Python basics

Uzma Sulthana, Dept. of CSE, MSRIT

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2 Programming 1/7/23
 Basics
⚫ Type into the interactive shell, also called the
REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print Loop), which lets
you run (or execute)
 Basics
⚫ Python instructions one at a time and
instantly shows you the results.
⚫ Expression
⚫ Values
⚫ operators
 Basics
⚫ Error

⚫ A crash just means the program stopped

running unexpectedly.
Operators in python
expressions
Order of operations

⚫ Whitespace in between the operators and

values doesn’t matter for Python (except for
the indentation at the beginning of the line),
but a single space is convention.
Order of operations
Order of operations
Order of operations
Example
More Examples
A= 1 0 B=-5 C=2 D=5

1. (A+B)*(C-D)
2. A//C%3
3. D*(B+A)
4 . C + (B - C)/D
S y n t a x Error
 Questions
⚫ Which of the following are operators, and
which are values?

⚫ What is an expression made up of?

The Integer, Floating - Point, a n d
String D a t a Types
⚫ A data type is a category for values, and
every value belongs to exactly one data
type
The Integer, Floating - Point, a n d
String D a t a Types
⚫ Python programs can also have text values
called strings
⚫ Always surround your string in single quote ( ‘ )
⚫ Eg 'Hello‘
⚫ You can even have a string with no characters in
it, ‘ ', called a blank string or an empty string.
 String Concatenation and Replication
⚫ The meaning of an operator may change based on
the data types of the values next to it.
⚫ Eg 2+3, 3.2 + 5.6
⚫ However, when + is used on two string values, it
joins the strings as the string concatenation
operator
> > > 'Alice' + ' B o b '
'AliceBob‘

⚫ However, if you try to use the + operator on a string

and an integer value, Python will not know how to
handle this, and it will display an error m e s s a g e .
 String Concatenation and Replication
⚫ The * operator multiplies two integer or
floating-point values.
⚫ But when the * operator is used on one string
value and one integer value, it becomes the
string replication operator.
> > > 'Alice' * 5
'AliceAliceAliceAliceAlice‘

> > > 'Alice' * 'Bob‘

 Storing Values in Variables
W h a t is variable ?
A variable is a quantity that may be changed
according to the mathematical problem.
Eg : x+1

⚫ A variable is like a box in the computer’s

memory where you can store a single value.

X
A s s i g n m e n t Statements
⚫ An assignment statement consists of a
variable name, an equal sign (called the
assignment operator), and the value to be
stored.
⚫ Eg spam = 42,
A s s i g n m e n t Statements
variable initialization
Variable N a m e s
⚫ A good variable name describes the data it contains
⚫ Example?

⚫ Naming restrictions
1. It can be only one word with no spaces.
2. It can use only letters, numbers, and the underscore (_)
character.
3. It can’t begin with a number.
4. Variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that spam,
SPAM, Spam, and sPaM are four different variables.
5. Python convention to start your variables with a
lowercase letter.
Variable N a m e s
Comments
 Comments

⚫ The following line is called a comment.

⚫ Python ignores comments, and you can use

them to write notes or remind yourself
what the code is trying to do.
 The print() Function

⚫ The print() function displays the string value

inside its parentheses on the screen.
⚫ A value that is passed to a function call is an
argument.
⚫ Notice that the quotes are not printed to the
screen.
⚫ They just mark where the string begins and
ends; they are not part of the string value.

⚫ print( )?
 The input() Function

⚫ The input() function waits for the user to type

some text on the keyboard and press enter.

⚫ Whatever you enter as input, the input

function converts it into a string.
⚫ If you enter an integer value still input()
function convert it into a string.
Printing the U s e r ’ s N a m e
The len() Function
⚫ You can pass the len() function a string
value (or a variable containing a string),
and the function evaluates to the integer
value of the number of characters in that
string.
The len() Function
The len() Function

Python gives an error because the +

operator can only be used to add two
integers together or concatenate two
strings.
 Questions
⚫ Name three data types.
⚫ Which of the following is a variable, and which is a
string?

⚫ What does the variable bacon contain after the

following code runs?

⚫ What should the following two expressions evaluate

to?

⚫ Why is eggs a valid variable name while 100 is invalid?

First Program
Second Program
The str(), int(), a n d float()
Functions
⚫ If you want to concatenate an integer such
as 29 with a string to pass to print(), you’ll
need to get the value '29', which is the
string form of 29.
⚫ The str() function can be passed an integer
value and will evaluate to a string value
version of the integer, as follows:
The str(), int(), and float()
Functions
The str(), int(), and float()
Functions
Questions 1
Question
⚫ Why does this expression cause an error?
How can you fix it?
TEXT A N D N U M B E R
EQUIVALENCE
⚫= = Equivalence operator
 FLOW CONTROL
⚫ Program is just a series of instructions.
⚫ Flow control statements can decide which Python
instructions to execute under which conditions.
FLOW CHART S Y M B O L
FLOW CONTROL
 B o o l e a n Va l u e s
They always start with a capital T or F, with
the rest of the word in lowercase.
Boolean Values
Boolean Values
 B o o l e a n Va l u e s
The < , > , < = , and > = operators, on the
other hand, work properly only with
integer and floating-point values.
 Question
Q THE D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N THE
= = A N D = O P E RAT O R S ?
 Boolean Operators
The three Boolean operators
 and
 or
 not
 Boolean Operators
The three Boolean operators
 and
 or
 not
 Boolean Operators
The three Boolean operators
 and
 or
 not
only one Boolean value- unary
operator
Mixing Boolean and Comparison
Operators
PLC142
INdentation
 Elements of Flow Control
 Conditions
Conditions always evaluate down to a Boolean value,
True or False.
A flow control statement decides what to do based on
whether its condition is True or False, and almost every
flow control statement uses a condition.

