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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
88 views17 pagesCBSE 10th Solved Paper Document
Yyyyyyyyyyyyuyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Uploaded by
lakshyabhatia2020Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 17
How Do Organisms
Reproduce?
Fastracl« Revision
> Reproduction: It is the process of producing new
organisms from the existing organisms of the same
species. It Is vital for the existence and continuity of the
species. Reproduction involves the creation of DNA copy
that leads to variations and it serves as the basis for
evolution. There are two modes of reproduction in living
organisms—asexval and sexual reproduction
> Asexual Reproduction: It is the production of
offspring by a single parent without the formation
‘and fusion of gamete. Itis extremely useful as a means
of rapid multiplication and is common in lower plants
and animals. eg, Binary Fission in Amoebo, Budding in
Hydra, etc.
‘Fission: Its the splitting of a unicellular organism
into two or more than two separate daughter cells
Fission can be binary and multiple.
{@) Binary Fission: Init, parent organism divides into
two Identical daughter organisms with definite
orientation, e.g, Amoeba, Leishmania.
igo
Binary Fission in Amoebs
(b) Multiple Fission: In it, parent organism divides
into many identical daughter organisms, eg.
Plasmodium.
‘© Budding: In this process, a daughter organism Is
Formed at one specific site known as bud, which
develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division on the parent body. When Fully mature, It
detaches fram the parent body and becomes a new.
individual, e.9,, Yeast, Hydra.
eninsos
ayo Ye
Budding In Hydra
© Regeneration: [tls he ability of afully differentiated
organism to give rise to new individual organism
From its body part. eg, Hydro, Planaria.
© Spore Formation: in it, a parent plant produces
hundreds of microscopic reproductive units called
‘spores’, which germinate and produce new plants
eg. Rhizopus, Mucor, et.
‘Spore Formation in Rhizopus
‘© Fragmentation: In it, the body of a simple
multicellular organism’ breaks into two or more
pieces upon maturation. The pieces or fragments
grow Into new individuals, eg. Spirogyra and Sea
‘© Vegetative Propagation: In it, new plants are
obtained from the vegetative parts like stems, roots
and leaves under appropriate conditions. There are
two methods of vegetative propagation natural
{by roots, stems and leaves) and artifical (grafting,
Cutting, layering and tissve culture).
‘* Advantages of Vegetative Propagation:
() Plants bear flowers and Fruits earlier by those
propagated sexvally
{id Plants which have lost the capacity to produce
seeds can reproduce by vegetative propagation.
(ill All plants produced are genetically similar to the
parent plant.
Sexual Reproduction: It \s a type of reproduction in
which the two sexes, /e, male and female are involved.
Both sexes produce gametes, namely, male gamete or
sperm and Female gamete or ova. Thus, It Involves two
major processes, Le, Formation of gametes and Fusion
of gametes (fertilisation).
‘Significance of Sexual Reproduction:
() Error in ONA copying mechanism leads to
Variations in populations which ensures the
survival of the species.
(ip It involves re-establishment of the aumber of
chromosomes and the DNA content in the new
generation. Ths is achieved by a process of cell
dlvision called melosis.
Sexval Reproduction in Flowering Plants: A typical
flower consists of sepals, petals, stamens and pisti
Stamen Is the male reproductive part and produce
pollen grains that contain male gamete. Pisti (carpel) is
the Female reproductive part which consists of swollen
bottom part ovary, middle elongated part style and
sticky terminal stigma. Ovary contains ovules and each
ovule has an egg cell (Female gamete) Aathar
Stamen
Fuameny
Longitudinal Section of Flowar
{A flower is said to be unisexual IF it contains either
stamens or pistil whereas if it contains both stamens
‘and pistil, itis called bisexual. Papaya and watermelon
are unisexual whereas mustard and hibiscus are
bisexual flowers.
* Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the
anther of the stamen to the stigma of a flower is
termed as Pollination. It is of two types, ie, self
pollination and cross-pollination. Ifthe pollen grains
fall on the stigma of the same Flower, it is called as
selF-pollination. Ifthe pollen grains are transferred
to the stigma of a different flower, itis called as
cross-pollnation. It is achieved by agents like wind,
water or animals.
© Fertilisation:
olen grain
<2_stuyma
oto gomato
| — Potion tubo
Femate
‘gamete
Gormination of pollen an stigma
A tube grows out of pollen grain cantaining two
male gametes and travels through the style to
reach the female gamete present in ovule in the
ovary. Out of the two, ane male gamete Fuses with
the female gamete to form a zygote. This fusion
is called fertilisation. Afterwards, zygote divides
several times to form embryo inside ovule, the ovule
turns into a seed and the ovary grows and ripens,
to form a Fruit. Fruits consist of seeds which is the
reproductive unit of a plant.
> Sexual Reproduction in Humans: in human beings,
sexual reproduction can occur only after the onset of
puberty. It is the time period when our body begins
to develop and the reproductive organs in males and
Females attain maturity.
'# Male Reproductive System: It consists of testes,
vas deferens, penis, urethra and associated glands.
