ELECTRICITY

PREPARED BY: PROF. RAMON G. AGUADO

ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

1
 ELECTRICITY 101

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

LESSON 1
PRINCIPLE, CONCEPT AND THEORY

LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Understand the concept, principle and theory of electricity
2. familiarize the basic principles and concept of electricity
3. Relate effectively the concept, principle and theories of electricity

2
ACTIVATE

PREPARED BY: PROF. RAMON G. AGUADO

 What can you say about this image?

 How this image explain about electricity?

ACQUIRE
Electricity-a form of energy resulting from the
existence of charged particles (such as
electrons or protons), either statically as an
accumulation of charge or dynamically as a
current.
Similar:

Power, electric power, energy, current,

Static, power supply etc.
GENERATOR SET
Basic electrical quantities: current, voltage,
power. ... Voltage and current are the
cornerstone concepts in electricity. GENERATOR SET
Basic electrical concepts and terms - current,
voltage, resistance, power, charge, efficiency.

Electrical voltage
Electrical current
Electrical resistance BATTERIES
Electric power
Electric charge
Power efficiency
Power factor

3
Electrical theory is a basic building block that
every potential electrician must understand
from the start. ... Electrical theory is important
to understand the function and operation of
electrical equipment to ensure proper
installation and to complete tasks such as
troubleshooting electrical systems and
equipment.

What is Electricity?
So what is electricity and where does it come
from? More importantly, why is carpet, socks and
a doorknob a bad combination? In its simplest
terms, electricity is the movement of charge,
which is considered by convention to be, from
positive to negative. No matter how the charge is
created, chemically (like in batteries) or physically
(friction from socks and carpet), the movement of
the discharge is electricity.

Types of Electricity - Modern Methods

page corner

There are two types of Electricity, Static

Electricity and Current Electricity. Static
Electricity is made by rubbing together two or
more objects and making friction while
Current electricity is the flow of electric
charge across an electrical field.

Static Electricity

Static electricity is when electrical charges

build up on the surface of a material. It is
usually caused by rubbing materials together.
The result of a build-up of static electricity is
that objects may be attracted to each other or
may even cause a spark to jump from one to
the other. For Example rub a baloon on a
wool and hold it up to the wall.

Before rubbing, like all materials, the balloons

and the wool sweater have a neutral charge. Static Electricity
This is because they each have an equal
number of positively charged subatomic

4
particles (protons) and negatively charged
subatomic particles (electrons). When you
rub the balloon with the wool sweater,
electrons are transferred from the wool to the
rubber because of differences in the
attraction of the two materials for electrons.
The balloon becomes negatively charged
because it gains electrons from the wool, and
the wool becomes positively charged
because it loses electrons.

Current Electricity

Current is the rate of flow of electrons. It is

produced by moving electrons and it is
measured in amperes. Unlike static
electricity, current electricity must flow
through a conductor, usually copper wire.
Current with electricity is just like current
when you think of a river. The river flows from CURRENT FLOW
one spot to another, and the speed it moves
is the speed of the current. With electricity,
current is a measure of the amount of energy
transferred over a period of time. That energy
is called a flow of electrons. One of the
results of current is the heating of the
conductor. When an electric stove heats up,
it's because of the flow of current.

There are different sources of current

electricity including the chemical reactions
taking place in a battery. The most common
source is the generator. A simple generator
produces electricity when a coil of copper
turns inside a magnetic field. In a power
plant, electromagnets spinning inside many
coils of copper wire generate vast quantities
of current electricity.

There are two main kinds of electric current.

Direct (DC) and Alternating (AC). It's easy to
remember. Direct current is like the energy
you get from a battery. Alternating current is
like the plugs in the wall. The big difference
between the two is that DC is a flow of energy
while AC can turn on and off. AC reverses the

5
direction of the electrons.

Infinite Potential: Common Energy Sourcing

Options
Nearly all forms of sourcing energy involve
turbine use. For fossil fuel generated power,
this involves combustion for the production of
steam and gases to rotate turbine shafts,
which, when connected to a generator,
convert this mechanical energy into electrical
current. In renewable options, however, the
source itself typically fuels turbine movement.

 Natural Gas
Natural gas combustion alone, or as
part of a furnace/boiler system, propels
turbines to create energy.

 Coal
Most power plants use coal-fired
steam turbines to generate power,
though a few convert coal to a gas
before using it in turbines.

 Petroleum
Petroleum can also be burned to
produce combustion gases or steam to
power turbines.

 Nuclear Power
With nuclear power, nuclear fission
produces the energy-generating steam
necessary to spin turbines and
generate electricity.

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  Hydropower
Hydropower from dams and other
setups power turbines via flowing
water.

 Wind
Like giant pinwheels, turbines capture
energy from the wind for conversion
into electricity.

 Biomass
Derived from plant and animal waste,
materials are burned directly and used
as other fuels to power turbines or
internal combustion generators.

 Solar
Energy from the sun is captured in
photovoltaic solar cells, heating fluids
to produce steam and drive turbines.

 Geothermal
Heat from within the earth is
harnessed to for heating water into
steam to power turbines

APPLY

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Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Give a simple definition of electricity?

