Ap Review 2021 Ws 1 - Limits Continuity Notes
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Raad Al-Shaikh MD JDAp Review 2021 Ws 1 - Limits Continuity Notes
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Raad Al-Shaikh MD JDAP Review Topic 1: Limits & Continuity
A limit tells us the y-value that a function approaches (from both sides) as that function's x-value get closer
and closer to some number.
5. lim f(x) = 6. f(0) =
x→0
7. lim− f(x) = 8. lim+ f(x) =
x→0 x→0
I. Find Limits Graphically:
9. lim f(x) = 10. f(2) =
1. lim f(x) = 2. f(−3) = x→2
x→−3
11. lim− f(x) = 12. lim+ f(x) =
3. lim− f(x) = 4. lim+ f(x) = x→2 x→2
x→−3 x→−3
II. Evaluate Limits Algebraically:
Algebraic Steps (for x approaching Real Number): 1) Plug in x-value first (IGNORE one-sided limit notation
4𝑥−1 0
(𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: lim− ) 2) If result is a real number value, the value is the limit. 3) If the result is (indeterminate form) then
𝑛→1 𝑥−2 0
reduce by i) factoring ii) conjugate method iii) simplify complex fraction 4) Re-evaluate the reduced Expression 4) If result
𝟏𝟎
is undefined (example: (a VA exists) , and it’s a one-sided limit problem, then test using decimals. (choose between +∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞ ).
𝟎
Evaluate Limits (for x approaching ±∞): 1) Compare Degrees: i) if Numerator < Denominator , Limit = 0 ii) If
Numerator = Denominator, Limit = ratio of coefficients iii) If Numerator > Denominator, Limit = DNE ( +∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞ )
𝟎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
L’Hopital’s Rule Option: If Evaluating Limits produces 𝟎 then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′ (𝑥) (Evaluate limit after taking
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
numerator and denominator’s derivative separately)
𝑥−3 2𝑥 + 1
1. lim− = 2. lim− =
x→3 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 x→−3 𝑥+3
5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 4.
3. lim =
x→−∞ 3 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 2
𝒅 𝒖
𝒆 = 𝑒 𝑢 ∗ 𝑢′
𝒅𝒙
III. Continuity Conditions:
𝒊. 𝑓 (𝑐) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 *point exists
𝒊𝒊. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑓(𝑥) exists ( 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥)) *the limit exists
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝒊𝒊𝒊. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) * the limit exists at same location as the point
𝑥→𝑐
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𝟏)
𝟐)
IV. Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT): If a function is continuous, we can guarantee a specific y-value on the
graph if one endpoint is below the y-value and the other endpoint is above the y-value.
1)