'* Female Reproductive System: It consists of overy,
oviduct or fallopian tube, uterus and vagina
MNEMONICS
Concept : Ports of Female Reproductive System
‘Mnemonics : Our Father is Very Understanding.
Interpretation : Ovary Fallopian Tube, Vagina, Uterus
> Fertilisation in Humans: After copulation, the sperms
reach the falloplan tube where the ovum is present and
fertilisation takes place to form a zygote which starts
dividing for a period of nine months called the gestation
period. Then a strong rhythmic muscular contraction
In the uterus leads to childbirth. The embryo or zygote
{gets nutrition From the mother’s blood with the help oF a
special tissue called placenta,
> Menstruation: If fertilisation does not take place, then
the process of menstruation occurs in Females. It is the
breakdown and removal of the thick, spongy lining of
uterus in the form of vaginal bleeding. This cycle takes
place every month or at a regular interval of 28 days and
Usually lasts For about 2-8 days.
> Menopause: It is the stage that marks the end of
menstruation in women at the age of 45 to SO years, After
this stage, the ovaries do not release eggs.
> Birth Control: A number of methods or techniques have
been developed to prevent and control pregnancy. These
methods are:
(Barrier: Condom, Diaphragm,
Contraceptive Device (UCD).
(i) Chemical: Oral contraceptive pls, vaginal pills.
(ii) Surgical: Vasectomy, tubectory.
> Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): These are
diseases which spread by sexual contact from an infected
person to a healthy person or through sexual routes.
‘The most common ones are bacterial infections such as
gonorrhoea, syphilis and viral infections such as genital
warts and HIV-AIDS, An important benefit in the use of
condom is that it protects a person from STDs.
Intrauterine
NaN Practice Exercise
~@ Multiple choice Questions
QL. Which one of the given statements is incorr
(ese 2023)
a. DNAhasthe complete information for aparticuar
characteristic
b.DNA is the molecule responsible for the
Inheritance of characters from parents to
offsprings.
© Change in Information will produce a different
protein.
G. Characteristics will remain the same even if
protein changes. Q2. The image shows the model of a family of dogs.
Both white and
White ears Brown ears brown ears.
| ¥ | U
éf
Father ‘Mother
parent but not identical. What is the likely reason
for this?
‘a. Variation in the genetic material
b. Fast multiplication of body cells
Asexual mode of reproduction
d. Effect of environment on the offspring
Q3. The image shows the division in Spirogyra.
‘What can be concluded about the Spirogyra from
this division?
a. it is a multicellular organism gives rise to two
new equal sized individuals.
b. itis a unicellular organism that gives rise to two
new equal sized individuals
€ tis a unicellular organism that breaks into pieces
that grows into new individuals,
dit Is @ multicellular organism that breaks into
pleces that grows into new individuals
4. A farmer wants to grow banana plants genetically
similar enough to the plants already available
in his field. Which one of the following methods
‘would you suggest for this purpose?
(case Sop 2023-24)
‘a. Regeneration
b. Budding
Vegetative propagation
d. Sexual reproduction
QS. Choose the correct statement(s) on budding in
Hydra from the following:
|. A parent cell divides into two or more daughter
cells and here the parent identity is lost.
Il. In this, the elongated nucleus divides to form
two or more daughter nuclei.
10. Fertilisation is the process of:
Il, A bud arises from a particular region on a parent
body.
IV. After detaching from the parent body, the bud
grows into a new independent individual.
(case 2017)
Only! —b. Only ill c Handi d.lland IV
Q6. The number of chromosomes in parents and
offsprings of a particular species undergoing
sexual reproduction remain constant due to:
(case 2025)
a, daublingof chromosomes after zygote formation
». halving of chromosomes after zygote formation
c.daubling of chromosomes before gamete
formation
d. halving of chramosames at the time of gamete
formation
Q7. Plants which bear unisexual flowers are: (case 2023)
. Mustard and Papaya
b, Hibiscus and Watermeton
©. Mustard and Hibiscus
d. Watermetan and Papaya
Q8. The diagram shows the cross-section through the
carpel of a flower just before fertilisation:
Where will the male and female gametes be just
before fertilisation?
Male gamete Female gamete
a 7 5
b 1 4
c 2 4
a 3 5
Q9. Seeds are called products of sexual reproduction
because they: (cBse 2020)
a. give rise to new plants
bs, are formed by fusion of gametes
©. are formed by the fusion of pollen tubes
d. can survive for a longer period
(case 2020)
2. transfer of male gamete to female gamete
», fusion of nuclel of male and female gametes
c. adhesion of male and female reproductive organs
d, the formation of gametes by a reproductive
organ QIL The image shows the structure of a flower.