2. Give the 4 types of electricity?

3. Who Discovered Electricity?

4. How Is Electricity Used?

5. What are the basic concepts of electricity?

ASSESS
Questions: write the letters only. (PRE-TEST)
1.A simple device that opens and closes an electrical unit is called a(an):
A. Volt
B. Discharge
C. Switch
D. Ampere

2. The unit used for measuring electrical current is called a(an):

A. Electrode
B. Volt
C. Discharge
D. Ampere
3. This is the unit of measurement for measuring electrical pressure or EMF?
A. Switch
B. Volt
C. Ampere
D. Electrode

4. Material that electricity can travel through easily is called a

A. Conductor
B. Insulator
C. Relay
D. Resistor

5. A circuit is a path taken by a current. A path with no breaks is called a

A. Closed-circuit
B. Capacitor
C. Circuit Breaker
D. Variable Resistor

6. If there is a break in the path the current follows, the circuit is incomplete. A break in the path
is called an

8
 A. Open circuit
B. Parallel Circuit
C. Load Rejection
D. Electromotive Force

7. Materials that do not allow electrical charges to pass through it easily are called
A. Insulator
B. Conductor
C. Voltage
D. Waveform

8. Lightning is caused by the build-up of electrical charges in a cloud, also known as static
electricity.
A. True
B. False

9. Parallel circuits have only one path.

A. True
B. False

10. The current always travels from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
A. True
B. False

REFERENCES:

https://www.google.com/search?
q=concept+of+electricity&sxsrf=ALeKk00skWmkqoAzEukiIMQ6V8ztUvSScQ:1597146143520&tbm=isch&
source=iu&ictx=1&fir=SbwlMniyZkZzeM%252C

https://sciencing.com/10-questions-about-electricity-13659669.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/a/ee-voltage-and-
current

LESSON 2
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
LEARNING At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
OUTCOMES 1. Identified the electrical basic hand tools and equipment;
2. Familiarized the electrical hand tools and equipment;
3. Applied the basic knowledge and skills to perform job.
ACTIVATE

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 What is your observation about this image?

ACQUIRE
Pliers

Pliers can be used for cutting, twisting, bending, holding, and

gripping of wires and cables. The handles of the pliers will be
insulated and it can’t be considered as sufficient protection.
There are different types of pliers Side cutting pliers can be
used for cutting electrical wires and small nails. Longnose pliers can be used for cutting and
holding of fine wires and they can be used in tight space, these types of pliers are commonly used
for making terminal loops in copper wire. Diagonal pliers are used for cutting medium or fine wires
they are also used in bending small faces of soft metal.

Wire strippers

Wire strippers are used to remove the insulation of wires,

mostly medium-sized wires ranging from gauge 10 to gauge
16. Wire strippers are also used to remove the insulation of
rubber covered wires from gauge 26 to gauge 10.

A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing (installing) and unscrewing
(removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user

10
puts into the screw head before turning the handle.

Electrician Knife

These knives are used by lineman to remove the insulation of big cables
in high and low voltage transmission lines

Hammers

Hammers are tools which are used for pounding and

pulling out of nails, there are soft and hard-faced
hammers. Hard faced hammer can be used to strike
hard objects and they have a cylindrical-shaped
head. The soft-faced hammer is used for the
rewinding process. Mostly soft-faced hammers are made up of rubber or plastic. There are
different types of hammers like a claw hammer, ball peen hammer and mallet.

Electric drill

These devices are used to drill holes in metal

sheets and concrete walls, they can be used
to make holes in building structures for the
passage of wires and conduit. They can be
useful for indoor and outdoor wiring.

Wirepullers

Wirepullers are used to pull wires into conduit or raceways, these devices
will be very helpful for wire pulling.

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 EMT bender

EMT bender can be used to bend electrical metal tubing, it could be able
to do back to backbend in conduits, they can also do saddle bend and
can be used to straighten the conduit.

Soldering tools

Soldering tools can be used to make splices and tap connections in wires.
Many connections can be done with the help of this device. Soldering must be
done perfectly in order to get a better connection.

Wire gauge

Wire gauge can be used to measure the thickness or diameter of the wires, it
can be used in sizing conductors. The wire gauge can be used to measure
from gauge 0 to 36.

Hacksaw

Hacksaws can be used to cut metal conduit and armored cable, it

can also be used to cut the small and medium-sized metals.

Voltage tester

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Voltage tester can be called as a major tool for an electrician, a voltage tester is used to check if
there is voltage in a wire or in a conductor before using it. Digital voltage testers are available
which shows the presence of an electric field. Voltage testers are not used to measure high-level
voltages usually they are not used to measure voltages exceeding 250volts.

Multi-meter

A multimeter can be used to measure voltage, current, resistance, and

capacitance, conductance, a frequency so this instrument could
measure almost all things which is needed for an electrician. This meter can show the exact
reading too. There are digital and analog multimeters are available in the market.

Micrometer

A micrometer can be used to measure small and large sizes of

wires, it is also used to remove the diameter of circular wires. A micrometer can measure the
diameter of thin wire accurately or thickness of sheet metal.

Wrenches

Wrenches are instruments that can be used to turn nuts or hold the piece
of stock when tightening screws, nuts, and bolts. There are different types
of wrenches like adjustable wrenches, pipe wrench, vise grip wrench.

APPLY

GIVE THE PRIMARY FUNCTION/PURPOSE OF THE FOLLOWING TOOLS.

1.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

ASSESS

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer that describe the following statements below. Write
the complete words of your choice. (PRE-TEST)

1. It is an instrument used to measure electric pressure.

A. Ohmmeter C. Ammeter
B. Voltmeter D. T-Square
2. It is an Electrical instrument use to measure large amount of electric current.

14
 A. Ohmmeter C. milliammeter
B. Ammeter D. voltmeter
3. A tool that has a pivot and curved handles which may have insulated sleeves.
These are used to bend light sheet metal and wire.
A. Flat-Nose pliers C. Flat Screw Driver
B. Diagonal cutting Pliers D. Wire Strippers
4. It is a tool comes in various sizes and several tip shapes.
A. claw hammer C. screwdrivers
B. electrician plier D. wire stripper
5. A straight edge tool which made up of steel which has division in metric system and is used for
laying out or taking measurement or work and marking out lines on the materials is,
A. wire gauge C. steel tape or pull-push tape rule
B. T-square D. meter stick

REFERENCES
https://www.thespruce.com/top-electrical-tools-1152575https://www.thespruce.com/top-electrical-
tools-1152575
https://automationforum.co/15-basic-electrical-tools-which-are-used-by-an-electrician/

LESSON 3
ELECTRIC CHARGE

LEARNING At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

OUTCOMES 1. Described the concept of electric charge,
2. Explain the principle of electric charge in electricity.
3. Appreciate the purpose and importance of electric charge

ACTIVATE

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 SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THIS IMAGE..

