 4πx10−5
3x10−4
I= 1.25664x10−4
I ≈ 2.39A
➢ Therefore, the current in the coil is approximately 2.39A.

69. Two long, parallel wires separated by 0.20 m carry equal currents of 1.5 A in the same
direction. Find the magnitude of the magnetic field 0.15 m away from each wire on the side
opposite the other wire (Fig. 19.42).

oμ I
B = 2πr
oμ I (4πx10−7 ) x 1.5
B1 = 2πr = 2π x 0.15
 4πx10−7 x 1.5
B1 = 0.3
6x10−7
B1 = 0.3
B1 = 2x10−6 T = 2μT
B2 = 2μT
Btotal = B1 + B2
Given B1 = B2 = 2μT
Btotal = 2μT + 2μT = 4μT

CHAPTER 20
20.1 INDUCED EMF: FARADAY’S LAW & LENZ’S LAW

3. A bar magnet is dropped through a coil of wire as shown in Fig. 20.26.

(a) Describe what is observed on the galvanometer by sketching a graph of versus t.

The magnetic field increases at first upon approach of the magnet and then decreases. This is
because the flux increases at first and then decreases. The change in the sign is because at first it
tried to oppose the incoming magnetic field, now it’s opposing the outgoing magnetic field.

(b) Does the magnet fall freely? Explain.

No, the magnet does not fall freely because the emf induced will produce a force to oppose the
falling magnet to oppose flux change in accordance with the Lenz Law.

7. Does the induced emf in a closed loop depend on the value of the magnetic flux in the loop?
Explain.

➢ Yes, the induced electromotive force (emf) in a closed loop does depend on the value of the
magnetic flux through the loop. This relationship is governed by Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, which states that the emf induced in a closed loop is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.
➢ Mathematically, Faraday's Law can be expressed as,

dΦB
ε=
dt

Where:

● ε is induced emf (electromotive force),

● ΦB is the magnetic flux through the loop,
 dΦB
● is the rate of change of magnetic flux with time.
dt
➢ The induced emf 𝜀 is directly proportional to the magnitude of the rate of change of magnetic
dΦB
flux | | . If the magnetic flux changes rapidly, the induced emf will be larger and if it
dt
changes slowly, the induced emf will be smaller.
➢ The direction of the induced emf depends on the direction of the change in magnetic flux
relative to the loop. According to Lenz's Law, the induced emf generates a current that creates
a magnetic field opposing the change in flux that produced it.
➢ The actual value of the magnetic flux 𝛷𝐵 itself affects the initial conditions of the induced
emf. A larger initial magnetic flux will result in a larger absolute induced emf for a given rate
of change, and vice versa.
➢ Therefore, the induced emf in a closed loop is directly tied to the dynamics of the magnetic
flux through the loop. This dependence is fundamental to understanding how electromagnetic
induction works and is essential in various applications such as generators, transformers, and
inductive sensors.

12. The plane of a conductive loop with an area of 0.020 m^2 is perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.30 T. If the field drops to zero in 0.0045 s, what is the magnitude of the
average emf induced in the loop?

ε = -dΦ/dt

The magnetic flux through the loop is:

Φ=B×A

Φ = 0.30 T × 0.020 m^2

Φ = 0.006 Wb

The change in flux over time is:

dΦ = 0.006 Wb - 0 Wb

= 0.006 Wb

The rate of change of flux is:

dΦ/dt = 0.006 Wb / 0.0045 s

= 1.33 Wb/s

Applying Faraday's law:

ε = -dΦ/dt

ε = -(1.33 Wb/s)

ε = 1.33 V

22. The magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of a wire loop with an area of 0.10 m^2
changes with time as shown in Fig. 20.30. What is the magnitude of the average emf induced
in the loop for each segment of the graph (for example, from 0 to 2.0 ms)?

From 0 ms to 2.0 ms

ε = A (ΔB) / dt

ε = 0.10 m^2 (1.0 T - 0 T) / (0.002s - 0 s)

= 50 V

From 5.0 ms to 2.0 ms

ε = A (ΔB) / dt

ε = 0.10 m^2 (0.6 T - 1.0 T) / (0.005 s - 0.002 s)

= -13.33 V

From 10.0 ms to 5.0 ms

ε = A (ΔB) / dt

ε = 0.10 m^2 (0.6 T - 0.6 T) / (0.010 s - 0.005 s)

=0V
From 14.0 ms to 10.0 ms

ε = A (ΔB) / dt

ε = 0.10 m^2 (0 T - 6.0 T) / (0.014 s - 0.010 s) = -15 V

24. A metal airplane with a wingspan of 30 m flies horizontally at a constant speed of 320
km/h in a region where the vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic field is 5.0 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 T.
What is the induced motional emf between the tips of the plane’s wings?
ε = BⅴL
Given,
B = 5.0 x 10−5 T
v = 320 km/h
L = 30m