‘Which process will likely be disturbed or not occur,
if labelled part Is removed from the flower?
a. Formation of frult
b. Transport of pollen
Formation of pollen
. Development of pollen tube
12. The diagram shown below depicts pollination.
Choose the options that will show a maximum
variation in the offspring, (cBse Sp 2022-23)
SG A
O.- > he
Mos
a ABandc b Band 0
© Cand D 4. Aand C
13. Which option correctly ists the changes that occur
in males during puberty?
a. © thick hairs grow on face
cracking of voice
enlargement of reproductive organ
reproductive organs enlarge
size of the breasts increases
thick hairs grow on the body
thin hairs growth occurs on the body
size of the breasts increases
pitch of the voice increases
size of the breasts increases
beginning of menstruation
thick hairs grow on the body
eeccccccce
Q14. During adolescence, reproductive phase starts and:
(case 2025)
a. general growth rate begins to slow down
b. helght becomes less
© the body weight is reduced
d. halr grovith decreases
15. The correct sequence of organs in the male
reproductive system for transport of sperms is
(WCERTEXENPLAR)
a. testis vas deferens -> urethra
b. testis — ureter > urethra
C testis > urethra — ureter
d. testis > vas deferens — ureter
Q16. The table lists some changes that occur inside the
female body after fertilisation of egg with sperm:
() Rhythmic contractions of uterus muscle for
child birth
Qu.
Qs.
Q19.
Formation of placenta
(ii) Implantation of embryo
(iv) Development of organs in foetus
(v) Cell division of zygote
Which option correctly sequences these events?
a. (w(i)-(¥)-U-v)
b. ()-)-v)-0)-)
© (i ()-W))
4. Givi)
‘The diagram shows a section through the female
reproductive system:
During pregnancy, where does mitosis occur in the
cells of the embryo?
x y Zz
a v v é
b. v v Ki
© v x v
o x x v
Key ¥ = takes place, X = does not take place.
‘The Image shows the reproductive organ in females.
Which event will Ukely occur in the ovaries of
females after attaining puberty?
a. Fertilisation
b, Synthesis of eggs
©. Production of eggs
4d. Growth and development af embryo
Which among the following diseases is not
sexually transmitted?
a. Hepatitis
b. Syphilis
HIV-AIDS
Gonorrhea
(NCERT EXEMPLAR) Q20. The image shows a surgical method in females to
prevent pregnancy.
Fallopian tbe
lied and cut
i
‘Overy
Which event will be Uikely prevented from this
method?
a. Maturation of eggs
b. Production of eggs
Entry of eggs into the uterus
d. Entry of sperm into the uterus
Assertion & Reason type Questions w
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-30): Each of the following questions
consists of two statements, ane is Assertion (A) and the other
is Reason (R). Give answer:
a Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
‘and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (A) Is not a correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
© Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) Is false but Reason (R) is true.
Assertion (A): Amoeba always produces two
daughter amoebae while Plasmadium divides into
many daughter cells
Reason (R): Amoeba undergoes binary fission while
Plasmodium undergoes multiple fission. (case 2020)
‘Assertion (A): When a bacterium divides into two,
and the resultant two bacteria divide again, the
four bacteria produced would be almost similar.
Qa.
zz.
gaa
ea,
2s,
26.
gar.
Q2e.
gas,
30
Reason DNA copying involves small
inaccuracies in the reproduction process.
(cose 2023)
Assertion (A): Regeneration is getting a full
‘organism back from its body parts.
Reason (R): Hydra and Planaria show regeneration.
Assertion (A): The transfer of pollen grains from
the anther of a stamen to the stigma of 2 carpel is
called pollination.
Reason (R): Pollination is done by insects, birds,
wind and water.
Assertion (A): Probability of survival of an organism
produced through sexual reproduction is more
than that of organism produced through asexual
mode.
Reason (R): Variations provide advantages to
individual for survival. (CBSE SOP 2023-24)
Assertion (A): Testes are located outside the
abdominal cavity in the scrotum.
Reason (R): Because sperm formation requires
lower temperature than the normal body
temperature, (c0s€2020)
Assertion (A): The uterine line in human females
becomes thick and spongy every month.
Reason (R): The lining breaks and comes out
through the vagina as blood and mucus if
fertilisation does not occur.
Assertion (A): The embryo gets nutrition from the
mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called placenta.
Assertion (A): Condom protects 2 person from
STDs.
Reason (R): Condom prevents the sperms from
meeting the ovum by acting as a barrier.
Assertion (A): Vasectomy is a surgical method of
contraception.
Reason (R): In vasectomy, woman's oviduct are tied,
blocked or cut.
Answers
v.
1 (d) Characteristics will remain the same even if
proteln changes
2. (2) Variation in the genetic material
3. (0) In fragmentation. multicellular organisms Uke
Spirogyra. breaks up into smaller pieces upon
maturation. These pieces or fragments grow into
new individuals.
4, (€) Plants such as banana. orange. rose and jasmine
that have Lost the capacity to produce seeds are
reproduced thraugh vegetative propagation.
(@)tlandiv
(@) halving of chromosomes at the time of gamete
formation
(@) Watermelon and Papaya
ae
9.
10.
n
ns
4
15.
16.