ACQUIRE
Electric Charge Definition
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CHARGE?
Electric Charge is nothing but the amount
Most electric charge is carried by the electrons of energy or electrons that pass from one body
and protons within an atom. Electrons are said to another by different modes like conduction,
to carry negative charge, while protons are induction or other specific methods. This is a
said to carry positive charge, although these basic electric charge definition. There are two
labels are completely arbitrary (more on that types of electric charges. They are positive
later). Protons and electrons attract each other, charges and negative charges.
the archetype of the cliché "opposites attract,"
according to the University of Georgia’s
website, HyperPhysics. Conversely, two Charges are present in almost every type of
protons repel each other, as do two electrons. body. All those bodies having no charges are
the neutrally charged ones. We denote a charge
Protons and electrons create electric fields, y the symbol ‘q’ and its standard unit is
which exert a force called the Coulomb force, Coulomb. Mathematically, we can say that a
which radiates outward in all directions. charge is the number of electrons multiplied by
According to Serif Uran, a professor of physics the charge on 1 electron. Symbolically, it is
at Pittsburg State University, the electric field
radiates outward from a charged particle
similarly to how light radiates outward from a

16
light bulb. Just as with the brightness of the
Q = ne
light, the strength of the electric field decreases
as the square of the distance from the source
(1/r2). If you move twice as far away, the where q is a charge, n is a number
strength of the field decreases to one-fourth, of electrons and e is a charge on 1 electron (1.6
and if you move three times as far away, the × 10-19C). The two very basic natures of electric
field decreases to one-ninth. charges are

Because protons are generally confined to the

nuclei imbedded inside atoms, they are not  Like charges repel each other.
nearly as free to move as are electrons.
 Unlike charges attract each other.
Therefore, when we talk about electric charge,
we nearly always mean a surplus or deficit of This means that while protons repel protons,
electrons. When an imbalance of charges they attract electrons. The nature of charges is
exists, and electrons are able to flow, an responsible for the forces acting on them and
electric current is created. coordinating the direction of the flow of them.
The charge on electron and proton is the same
A localized and persistent deficit or surplus of in magnitude which is 1.6 × 10-19 C. The
electrons in an object causes static electricity. difference is only the sign that we use to denote
Current can take the form a sudden discharge them, + and -.
of static electricity such as a lightning bolt or
the spark between your finger and a grounded
light switch plate; the steady flow of direct
current (DC) from a battery or solar cell; or an
oscillating current such as that from an
alternating-current (AC) generator, a radio
transmitter, or an audio amplifier.

APPLY
1. Like charges attract; unlike charges repel.
True
False
2. When polythene is rubbed with wool, positive charges move from the polythene to the wool.
True
False
ASSESS

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer by writing the complete word or group of words that
describe the following statements below. (PRE-TEST)

1. Electrical charges move easily through paths called conductor. The ability of a conductor to

17
permit current flow is designated as __________.
A. electrical pressure C. conductance
B. resistance D. applied current
2. It is a particle of an atom which has negatively charge.
A. Electrons C. Elements
B. Protons D. Molecules
3. It is a particle of an atom which positively charge.
A. Atoms C. Protons
B. Elements D. Electrons
4. Charge with the same polarity tends to:
A. repel each other C. differ each other
B. attract each other D. opposite
5. Voltage is also known by:
A. potential difference C. Potential difference between two points on a circuit
B. Electromotive force D. All of the above

REFERENCES
https://www.livescience.com/53144-electric-charge.htmlhttps://www.livescience.com/53144-electric-
charge.html

https://physics.info/charge/summary.shtmlhttps://physics.info/charge/summary.shtml

LESSON 4
ELECTRIC CURRENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
1. Described the principles of electric current,
2. Relate the principle of electric current,
3. Appreciate the purpose of electric current.
ACTIVATE

18
 This image
explain the
direction of
current..

ACQUIRE
Electric current is electric charge in motion. It can take the form of a sudden discharge of static
electricity, such as a lightning bolt or a spark between your finger and a ground light switch plate.
More commonly, though, when we speak of electric current, we mean the more controlled form of
electricity from generators, batteries, solar cells or fuel cells.

Most electric charge is carried by the electrons and protons within an atom. Protons have positive
charge, while electrons have negative charge. However, protons are mostly immobilized inside
atomic nuclei, so the job of carrying charge from one place to another is handled by electrons.
Electrons in a conducting material such as a metal are largely free to move from one atom to
another along their conduction bands, which are the highest electron orbits. A sufficient
electromotive force (emf), or voltage, produces a charge imbalance that can cause electrons to
move through a conductor as an electric current, according to Serif Uran, a professor of physics at
Pittsburg State University.

While it is a bit dicey to compare electric current to the flow of water in a pipe, there are some
similarities that might make it somewhat easier to understand. We can think of the flow of
electrons in a wire as the flow of water in a pipe, according to Michael Dubson, a professor of
physics at the University of Colorado Bolder. The caveat is that, in this case, the pipe is always
full of water. If we open the valve on one end to let water into the pipe, we don't have to wait for
that water to make its way all the way to the end of the pipe. We get water out the other end
almost instantaneously because the incoming water pushes the water that's already in the pipe
toward the end. This is what happens in the case of electrical current in a wire. The conduction
electrons are already present in the wire; we just need to start pushing electrons in one end, and
they start flowing at the other end almost immediately.