First, convert the velocity from km/h to m/s:

v = 320 km/h x (1000m/1km) x (1h/3600s)
v = 320 x (1000/3600) m/s
v = 320 x 5/18 m/s
v = 1600/18 m/s
v ≈ 88.89 m/s

Now, plug in the values to find the induced emf:

ε = BvL
ε = (5.0 x 10−5 T) (88.89 m/s) (30m)
ε = 5.0 x 10−5 T x 88.98 x 30
ε = 5.0 x 10−5 T x 2666.7
ε = 0.133335V
Therefore, the induced motional emf between the tips of the planes wings is approximately 0.133
V.
25. Suppose that the metal rod is Fig 20.11 is 20 cm long and is moving at a speed of 10𝒎/𝒔
in a magnetic field of 0.30 T and that the metal frame is covered with an insulating material.
Find

(a) the magnitude of the induced emf across the rod,

ε = BⅴL
Given,
B = 0.30 T
v = 10 m/s
L = 20 cm = 0.20 m

Now, plug in the values to find the induced emf:

ε = BvL
ε = (0.30 T) (10 m/s) (0.20 m)
ε = 0.30 x 10 x 0.20
ε = 0.60 V
So, the magnitude of the induced emf across the rod is 0.60 V.

(b) the current in the rod

ε
I=R

Since the resistance is not given in the problem,

Let the resistance R of the rod is known or assume R = 2Ω

0.60 V
I= 2Ω

I = 0.30 A

So, assuming a resistance of 2Ω, the current in the rod would be 0.30 A.

If the resistance is different, the formula remains the same, and you would plug in the actual
value of R to get the current.
 26. The flux through a fixed loop of wire changes uniformly from +40 Wb to -20Wb in 1.5
ms. (a) What is the significance of the negative flux? (b) What is the average induced emf in
the loop?

➢ First, we list the data given in the question.The initial flux, ϕi = +40Wb and the final flux, ϕf =
−20Wb and the time interval, Δt = 1.5ms
➢ In terms of electromagnetic induction, the negative sign of the final flux indicates that the
direction of the magnetic flux through the loop has been reserved compared to the initial flux
that is in positive sign. This change in flux direction signifies that the induced current in the loop
would flow in the opposite direction compared to when the flux was positive. This is crucial
because the direction of the induced current depends on the direction of change in magnetic flux
through the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
𝛥𝜙
(a) Using Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction : 𝜀 = 𝛥𝑡

−20Wb−(+40Wb) −60Wb
ε= =
1.5×10−3 1.5×10−3

60×103 V
ε = 1.5×10−3s = 40 × 106 V

Thus, the average induced emf in the loop is 40 × 106 V.

20.2 ELECTRIC GENERATORS & BACK EMF

33. A student has a bright idea for a generator: For the arrangement shown in Fig. 20.33, the
magnet is pulled down and released. With a highly elastic spring, the student thinks that
there should be a relatively continuous electrical output. What is wrong with this idea?

The Idea of simply moving a magnet up and down with a spring will produce a changing in
magnetic flux. However, this movement is not continuous. According to Faraday’s Law of
 Electromagnetic Induction, once the magnet reaches its maximum displacement and returns to its
original, the flux through the coil will become constant resulting in zero induced emf and the
electrical output would not be continuous but rather intermittent. Moreover, the movement of
magnet and spring will produce the continuous mechanical energy and should be converted into
electrical energy. The loss of energy would occur due to friction in the spring and air resistance.
This will reduce the efficiency of the generator and the overall efficiency of the system. In short,
this idea will cause big challenges in maintaining continuous electrical output due to intermittent
and energy losses.

20.3 TRANSFORMERS & POWER TRANSMISSION

89. In Figure 20.36, a metal bar of length L moves in a region of constant magnetic field.
That field is directed into the page. (a) The direction of the induced current through the
resistor is (1) up, (2) down, or (3) there is no current. Why? (b) If the magnitude of the
magnetic field is 250 mT, what is the current?

➢ The direction of the induced current through the resistor is downward because according to
Lenz's Law, the induced current will flow in a direction that is opposite to the change that
initiated it. In this instance, the induced current generates a magnetic field of its own to oppose
the bar's motion. Because the induced emf forces positive charges up the bar, making the top
end positive and the bottom end negative, the induced current via the resistor is directed
downward. As a result, the circuit is completed when the current passes through the resistor and
descends.
ε = BLv
ε = (250x10−3 T)(0.50m)(2.0m/s)
ε = 0.25V
0.25V
I= 10Ω

I = 0.025A