(4) Male gamete Female gamete
3 5
(b) are formed by fusion of gametes
(b) Fusion of nucle of male and female gametes
{@) The labelled part is ovule. Removal of ovule
results in fallure of fertilisation. We know that
without fertilisation, formation of fruit will not
take place
() Bando
(2) Change in size of breasts and beginning of
menstruation are changes that occur in females
during puberty
{a) general growth rate begins to slow down
(2) testis + vas deferens -> urethra
() (v)-Cii)-Ci)-(iv)-(), Tov KX v
1B. (c) Production of eggs
19. (a) Hepatitis
20. (¢) Intubectomy. a small portion of oviduct or fallopian
tube Is cut and tled property. The fallopian tube in
the ferale gets blocked and the egg will not be
able to reach the uterus and thus fertilisation will
not take place
21. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true and
Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
{b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true, but Reason
(®) isnot the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
23. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
24, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
25, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R} are true and
Reason (R) is correct explanation of the Assertion
(a)
26. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true and
Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
27. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
28. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A),
29, (0) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A),
(@) Reason (R) Is false because In vasectomy, small
portion of the sperm duct is cut or tied properly.
‘) Case Study Based Questions y
Case Study 1
All the reproductive methods of living organisms
are broadly categorized into two types: 1. Asexual
reproduction, and 2. Sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction involves the participation of
a single parent without the formation of gametes,
fertilisation and transfer of genetic material. This
method is a common means of rapidly increasing
offsprings under favourable conditions.
Read the above passage carefully and give the
answer of the following questions:
QL Name the type of fission that occurs in Leishmania
and Plasmodium.
Q2. Writeoneadvantage of sexual mode of reproduction,
‘over asexual reproduction.
3. Give reasons why:
() Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but
multiply in sugar solution.
(i) Rhizopus individuals do not grow on a dry slice
of bread.
8
3
Or
Name the filamentous structures a student could
identify when he collected water from a pond that
appeared dark green. How do these organisms
multiply? Explain. (cose 2025)
Answers °
1. Leishmania — Binary fission
Plasmadiurn — Multiple fission
2. Organisms produced by sexual reproduction have
a greater survival rate a5 compared to asexual
reproduction as more variations are produced which
are important for the survival of species over time
(i) Yeast cells fail to multiply in water because water
does not provide any nutrition to yeast cells
Whereas in sugar solution. they multiply rapldty
because sugar provides nutrition to carry out
reproduction,
(i Rhizopus individuals do not grow on a dry stice
of bread because microorganisms need optimum
temperature and moisture to grow and if there Is
no moisture they will nat grow.
or
The filamentous structures are of Spirogyra.
Reproduction in Spirogyra: Spirogyra reproduces
through fragmentation in which spirogyra filaments
simply breaks into two or more fragments on
maturation and each fragment then grows into a new
spirogyra individual.
Case Study 2
‘The modes by which various organisms reproduce
depend on the body design of the organisms. In
asexual reproduction, a single individual parent
produces offsprings without the involvement of
gametes. This method is a common means of
increasing the offsprings rapidly under favourable
conditions. Asexual reproduction occurs mostly
in unicellular organisms, some plants and certain
simple multicellular animals. (CBSE 2022 Term-2)
Read the above passage carefully and give the
answer of the following questions:
QL. State the name of the organism in which binary
fission takes place in a definite orientation. Also
name the disease caused by this organism.
2. Leaves of ‘Bryophyllum’ when they fall on the soil
develop into new plants whereas a banana leaf will
not be able to do so, Why?
3. (i) Explain the process of budding in Hydra.
Or
(i) What happens when
(a) 2 spirogyra filament matures and attains a
considerable length and
(b)asporangiain Rhizopus bursts on maturation?
Answers *
1. In Letshmania binary fission takes place In a definite
orientation. It causes kala-azar.
2. The leaves of Bryophyllum have buds in their margins
(or edgec). When these leaves fall on the ground. the
buds develop into a new plant by process of vegetative
reproduction. The leaves of banana don't produce any
buds and hence cannot produce new plants. 3, () Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in
the process of budding. In Hydra. bud develops as
an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one
specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals,
‘and when fully mature. detach from parent body
‘and become new independent individuals.
or
(i) (@)A mature Spirogyra breaks into smaller
pieces or fragments and each fragment then
Gevelops into new individuals.
(0) When the sporangia of Rhizopus bursts upon
maturation. the spores spread out. Under
favourable conditions. these spores germinate
to form new individuals.
Case Study 3
The female reproductive system includes the
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and
mammary glands. These organs are involved
in the production and transportation of gametes
and the production of sex hormones. The female
reproductive system also facilitates the fertilisation
of ova by sperm and supports the development of
offspring during pregnancy and infancy.
Read the above passage carefully and give the
answer of the following questions:
QL. In which part do the sperms enter?
2. Inwhich part does fertilisation take place?
3. Inwhich part does the foetus develop?
4. Which structures in human female are equivalent
to the following structures in the male?
(i) Testes
\Vas deferens
In each case say in what respect the structures are
equivalent?