According to the Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website, the actual speed of an electron
in a wire is on the order of a few million meters per second, but it doesn't travel straight down the
wire. It bounces around nearly at random and only makes progress at a few millimeters per
second. This is called the electron's drift velocity. However, the transmission speed of the signal,
when electrons start being pushed out the other end of the wire after we flip the switch, is nearly

19
the speed of light, which is about 300 million meters per second (186,000 miles per second). In
the case of alternating current, where the current changes direction 50 or 60 times per second,
most of the electrons never make it out of the wire.

The basic principle of the current transformer is the same as that of the power transformer.
Whenever an alternating current flows through the primary winding, alternating magnetic flux is
produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary winding. ..

Direct current
The next known way to create a charge imbalance was the electro-chemical battery, invented in
1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta for whom the unit for electromotive force, the volt (V) is
named. His "voltaic pile" consisted of a stack of alternating zinc and copper plates separated by
layers of cloth soaked in salt water and produced a steady source of direct current (DC). He and
others improved and refined his invention over the next few decades. According to the National
Museum of American History, "batteries attracted the attention of many scientists and inventors,
and by the 1840s were providing current for new electrical devices like Joseph Henry's
electromagnets and Samuel Morse's telegraph."
Other DC sources include fuel cells, which combine oxygen and hydrogen into water, and
produce electrical energy in the process. Oxygen and hydrogen can be supplied as pure gasses
or from air and a chemical fuel such as alcohol. Another source of DC current is the photovoltaic
orsolar cell. In these devices photonic energy from sunlight is absorbed by electrons and
converted into electrical energy.

Alternating current
Most of the electricity that we use comes in the form of alternating current (AC) from the electric
power grid. Alternating current is produced by electric generators that operate on Faraday’s Law
of Induction, by which a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a conductor.
Generators have rotating coils of wire that pass through magnetic fields as they turn. As the coils
rotate, they open and close with respect to the magnetic field and produce an electric current that
reverses direction every half turn. The current goes through a complete forward-and-reverse cycle
60 times each second, or 60 hertz (Hz) (50 Hz in some countries). Generators can be powered by
steam turbines heated by coal, natural gas, oil or a nuclear reactor. They can also be powered by
wind turbines or water turbines in hydroelectric dams.

From the generator, the current goes through a series of transformers, where it is stepped up to a
much higher voltage for transmission. The reason for this is that the diameter of the wires
determines the amount of current, or amperage, they can carry without overheating and losing

20
energy, but the voltage is limited only by how well the lines are insulated from the ground. It is
interesting to note that the current is carried by only one wire and not two. The two sides of direct
current are designated as positive and negative. However, because the polarity of AC changes 60
times per second, the two sides of alternating current are designated as hot and ground. In long-
distance power transmission lines, the wires carry the hot side, and the ground side travels
through the Earth to complete the circuit.

Since power equals voltage times amperage, you can send more power down the line at the
same amperage by using higher voltage. The high voltage is then stepped down as it is
distributed through a network of substations until it gets to the transformer near your house, where
it is finally stepped down to 110 V. (In the United States, wall sockets and lights run on 110 V at
60 Hz. In Europe, nearly everything runs on 230 V at 50 Hz.)

Advertisement
Once the current gets to the end of the line, most of it is used one of two ways: either to provide
heat and light through electrical resistance, or mechanical motion through electrical induction.
There are a few other applications — fluorescent lights and microwave ovens come to mind —
that operate on different principles, but the lion's share of power goes to devices based on
resistance and/or inductance. A hair dryer, for example, uses both at the same time.

This brings us to an important feature of electric current: it can do work. It can light your home,
wash and dry your cloths, and even raise your garage door at the flip of the switch. What is
becoming more and more important, though, is the ability for electric current to convey
information, most notably in the form of binary data. Although the Internet connection to your
computer uses only a tiny fraction of the electric current of, say, an electric heater, it is becoming
more and more important to modern life.

APPLY

Activity 1: Fundamentals
Question Group 1
Question 1
The diagram shows a circuit with a 3-cell battery, a light bulb, and four labeled locations. Which statement
describes the direction of conventional current in this circuit?
Current is directed from A to B to C to D.
Current is directed from D to C to B to A.
Current is directed from A to B and from D to C to the bulb.

21
Question 2
The diagram shows a circuit with a 3-cell battery, a light bulb, and four labeled locations. Which statement
describes the direction of conventional current in this circuit?
Current is directed from D to C to B to A.
Current is directed from A to B to C to D.
Current is directed from A to B and from D to C to the bulb.

Question Group 2
Question 1
The diagram shows a circuit with a 3-cell battery, two light bulbs, and three labeled locations. Which
statement describes the relative amount current at the three locations?
The current is the same at all three locations.
The current is greatest at A and least at C.
The current is greatest at C and least at A.

Question 2
The diagram shows a circuit with a 3-cell battery, a light bulb, and four labeled locations. Which statement

22
describes the direction of conventional current in this circuit?
Current is directed from D to C to B to A.
Current is directed from A to B to C to D.
Current is directed from A to B and from D to C to the bulb.

ASSESS
PRE-TEST
1. The current value in series circuit is,
A. Current are the same in any point C. always not the same
B. Different in some point D. none of the above
2. Which of the following is not a load?
A. Bulb C. dc volt
B. electric motor D. electric oven
3. A device that uses electricity for some function is,
A. source C. Loop of wire
B. Load D. Switches
4. In ohms law, current is always express in,
A. Amperes C. Watts
B. Volts D. Ohms
5. In a closed circuit:
a. Electrons flow because there is a potential difference
b. There is a complete path
c. The potential difference pumps the free electrons
d. All of the above
REFERENCES
https://www.livescience.com/53889-electric-current.htmlhttps://www.livescience.com/53889-electric-
current.html
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/current-transformer.html
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-Builders/Circuits/Electric-Current/Questions

LESSON 5
VOLTAGE
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Described the principles of voltage,

23
 2. Relate the principle of voltage;
3. Appreciate the purpose of voltage.
ACTIVATE

Voltage, provided by an energy source such as a battery, is what causes current to flow.