 Blocks of Code
There are three rules for blocks.
•Blocks begin when the indentation
increases.
• Blocks can contain other blocks.
• Blocks end when the indentation
 Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
 if Statements
• The if keyword
•A condition that is, an expression that
evaluates to True or False
• A colon
•Starting on the next line, an indented block
of code (called the if clause)
Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
 Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
else S t at em ents
“If this condition is true, execute this
code. Or else, execute that code.”
An else statement doesn’t have a
condition, consists of the following:
• The else keyword
• A colon
•Starting on the next line, an indented
block of code (called the else clause)
PLC142
Conditional Statements
 Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
else S t at em ents
Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
PLC142
Conditional Statements
 Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
elif Statements
you may have a case where you
want one of many possible clauses to
execute.
elif statement always consists of the
following:
• The elif keyword
•A condition (that is, an expression that
evaluates to True or False)
• A colon
•Starting on the next line, an indented
block of code (called the elif)
PLC142
Conditional Statements – elif
Flow Control S t a t e m e n t s
PLC142
PLC142
 while L o o p S t a t e m e n t s
You can make a block of code execute over and
over again using a while statement.
• The while keyword
• A condition
• A colon
•Starting on the next line, an indented block of
code (called the while clause)
At the end of a while clause, the program
execution jumps back to the start of the while
statement.
The while clause is often called the while loop or
just the loop.
while L o o p S t a t e m e n t s
Composition
 break Statements
If the execution reaches a break statement,
it immediately exits the while loop’s clause.
 continue Statements
When the program execution reaches a
continue statement, the program execution
immediately jumps back to the start of the
loop and revaluates the loop’s condition.
List of Program using while loop

1. Program to print numbers 1 to 10

2. Program to print even numbers
between 1 to 10
3. Program to print odd numbers
between 1 to 10
4. Demonstrate break statement
5. Demonstrate continue statement
for Loops and the range() Function
In code, a for statement looks something like
Eg for i in range(5):

and includes the following:

• The for keyword
• A variable name
• The in keyword
•A call to the range() method with up to three
integers passed to it
• A colon
•Starting on the next line, an indented block
of code (called the for clause)
for Loops and the range() Function
 r an g e ( ) Function

Syntax
range(start, stop, step)

startOptional. An integer number

specifying at which position to start.
Default is 0
stopRequired. An integer number
specifying at which position to stop (not
included).
stepOptional. An integer number
r an g e ( ) Function
Python N ested Loops Syntax:
Python Nested Loops Syntax:
P ri n ti n g m u lti plic a tion ta ble u s i n g P y t h o n n e s t e d for l o o p s
 Importing Modules
 Built-in functionsprint(), input(), and len() functions
 Python also comes with a set of modules
called the standard library.
 Each m o d u l e i s a P y t h o n program that
contains a related group of functions that
can be embedded in your programs.
 Before you can use the functions in a
module, you must import the module
with an import statement.
 Importing Modules
 In code, an import statement consists of the
following:
• The import keyword
• The name of the module
•Optionally, more module names, as long as
they are separated by commas

Eg: random module

Importing Modules
 from import S tatem ents
from keyword, followed by the module name, the import
keyword, and a star;

For example,
from random import *.
E n d i n g a P r o g r a m Early wit h t he s ys .exit( ) Function

How to terminate the program ?

Programs always terminate if the program
execution reaches the bottom of the instructions
you can cause the program to terminate, or exit,
before the last instruction by calling the
sys. exit() function
 Since this function is in the sys module, you
have to import sys before your program can use
it.
E n d i n g a P r o g r a m Early wit h t he s ys .exit( ) Function
 Lab P r o g r a m 1 : P r o g r a m to perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division on two input numbers in Python
 Au g m e n t e d As s i g n m e n t

a=a+5 a+=5
b =b*2 b*=2
c = c/5 c/ = 5
d = d -6 d-= 6
 Functions

• Easy
• Reuse
• Built-in functions

•The general form of a function call is as follows:

«function_name»(«argum ents»)
 Functions

•Here are the rules to executing a function

call:
1. Evaluate each argument one at a time,
working from left to right.
2. Pass the resulting values into the function.
3.Execute the function. When the function
call finishes, it
produces a value.

Eg: p o w ( a b s ( - 2), round(4.3))

Functions
 Functions

>>> round(3.8)
4
>>> round(3.3)
3
>>> round(3.5)
4
>>> round(-3.3)
-3
>>> round(-3.5)
-4
>>> round( 3.141592653 , 2)
3.14
Functions
Memory Addresses: How Python
Keeps Track of Values
⚫ Python keeps track of each value in a separate
object and that each object has a memory
address.
⚫ You can discover the actual memory address
of an object using built-in function id:
Memory Addresses
Function also have Memory Addresses
Defin in g O u r O w n
Functions
⚫ The general form of a function definition is
as follows:

⚫ Example
Defining Our O w n Functions

return «e x p r e s s io n»
Using Local Variables for Temporary
Storage
variable’s scope. The scope of a local
variable is from the line in which it is
defined up until the end of the function.
K eywords

Keywords are words that Python

reserves for its own use
PLC142
Collatz 3n+1 sequence
Collatz sequence
PLC142
Collatz 3n+1 sequence
 L a m b d a function

 A lambda function is a small anonymous function.

• lambda function, which allows us to create a one-line
function anywhere we want without giving it a name
 A lambda function can take any number of arguments but
only have one expression.
L a m b d a function
L a m b d a function
Write a python program to find the
factorial of number using while loop.
Write a python program to add 10 numbers by
inputting each from the keyboard using for loop.
2 a] Write a python function
linearSearch() to read an array and
search for the key element. Display the
appropriate messages. Use the
recursive function.