QS. Mention one function of part B.
. Answers °
1. Part 0 (vagina)
2. Part A (oviduct)
3, Part C (uterus)
4, (i) Ovaries in female: both make gametes.
Oviducts in Female: both transport gametes.
5. The function of ovary (part 8) Is to generate and
release female gametes. le. the eggs
Case Study 4
‘The growing size of the human population is a
cause of concern for all people. The rate of birth
and death in a given population will determine
its size. Reproduction is the process by which
organisms increase their population. The process
of sexual maturation for reproduction is gradual
and takes place while general body growth is still
going on. Some degree of sexual maturation does
not necessarily mean that the mind or body is
ready for sexual acts or for having and bringing
up children. Various contraceptive devices are
being used by human beings to control the size of
population. (cBse2020)
Read the above passage carefully and give the
answer of the following questions:
QL List two common signs of sexual maturation in
boys and girls.
Q2. What is the result of reckless female foeticide?
Q3. What is contraception?
Q4. Which contraceptive method changes the hormonal
balance of the body?
QS. Write two factors that determine the size of a
population.
- Answers *
1. Two common signs of sexual maturation in boys and
girls are as follows
() Appearance of hairs on various body parts such
as armpits and the genital area between the
thighs
{il) The skin frequently becomes ally and might
begin to develop pimples
2. Because of reckless female foeticides, child sex ratio
{s dectning at an alarming rate in our society.
3. Any method which prevents conception or pregnancy
{s called contraception.
4, Chemical method of contraception (oral. pills)
changes the hormonal balance of the body.
5. The rates of birth and death in a given population
determine its size
‘ Very Short Answer type Questions yw
QL Name the life pracess of an organism that helps in
the growth of its population. (cese 2015)
‘Ans. Reproduction Is the life process that helps in the
growth of population of an organism.
Q2. When a cell reproduces, what happens to its DNA?
(c@se 2017)
‘Ans. When a cell reproduces, its DNA replicates Le. two
copies of ONA are produced
Q3. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical at
times. Give one reason. (case 2017)
Ans. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical if
there is error in NA copying. a4.
Ans.
Qs.
Q6.
Q7.
Ans.
Why is variation important for a species? (case 2017)
Variation is important because it increases the
chance of survival of species in the newly changed
environment.
Name the causative agent of the disease’‘Kala-azar’
and its mode of asexual reproduction. (case 2015)
The causative agent of the disease ‘Kala-azar’ Is
Leishmania, it reproduces by binary fission.
How does Plasmodium reproduce? Is this method
sexual or asexual? (c8s€2017)
Plosmodium reproduces by multiple fission. itis an
asexual method of reproduction
What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament
attains considerable length? (case 2016)
When a mature Spirogyra filament attains
considerable length, it breaks into smaller pleces or
fragments and each fragment then grows into a new
plant.
Name two simple organisms having the ability of
regeneration. (case 2015)
;. Hydra and Planaria have the ability of regeneration.
Regeneration Is not possible In all types of animals.
Why?
3. Regeneration fs carried out by specialised cells, The
organisms which have those cells only can show
regeneration.
|. What is vegetative propagation? List its two
methods. (case2019)
In vegetative propagation, new plants are abtained
from the vegetative parts (stem. leaves, roots etc)
of the plant under appropriate conditions. Layering
and grafting are its twa methods.
What happens when Bryophyllum leaf falls on the
wet soil? (c0s€2017)
‘Ans. When Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil, the
buds that are produced in the notches along the leaf
develop inta new plants by vegetative propagation.
12. Give an example of a flower which contains both
stamens and carpels.
‘Ans. Hibiscus/Mustard contains both stamens and
carpels.
Q13. Name the parts of a bisexual flower that are not
directly involved in reproduction. (case 2015)
‘Ans. Sepals and petals of bisexual flowers are not directly
Involved in reproduction
Q14. Differentiate between pollen grain and ovule.
Ans.
Basis oF
Diffarance | Pollen Grain Ovule
() Gametes|
qu
(Gvules contain
female gametes.
Pollen grains contain
male gametes,
)) Location | Its found in the | Its found inside
anther of stamen. | the ovary of pistit
of a flower.
Qs.
Ans.
Differentiate between fertilisationandgermination.
Difference
Basis of
Fertilisation Germination
Definition
Itrefers to the
fusion of male and
female gametes,
It refers to the
development of
embryo into a
seedling under
appropriate
conditions.
Q16.
Qus.
Ans.
Q20,
Qa.
Ans.
Qzz.
Ans.
Q23.
Ans.
Qaa.
Ans.
Qzs.
Where is the zygote located in the flower after
fertilisation? INCERT EXEMPLAR)
. Zygote is located inside the ovule which is present in
the ovary,
State the basicrequirement for sexual reproduction.
(CBSE 2017)
‘The basic requirement for sexval reproduction is the
involvement of two parents and the fusion of their
gametes.
List two secondary sexual characters of males that
are different from that of females.
Secondary sexual characters of males are:
(i) Growth of beard and moustaches.