ACTIVATE

What is voltage?
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.

In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term recognizes Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic pile—the forerunner of today's household
battery.

In electricity's early days, voltage was known as electromotive force (emf). This is why in
equations such as Ohm's Law, voltage is represented by the symbol E.

Example of voltage in a simple direct current (dc) circuit:

In this dc circuit, the switch is closed (turned ON).

Voltage in the power source—the "potential difference" between the battery's two poles—is
activated, creating pressure that forces electrons to flow as current out the battery's negative

24
terminal.
Current reaches the light, causing it to glow.
Current returns to the power source.
Voltage is either alternating current (ac) voltage or direct current (dc) voltage. Ways they differ:

Alternating current voltage (represented on a digital multimeter by ):

Flows in evenly undulating since waves, as shown

voltage
Reverses direction at regular intervals.
Commonly produced by utilities via generators, where mechanical energy—rotating motion
powered by flowing water, steam, wind or heat—is converted to electrical energy.
More common than dc voltage. Utilities deliver ac voltage to homes and businesses where the
majority of devices use ac voltage.
Primary voltage supplies vary by nation. In the United States, for example, it's 120 volts.
Some household devices, such as TVs and computers, utilize dc voltage power. They use
rectifiers (such as that chunky block in a laptop computer's cord) to convert ac voltage and current
to dc.

Generator
Generators convert rotating motion into electricity. The rotary
motion is commonly caused by flowing water (hydroelectric
power) or steam from water heated by gas, oil, coal or nuclear
power.
Direct current voltage (represented on a digital
by V line dash and mV):

Travels in a straight line, and in one direction only.

Commonly produced by sources of stored energy such as batteries.
Sources of dc voltage have positive and negative terminals. Terminals establish polarity in a
circuit, and polarity can be used to determine if a circuit is dc or ac.
Commonly used in battery-powered portable equipment (autos, flashlights, cameras).

What is potential difference?

Voltage and the term "potential difference" are often used interchangeably. Potential difference
might be better defined as the potential energy difference between two points in a circuit. The
amount of difference (expressed in volts) determines how much potential energy exists to move
electrons from one specific point to another. The quantity identifies how much work, potentially,
can be done through the circuit.

A household AA alkaline battery, for example, offers 1.5 V. Typical household electrical outlets
offer 120 V. The greater the voltage in a circuit, the greater its ability to "push" more electrons and
do work.

25
Voltage/potential difference can be compared to water stored in a tank. The larger the tank, and
the greater its height (and thus its potential velocity), the greater the water's capacity to create an
impact when a valve is opened and the water (like electrons) can flow.

Why measuring voltage is useful

Technicians approach most troubleshooting situations knowing how a circuit should customarily
perform.

Circuits are used to deliver energy to a load—from a small device to a household appliance to an
industrial motor. Loads often carry a nameplate that identifies their standard electrical reference
values, including voltage and current. In place of a nameplate, some manufacturers provide a
detailed schematic (technical diagram) of a load's circuitry. Manuals may include standard values.

These numbers tell a technician what readings to expect when a load is operating normally. A
reading on a digital multimeter can objectively identify deviations from the norm. Even so, the
technician must use knowledge and experience to determine the factors causing such variances.

APPLY
1. Resistance is measured in ___.
A. volts C. amps
B. ohms D. coulombs
2. A path that is made for an electric current is?
A. Static electricity C. conductor
B. A circuit D. resistor
3. Voltage is measured in __.
A. volts C. watts
B. coulombs D. OHMS

4. What is this symbol for?

A. light bulb C. switch

B. battery D. resistor
5. As the resistance of a circuit increases (voltage remains constant), the current will
A. increase C. decrease
B. stay the same D. none of the above

ASSESS

26
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer and write word or group of words that describe the
following statements below. (PRE-TEST)

1. In a closed circuit:
A. Electrons flow because there is a potential difference
B. There is a complete path
C. The potential difference pumps the free electrons
D. All of the above
2. A circuit formed two or more resistor connected end to end in a circuit.
A. Parallel C. Forward
B. Series D. Reverse
3. It is the rate or measure of power used or consumed.
A. Ampere C. Resistance
B. Watt D. All of the above
4. A circuit whose path (loop) is unbroken and current can flow is called,
A. open circuit C. Closed circuit
B. Switches and fuses D. none of the above
5. The opposition offered by the flow of current is,
A. Resistance C. amplification
B. Rectification D. All of the above
6. It is an invisible thing that produces heat light, motion and etc.
A. Electronics C. Electrons
B. Electricity D. Protons
7. A voltage will influence current only if the circuit is:
A. open C. high resistance
B. insulated D. closed
8. Which resistive component is designed to be temperature sensitive?
A. Thermistor C. Potentiometer
B. Rheostat D. Photoconductive cell
9. It gives power to all stages of the circuit.
A. power supply C. VOM
B. computer D. amplifier

10. In practical applications, battery voltage:

A. is restored as soon as disconnect occurs
B. is lowered as the load increases
C. may be stored indefinitely
D. will be reduced to zero as power is drawn
REFERENCES
https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/best-practices/measurement-basics/electricity/what-is-voltage
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/90471/questions-about-voltage
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law/all
https://www.google.com/search?
q=ELECTRIC+CURRENT&sxsrf=ALeKk00CAccfdUd7CYno4HxFHrflvrIv_w:1597319183102&tbm=isch&source
=iu&ictx=1&fir=rFPDUkA9Da0jkM%252Ce4PJnt8gvcrR9M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQLF0jO-

27
Gw0XDsJ2d4q32T3PKCaGQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQp4HUjZjrAhWEwosBHaVbB5AQ_h0wAnoECAoQBA&bi
w=1242&bih=524#imgrc=rFPDUkA9Da0jkM

LESSON 6
RESISTANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Described the principles of resistance
2. Relate the principle of resistance
3. Appreciate the purpose of resistance in the circuit.
ACTIVTE

28
THIS IMAGE SHOWS HOW RESISTANCE RESIST/LIMIT THE FLOW OF CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE.

ACQUIRE

What is resistance?

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named
after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who studied the relationship between
voltage, current and resistance. He is credited for formulating Ohm's Law.

All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall into one of two broad categories:

Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can move easily.
Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons. Examples:
Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.

Resistance is defined as a refusal to give in or to something that slows down or prevents

something. An example of resistance is a child fighting against her kidnapper. An example of
resistance is wind against the wings of a plane.

29
RESISTOR IS AN EXAMPLE OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS THAT LIMIT THE FLOW OF
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE.

APPLY
GIVE THE OHMIC VALUE OF THE FOLLWING RESISTOR.

1. YELLOW, ORANGE, BROWN, GOLD

2. WHITE, RED, ORANGE, SILVER
3. RED, RED,BROWN, GOLD
4. GREEN, ORANGE, ORANGE, SILVER
5. ROWN, BLACK. REDD, GOLD

ASSESS

PRE-TEST
1. The unit of resistance equal to 1000 ohms is,
A.1 Mega ohms C. One ohm
B.1 kilo ohms D. 1.5 Kilo ohms
2. A circuit formed two or more resistor connected end to end in a circuit.
A.Parallel C. Forward
B.Series D. Reverse
3. The total resistance in series circuit is,
30
 A. Sum of individual C. R1 and R2
B. Always the same D. none of the above
4. . The opposition offered by the flow of current is,
A. Resistance C. amplification
B. Rectification D. All of the above
5. A device having a resistance used to control current flow in a circuit.
A. Resistor c. transistor
B. Capacitor b. All of the above
REFERENCES
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/resistance

https://www.chemicool.com/definition/electrical_resistance.html

LESSON 7
OHM’S LAW
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Familiarized the OHM’S LAW formula
2. Performed OHM’S LAW
3. Appreciated the purpose of OHM’S LAW
ACTIVATE

31
THIS IMAGE SHOW YOU THE FORMULAS HOW TO COMPUTE BASED ON THE GIVEN
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES.

ACQUIRE

OHM’S LAW - HOW VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE RELATE

Voltage, Current, and Resistance

An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is created to allow electric charge to
continuously move. This continuous movement of electric charge through the conductors of a
circuit is called a current, and it is often referred to in terms of “flow,” just like the flow of a liquid
through a hollow pipe.

The force motivating charge carriers to “flow” in a circuit is called voltage. Voltage is a specific
measure of potential energy that is always relative between two points. When we speak of a

32
certain amount of voltage being present in a circuit, we are referring to the measurement of how
much potential energy exists to move charge carriers from one particular point in that circuit to
another particular point. Without reference to two particular points, the term “voltage” has no
meaning.

Current tends to move through the conductors with some degree of friction, or opposition to
motion. This opposition to motion is more properly called resistance. The amount of current in a
circuit depends on the amount of voltage and the amount of resistance in the circuit to oppose
current flow. Just like voltage, resistance is a quantity relative between two points. For this
reason, the quantities of voltage and resistance are often stated as being “between” or “across”
two points in a circuit.

Units of Measurement: Volt, Amp, and Ohm

To be able to make meaningful statements about these quantities in circuits, we need to be able
to describe their quantities in the same way that we might quantify mass, temperature, volume,
length, or any other kind of physical quantity. For mass we might use the units of “kilogram” or
“gram.” For temperature, we might use degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. Here are the
standard units of measurement for electrical current, voltage, and resistance:

units of measurement for electrical current

The “symbol” given for each quantity is the standard alphabetical letter used to represent that
quantity in an algebraic equation. Standardized letters like these are common in the disciplines
of physics and engineering and are internationally recognized. The “unit abbreviation” for each
quantity represents the alphabetical symbol used as a shorthand notation for its particular unit of
measurement. And, yes, that strange-looking “horseshoe” symbol is the capital Greek letter Ω,
just a character in a foreign alphabet (apologies to any Greek readers here).

Each unit of measurement is named after a famous experimenter in electricity: The amp after the
Frenchman Andre M. Ampere, the volt after the Italian Alessandro Volta, and the ohm after the
German Georg Simon Ohm.

The mathematical symbol for each quantity is meaningful as well. The “R” for resistance and the
“V” for voltage are both self-explanatory, whereas “I” for current seems a bit weird. The “I” is
thought to have been meant to represent “Intensity” (of charge flow), and the other symbol for
voltage, “E,” stands for “Electromotive force.” From what research I’ve been able to do, there
seems to be some dispute over the meaning of “I.” The symbols “E” and “V” are interchangeable
for the most part, although some texts reserve “E” to represent voltage across a source (such as
a battery or generator) and “V” to represent voltage across anything else.

All of these symbols are expressed using capital letters, except in cases where a quantity
(especially voltage or current) is described in terms of a brief period of time (called an
“instantaneous” value). For example, the voltage of a battery, which is stable over a long period
of time, will be symbolized with a capital letter “E,” while the voltage peak of a lightning strike at
the very instant it hits a power line would most likely be symbolized with a lower-case letter “e”
(or lower-case “v”) to designate that value as being at a single moment in time. This same lower-

33
case convention holds true for current as well, the lower-case letter “i” representing current at
some instant in time. Most direct-current (DC) measurements, however, being stable over time,
will be symbolized with capital letters.