(i) Voice begins to crack
Name the organs in humans which produces
() mate germ cell and (ii) female germ cell.
(cBse2017)
(Testis (i) Ovary
Why is the temperature of scrotal sac less than
body temperature?
. Because formation of sperm requires a temperature
lower than that of the normal body temperature.
What is fertilisation? Where does it occur in a
human female?
The fusion of male and female gametes Is called
fertilisation,
Oviduct or fallopian tubes are the site of fertilsation
ina human female.
Why does the Lining of uterus become thick and
spongy every month?
The ining of uterus becomes thick and spongy to
receive and nurture the growing embryo.
What changes are observed in the uterus if
fertilisation does not occur? —_(NCERT EXEMPLAR)
‘When egg is not fertilised. then menstruation occurs.
le, the thick and spongy lining of uterus breaks and
‘comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus.
Name two infections which can be sexually
transmitted in human beings. (CBSE 2020)
Gonarthoea and HIV-AIDS
What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers
during sexual act? (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
. Mechanical barrier like condom prevents the sperms
from reaching the egg Thus. isan effective method
to avoid pregnancy. It also prevents transmission of
infections during sexual act. ) Short Answer tType-1 Questions
1. Name the type of asexual reproduction in which two
individuals are formed from a single parent and the
parental identity is lost. Write the first step from
where such a type of reproduction begins. Draw first
‘two stages of this reproduction. (case 2017)
‘Ans. Binary fission Is the type of asexual reproduction
in which two individuals are formed from a single
parent and the parental identity is lost.
This type of repraduction starts with elongation of
cell and its nucleus,
First Two Stages of Reproduction:
Parent Blongation of
Amoobo rnuelous
Q2. Name the process by which an Amoeba reproduces.
Draw the various stages of its reproduction in a
proper sequence. (cose 2018)
‘Ans. An Amoeba repraduces by binary fission.
Sb BD
Binary fission in Amooba
3. Draw a labelled diagram in proper sequence to
show budding in Hydra. (case 2019)
‘Ans. Budding in Hydrr
TRA A. Ait
ChE
Twyome Pathe Bid goss Bud eats
aout vecanon e
4. Give reasons as to why the following processes are
different from each other:
(i Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium.
(li) Binary fission and Fragmentation. (cast 2016)
Ans. (i) In Amoeba. during binary fission. the cell divides
into two daughter cells while in Plosmodum,
imutiple Fission occurs. where the cell divides into
many daughter cells simultaneously
(i) Inbinary fission, a unicellular organism splits into
twoormore daughter cells whilein fragmentation
the body of a multicellular organism breaks up
into smaller pieces upon maturation
Q5.(i) Name the reproductive and non-reproductive
parts of bread mould (Rhizopus).
(li) List any two advantages of vegetative
propagation. (€8S€ 2022 Term-2)
‘Ans. (i) Reproductive part —Sporangla (blob ona stick
structures)
Non-reproductive part — Hyphae (threadHike
structures),
(i) Advantages of Vegetative Propagation:
(a) All plants produced are genetically similar to
the parent plant.
(b) Plants which have lost the capacity to
produce seeds can reproduce by vegetative
propagation
Q6. List two disadvantages of vegetative propagation.
(case 2017)
‘Ans, Disadvantages of vegetative propagation:
(i) There Is no genetic variation, so new varieties are
not produced:
(W The disease of parent plants is transferred to
offsprings
Q7. Distinguish between unisexual and bisexual
flowers giving one example of each
ans.
peatlseF | | Unisexuat Rower | Bisexual flower
Sex Organs | They have only | They have both
one type of sex_| stamens and pistt
organ. ci
Stamen or pistil
Papaya and
Secerelonere | mustartare dhe
Te examples of | examples of this
this type. type.
G6. Name the reproductive parts of an angiosperm.
Where are these parts located? Explain the
structure of its male reproductive part.
(€8S€ 2022 Term-2)
‘Ans. Stamens and pists are the reproductive parts of an
angiosperm. The reproductive parts of angiosperms
are located in the flower. Stamen (male reproductive
part) is made up of two parts:
()) Aknob-ike terminal called the anther containing
pollen grains which are yellowish in colour.
(i) A stalletke part that supports anther. called the
filament
Q9. (In the given diagram, name the parts where
(2) pollen grains are produced and (b) pollen
grains are transferred.
(ll) Examples Hibiscus and (ii) What happens to ovule and ovary after
fertilisation? (CBSE 2022 Term-2)
Ans. (I) (a) 0 (Anther of stamen)
(b) & (Stigma)
ii) After fertilisation.
(2) ovule develops a tough coat and Is gradually
Converted Into a seed.
(b) ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit
In the following figure showing a germinating
gram seed, name the parts labelled as A,B and C:
A
B
€
Why is part’B" considered to be important during
germination? (CoSE 2022 Term-2)
Als plumule, B is cotyledon and C is radicle
Part Bis considered Important because It stores food
for the baby plant inside the seed during germination.