ANALYZING SIMPLE CIRCUITS WITH OHM’S LAW

Let’s see how these equations might work to help us analyze simple circuits:

current flow ohms law

In the above circuit, there is only one source of voltage (the battery, on the left) and only one
source of resistance to current (the lamp, on the right). This makes it very easy to apply Ohm’s
Law. If we know the values of any two of the three quantities (voltage, current, and resistance) in
this circuit, we can use Ohm’s Law to determine the third.

In this first example, we will calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of
voltage (E) and resistance (R):

34
What is the amount of current (I) in this circuit?

In this second example, we will calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit,
given values of voltage (E) and current (I):

What is the amount of resistance (R) offered by the lamp?

35
In the last example, we will calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current
(I) and resistance (R):

What is the amount of voltage provided by the battery?

current-flow voltage battery equation

APPLY
USING THE GIVEN FORMULAS COMPUTE THE FOLLOWING UNKOWN QUANTITY.

1. What Is amount of voltage provide by the battery?

I=4 AMP

R=10 Ω

36
2. Calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R):

3. What is the amount of resistance (R) offered by the lamp?

ASSESS
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer and write word or group of words that describe the
following statements below.

1. It is an Electrical instrument use to measure large amount of electric current.

A. Ohmmeter C.
B. Ammeter D. voltmeter
2. What is the Voltage drop across resistor of 25 ohms when a current of 500
A. 12.5 Volts C. 4 Volts
B. 5 Volts D. 525 Volts
3. In ohms law, current is always express in,
A. Amperes C. Watts
B. Volts D. Ohms
4. Substance the has a very high resistance is,
A. conductor C. insulator
B. dielectric D. inductor

37
5. In a closed circuit:
a. Electrons flow because there is a potential difference
b. There is a complete path
c. The potential difference pumps the free electrons
d. All of the above

REFERENCES
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage-current-resistance-relate/

LESSON 8
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
LEARNING At the end of the lesson the students must have:
OUTCOMES 1. Familiarized the different kinds of circuit,
2. Perform circuit tracing,
3. Appreciate the purpose of diagram.
ACTIVATE

SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THE IMAGE.

38
APPLY

What is an Electric Circuit

An Electric Circuit is the conductive path for flow of current or electricity is called electric circuit
or electrical circuit. A conductive wire is used to establish relation among source of voltage and
load. An ON / OFF switch and a fuse is also used in between the source and load.

39
1. Close Circuit
When load works on its own in a circuit then it is called Close Circuit or Closed Circuit. Under
this situation, the value of current flow depends on load.

2. Open Circuit
When there is a faulty electrical wire or electronic component in a circuit or the switch is OFF,
then it is called Open Circuit. In the below diagram you can see that the Bulb is Not glowing
because either the switch is OFF or there is fault is the electrical wire.

3. Short Circuit
When both points (+ & –) of voltage source in a circuit gets joint with each other for some reason
then it is called Short Circuit. Maximum current starts to flow under this situation. Short circuit
generally happens when the conducting electrical wires get joint of even because of shorting in
the load.

40
4. When 2 or more loads (Bulb, CFL, LED, Fan etc) are connected to each other in a series, then
it is called a Series Circuit. In a series circuit, if one load or bulb gets fuse, then rest of the bulbs
will not get power supply and will not glow. Look at the example below.

5. Parallel Circuit
When 2 or more loads (Bulb, CFL, LED, Fan etc) are connected to each other in parallel, then it
is called Parallel Circuit. In this type of circuit, the voltage capacity of all loads must be equal to
input supply. Power of “load” can be different. In a parallel circuit, if one load or bulb gets fuse,
then rest of the bulbs will still get power supply and will glow.

APPLY
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. It is a type of circuit that if one load or bulb Blown fuse, then rest of the bulb will not get power
supply and will not glow.
2. When there is a faulty electrical wire or electronic component in a circuit or the switch is OFF
and the load will not glow. What is the type of circuit?
3. A type of circuit whose voltage capacity is equal to the input supply and if one of the load gets
fuse rest of the load will not be affected.
ASSESS
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer and write word or group of words that describe the
following statements below.
1.A circuit whose path (loop) is unbroken and current can flow is called,
A. open circuit C. Closed circuit
B. Switches and fuses D. none of the above

41
2. A circuit formed two or more resistor connected end to end in a circuit.
A. Parallel C. Forward
B. Series D. Reverse
3. What is the total resistance of a circuit in which the resistor are series- connected with the
value
of 220 ohms, 680 ohms and 60 ohms respectively?
A. 690 ohms C. 680 ohms
B. 960 ohms D. 609 ohms
4. When the resistance is small the current flow is,
A. small current flow C. high voltage produce
B. Large current flow D. none of the above
5. Voltage is also known by:
a. potential difference
b. Electromotive force
c. Potential difference between two points on a circuit.
d. All of the above

REFERENCES
http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electric-circuit-types-of-electric-circuit.html#1_Close_Circuit
https://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/what-is-an-electric-circuit.html

LESSON 9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Described the elements of circuit diagram
2. Performed electrical diagraming
3. related the purpose of circuit diagram.
ACTIVATE

 WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF CIRCUIT SHOWN ON THIS IMAGE?

 ENUMERATE..

42
ACQUIRE
A circuit element is an idealised mathematical model of a two-terminal electrical device that is
completely characterised by its voltage-current relationship. Although ideal circuit elements are not “off-
the-shelf” circuit components, their importance lies in the fact that they can be interconnected (on paper
or on a computer) to approximate actual circuits that are composed of nonideal elements and assorted
electrical components – thus allowing for the analysis of such circuits.
Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives
energy to the charged particles constituting the current, such as a battery or a generator; devices that
use current, such as lamps, electric motors, or computers; and the connecting wires or transmission
lines. Two of the basic laws that mathematically describe the performance of electric circuits are Ohm’s
law and Kirchhoff’s rules.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS AND COMPONENT LAYOUTS

Circuit diagrams show the connections as clearly as possible with all wires drawn neatly as
straight lines. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit
diagram and this can be confusing for the beginner. The secret is to concentrate on the
connections, not the actual positions of components.

Unlike a block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the actual electrical
connections. A drawing meant to depict the physical arrangement of the wires and the
components they connect is called artwork or layout, physical design, or wiring diagram.

What is Basic Electrical Diagram?

A basic electrical diagram is a graphical representation of simple electrical circuit. It shows the
components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized symbols.

43
BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (ONE BULB SUPPLIED BY BATTERY AND CONTROLLED BY
ONE SPST SWITCH.)

APPLY
DRAW THE CIRCJUIR DIAGRAM OF THE FOLLOWING.(USE ALTERNATING CURRENTC SOURCE)

1. ONE BULB CONTROLLED BY ONE SPST SWITCH.

2. TWO BULB CONTOLLED BY 2 SPST SWITCHES AT 2 DIFFERENT LOCATION.
3. THREE BULB CONTROLLED BY 3 SPST SWITCHES AT 3 DIFFERENT LOCATION

ASSESS
PRE-TEST
1. What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown below?
A. 27 Ohms C. 2.6 Ohms
B. 0.38 Ohms D. 30 Ohms

2. THREE BULB CONTROLLED BY 3 SPST SWITCHES AT ONE LOCATION. (DRAW THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AND ACTUAL CONNECTION)

44
REFERENCES
https://electronicsclub.info/circuitdiagrams.htm
https://online.visual-paradigm.com/diagrams/templates/basic-electrical-diagram/simple-electric-
circuit/https://online.visual-paradigm.com/diagrams/templates/basic-electrical-diagram/simple-electric-
circuit/

LESSON 10
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students must have:
1. Identified the different kinds of basic electrical
symbols
2. Familiarized the different kinds of electrical
symbols.
3. Related the purpose of electrical symbols.
ACTIVATE

PERFORM CONNECTION OF 2 BULBS INTO DRY CELL/BATTERY.

NOTE: Connection should be in vertical and horizontal lines.

ACQUIRE
The basic electrical symbols are used to simplify the drafting and to help people
understand the electrical drawing. Electrical symbols are standardized throughout the
industry, so it is easy to achieve the ability to interpret the meaning of the symbols.
With the standard electrical symbols in Edraw, you can create a circuit diagram that
shows the actual layout of the components simply and quickly. Electrical symbols
virtually represent the components of electrical and electronic circuits. This article

45
shows many of the frequently used electrical symbols for drawing electrical diagrams.
Though these standard symbols are simplified，the function descriptions can make
you understand clearly.

Table of Electrical Symbols

Symbol Component name Meaning

Wire Symbols

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open

Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed

DIP Switch DIP switch is used for onboard configuration

SPST Relay
Relay open / close connection by an
electromagnet
SPDT Relay

46
 Close connection by jumper insertion on
Jumper
pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

Ground Symbols

Used for zero potential reference and

Earth Ground
electrical shock protection.

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

Resistor Symbols

Resistor (IEEE)

Resistor reduces the current flow.

Resistor (IEC)

Potentiometer (IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.

Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

47
 Thermal resistor - change resistance when
Thermistor
temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with light

dependent resistor (LDR) intensity change

Capacitor Symbols

Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It
acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit
with DC.
Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols

Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

Variable Inductor

Power Supply Symbols

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

48
Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by

Generator
mechanical rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Generates voltage as a function of voltage

Controlled Voltage Source
or current of other circuit element.

Generates current as a function of voltage or

Controlled Current Source
current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols

Measures voltage. Has very high resistance.

Voltmeter
Connected in parallel.

Measures electric current. Has near zero

Ammeter
resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through

49
Lamp / light bulb

Lamp / light bulb

Diode / LED Symbols

Diode allows current flow in one direction

Diode
only - left (anode) to right (cathode).

Allows current flow in one direction, but also

Zener Diode can flow in the reverse direction when above
breakdown voltage

Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage

Schottky Diode
drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through

Photodiode allows current flow when

Photodiode
exposed to light

Transistor Symbols

Allows current flow when high potential at

NPN Bipolar Transistor
base (middle)

Allows current flow when low potential at

PNP Bipolar Transistor
base (middle)

Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total

Darlington Transistor
gain of the product of each gain.

50
JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols

Motor Electric motor

Change AC voltage from high to low or low

Transformer
to high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse
The fuse disconnects when current above
threshold. Used to protect circuit from high
currents.
Fuse

Contains several wires. Usually for data /

Bus address.

Bus

51
 Bus

Optocoupler isolates connection to other

Optocoupler / Opto-isolator
board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital converter
Converts analog signal to digital numbers
(ADC)

Digital-to-Analog converter
Converts digital numbers to analog signal
(DAC)

Used to generate precise frequency clock

Crystal Oscillator
signal

⎓
Direct current is generated from constant
Direct current
voltage level

Antenna Symbols

Antenna / aerial

Transmits & receives radio waves

Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

52
 Logic Gates Symbols

NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0

AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.

Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT +

NAND Gate
AND)

OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR)

Outputs 1 when inputs are different.

XOR Gate
(Exclusive OR)

D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1

Connects the output to selected input line.

Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1

Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4 Connects selected output to the input line.

53
APPLY
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ASSESS
PRE-TEST
A. GIVE THE NAME OF THE FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS.

1.

3.

4.

5.

54
B. DRAW THE FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS.

1. VARIABLE CAPACITOR

2. WIRE

3. INDUCTOR

4. CHASSIS GROUND

5. SPDT SWITCH

REFERENCES
https://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.html

https://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.html

55