State the post-fertlisation changes that lead to
fruit formation in plants. (c8s€ 9p 2023-24)
fox,
TiP
Understand the concept of sexual reproduction In
Hace sirrcameh ont an Ge pee ioe
inthem deer ferttstion
ents that be plane ar Feretor areas ll:
(i) The zygote divides several times to form an
enibaye win eos
(il) The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually
anes
(ii) The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a
fruit
(iv) The petals. sepals. stamens. style and stigma
may shrivel and fall oft
Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if
pollination does nat occur? (WcenrexeNPLAR)
fi & Fins Tera ‘ass lh) Cle ane
female gametes.
TE pBIIPOT des not occur. male gamete is not
palate bance alaon camer np
What is puberty? Mention any two changes that
are common to both boys and girls in early teenage
years. (CBSE 2022 Term-2)
Puberty is the period during which adolescents reach
sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.
Changes common to both boys and girs are:
() Thick hair growing in armpits and genital area
between the thighs.
(i) Skin becomes oly and begin to develop pimples.
Name the part/organ of the human male
reproductive system:
() Which is a common passage for both sperms as
well as urine?
(ii) Where formation of germ celts or sperms takes
place?
(iil) Which Is blocked to prevent the transfer of
sperm?
Quo.
qn
Qu.
Ans.
qu.
Qu.
Ans.
as.
Que.
Qu.
Ans.
Que.
Qus.
Ans.
Q20.
Ans.
Which provides nutrition to the sperms?
(CBSE 2022 Term-2)
() Urethra (i) Testes (li) Vas deferens (iv) Prostate
gland and serninal vesicles.
Give reasons:
() Placenta is extremely essential for foetal
development.
(ii) Uterine lining becomes thick and spongy after
fertilisation. (cBS€ 2022 Term-2)
() Placenta is essential for foetal development
because it helps to transport the nutrients from
mother's blood to foetus body. Tt also helps in
transferring waste substance generated by
Foetus into the mother’s blood
(ii) This is required for nourishing the embryo. if
fertilisation had taken place
Write the number of immature eggs present in the
ovaries of a newly born baby girl. Mention what
happen to these immature eggs when the girl
attains puberty?
;. The ovaries of a newly born baby girl contain
thousands of immature eggs,
When the gir attains puberty, some of these eges
start to mature, One egg is praduced every month
‘one oF the ovaries
What is the main difference between sperms and
eggs of human?
Sperms are motile in nature and are produced in
iarge numbers by a male
Eggs are non-motile in nature and only one egg is
potest bytes
Suggest any two contraceptive methods to control
the size of human population and explain them.
(CBS€ 2022 Term-2)
. Two contraceptive methods are as follows
() Barrier method or Mechanical method: This
method prevents the meeting of sperms and
egg such as condoms onthe penis
(W) Oral contraceptive method: In this method.
drugs are taken orally as pills so that eggs are
ia ee
(i) State one drawback of each of the following:
{a) Oral contraceptive pills
(b) Copper-T
Under which category of contraceptive methods,
is the use of condom kept? In what way, use
is better as compared to other methods of
contraception? (c8S€ 2022 Term-2)
()(2)Orat contraceptive pills change hormonal
balances and they can cause side-effects too
(b) Copper-t can cause side-effects due toirritation
of the uterus.
(i) Condoms are kept under mechanical barriers.
Its use Is better because it help to prevent the
spread of sexually transmitted diseases Uke HV etc
List any two reasons why the Government has
banned prenatal sex determination by law.
The two reasons are
(i) Wega sex-selective abortion of female foetuses. (W) Reckless female foeticide has disturbed male-
female ration the society
{EOMWON] ERROR
Students write irrelevant stories, so read the question
carefully and write only what is asked.
® Short Answer type-ti Questions w
QL Reproduction is one of the most important
characteristics of living beings. Give three reasons
in support of the statement. (case 2017)
‘Ans. Reproduction is one of the most important
characteristics of living beings because of the
following reasons:
{)) It ensures continuation of species.
(i) Ie brings about variations in species. thus leading
to their evolution
(li) The consistency _of ONA copying during
copie i CapORaTE ane relnienon
of body design features. Thus, itensures stability
of population of a species.
Q2. How do variations arise in organisms? ‘Variation
is useful for the survival of species. Justify this
statement with the help of an example. (case 2017)
‘Ans. Variations arise in organism because of the following
reasons:
() Inaccuracies or error in ONA copying during
reproduction
(i) In sexual reproduction. two genes from two
different organisms combine to form a new
organism:
Variation is useful for the survival of species because
it enables some individuals to adapt to the changing
environment and thus glve better chances of survival
to the species.
For example. population of bacteria Uvesin temperate
waters. Ifthe ternperature of water increases by global
warming, then most of the bacteria would die. Only a
few variants resistant to heat would survive and grow
further.
Q3. Listthe two types of reproduction. Which one of the
two is responsible for bringing in more variations
progeny and how? (CBSE 2017)
‘Ans. The two types of reproduction are:
()) Asexual reproduction,
(jf) Sexual reproduction:
Sexual _reproduction Is responsible for bringing
jn more variations in its progeny because of the
following reasons:
(2) It involves fusion of male and female gametes
fromm two Sfferert rpanisig or arene
(b) ICinvolves the process of DNA copying, which Is
not absolutely ccurate and erors eit In new
variations,
Q4. Write one main difference between asexual and
sexual mode of reproduction. Which species is
likely to have comparatively better chances of
survival—the one reproducing asexually or the one
reproducing sexually? Give reason to justify your
answer. (case 2018)
Ans. In asexual mode of reproduction. a single parent Is
involved but two parents of opposite sex take partin
Sexual reproduction.
The organism reproducing sexually Is Ukely to have
corer ler cies oar
It fs So because sexual _reproduction_generates
more variations and thus the offsprings are better
‘adapted to the environment and therefore have
a
QS. Name the type of asexual reproduction in which
two individuals are formed from a single parent
and the parental identity is lost. Draw the initial
and final stages of this type of reproduction. Write
the event with which this process starts and draw
its labelled diagram, (c¥se2020)
Ans. Binary fission Is the type of asewual reproduction
in which two individuals are formed from a single
parent and the parental identity Is lost.
Fla
stage sig90
‘This type of reproduction starts with elangatian of
celland its nucleus
Dividing nucleus
TiP
Understand the concept of binary fission in Amoeba.
Drawing different steges of reproduction and practicing
them is mandatory.
Q6. (i) List in tabular form two differences between
binary fission and multiple fission.
(ii) Whathappens when a mature Spirogyra filament
attains considerable length? (CBSE 2020)
Ans. (i)
GBs oF T ainary ison | Mulpe sion
Ta) Concept | The parent organ- |The parent organiamn
ism dlvides Into two | divides _into_-many
identical coughter_ | daughter cells
calls
(b) Condition | it takes place in J It takes place in
required | favourable favourable 25 well
conditions as unfavourable
condtons
{c)Oision | Many different No definite
pattern | patterns of dision | pattern of oivision is
are observed. [observed
(any avo) (ll) A mature Spiragyra breaks Into smaller pieces 0. Describe reproduction by spores in Rhizopus.
or fragments and each fragment develops into a (cese2017)
fnew organism ‘Ans. Reproduction in Rhizopus:
Q7. (i) Budding, fragmentation and regeneration, all () Rhizopus have sporangia which contains spores
are considered as asexual mode of reproduction. 2 reproductive structures
Why? (i) Once sporangla are fully mature, they burst to
(i) With the help of neat diagram, explain the release spores in the environment.
process of regeneration in Planaria. (cist 2019) (li) Ouring unfavourable conditions. these spores are
‘Ans. (i) Budding. fragmentation and regeneration are protected by thick walls
considered as asexual modes of reproduction (v) On retum of the favourable conditions. spores
because all of them only involve only ane parent germinate to develop Into new Rhizopus individuals
and gametes are not involved in reproduction Spores
(i) Process of regeneration in Planaria: 5 —® @\»
porangia .
Pe
| | j
g a I /
a —_—
a" « f ~
=> Bap li} —>
y (
MO Spore formation In Rhizopus
QL. Draw a longitudinal section of a flower and label
the following parts:
() Part that produces pollen grain.
Q8. What is regeneration? Give one example of (ii) Part that transfers male gametes to the female
an organism that shows this process and one ‘gametes.
organism that does not. Why does regeneration (ii) Part that is sticky to trap the pollen grain.
not occur in the Latter? (case 2017) (iv) Part that develops into a fruit. (cose 2015)
‘Ans. Regeneration is a type of asexual reproduction and Ans. Longitudinal Section of a Flower:
is the ability of an organism to give rise to new
individual organism from its body parts when the
individual Is cut or broken up Into many pieces.
Planaria shows regeneration whereas Amoeba does
not.
Regeneration does not accur in the latter because
specialised cells responsible for regeneration are not
present in non-regenerating organisms (Amoebo).
Q9. Name the most suitable method of raising a
banana plant. Is this mode of reproduction sexual
or asexual? List three advantages of growing plants
by such a method. (case 2020)
Ans, The most suitable method of rasinga bananaplantis -{EOMMON] ERROR
vegetative propagotion. “Students often commit errors in labeling the diagram.
Vegetative propagation is an asexual mode of 919 Whatis carpel? Write the function of its varlous parts.
TiP
Practice drawing neat and welllabeleddlogram ofthe
tonstudnetseclon of lower:
reproduction. (cBs€ 2019)
‘Advantages of Vegetative Propagation: ‘Ans. Carpet is the female reproductive part of the plant
()) Plants bear flowers and frults earller by those Itls made of three parts:
popemedsenaly (i) Stigma: It Is the sticky surface which collects
pollen grains
(l) Plants which have lost the capacity to produce (i) Style it provides pathway to the pollen grains as
seeds can reproduce by vegetative propagation. invents
