ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

PLAN

For Garment and textile Manufacturing

Factory

PROMOTER:-MULAT AREGA ZEWDU

Location: Oromia Regional State, Sebeta city

Administration 06 kebele

JANUARY 2022

FINFINE

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Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................................................. 4

EXCUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EMP.......................................................................................................................6

1.2 SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...........................................................................7

2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPLIANCES......................................................................8

2.1 GENERAL OVERVIEWS............................................................................................................................8

2.2 NATIONAL POLICIES...............................................................................................................................9
2.2.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997).......................................................................9
2.2.2. The Investment Proclamation No. 37/1996:...................................................................................9
2.2.3. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proclamation (Proclamation No.................................10
2.2.4. Labour proclamation (No 377/2003)..........................................................................................10
2.2.5. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000).........................................................................10
2.3. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS.........................................................................................................11
2.3.1. The Environmental Protection Organization Establishment Proclamation No............................11
2.3.2. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002:...................................................11
2.3.3. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007................................................................12
2.3.4. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002...........................................12
2.3.5 Oromia Regional State EIA Proclamation (Proclamation No. 176/2012).....................................12
2.3.6 Oromia Regional State Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No.177/2012................13
2.4. REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO STANDARDS........................................................................................16
2.4.1 Effluent Standards:........................................................................................................................16
2.4.2 Noise Standards:...........................................................................................................................17
2.4.3 Ambient Air quality Standards:.....................................................................................................17
2.5. INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND CODES OF CONDUCT...............................................................................18

3. THE COMPANY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPLIANCES.......................................19

3.1. COMPANY INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES...................................................21

3.1.1. Factory Manager.........................................................................................................................21
3.1.2. Environmental Unit......................................................................................................................22

4. FACTORY PRODUCTION PROCESS........................................................................................................ 23

4.1 GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................23
4.2 LOCATION.............................................................................................................................................23
4.3 RAW MATERIALS AND OUTPUTS..........................................................................................................23
4.4 IMMEDIATE OUTPUTS...........................................................................................................................24
4.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY........................................................................................................................24
4.6 WATER AND POWER SUPPLY................................................................................................................24
4.7 PRODUCTION PROCESS..........................................................................................................................25
4.8 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENTS...................................................................................................................26

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5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES.............................28

5.1 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS.............................................................................................................28

Socio-Economic Benefits......................................................................................................................28
Social Benefits.......................................................................................................................................28
Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement......................................................................28
Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities....................................................................................29
Rural and Urban Development.............................................................................................................29
5.2 ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES....30
5.2.1 Identification of Environmental Aspects........................................................................................32
5.2.2 Cause and effect analysis..............................................................................................................33
5.2.2.1 Liquid Waste Generation and Proposed Mitigation Measures................................................................34
5.2.2.2 Solid waste related impacts and proposed mitigation measures..............................................................39
5.2.2.3 Air Pollution and related impacts............................................................................................................39
5.2.2.4 Generation of nuisance noise and proposed mitigation measures........................................................40
5.2.2.5 Occupational health and safety of the workers......................................................................................41

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.............................................................................................. 43

6.1. GENERAL OVERVIEWS.........................................................................................................................43

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN OF GARMENT PROCESSING PLANT..........................................44
6.2.1 Environmental Management Activities........................................................................................44
6.2.1.1 Liquid and Solid Waste Management.....................................................................................................44
6.2.1.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan..............................................................................45
6.2.1.3 Noise management plan.........................................................................................................................46
6.2.1.4 Ecological management plan..................................................................................................................46
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING & AWARENESS RAISING PLAN..................................................................49
6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL INDUCTION MEETING..............................................................................................50

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN...................................................................................52

7.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................52
7.2 ENVIRONMENT LABELLING AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT...................................................................................55

8 . ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT........................................................................................................... 55
9. RECORDS MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
.............................................................................................................................................................. 57

9.1. RECORDS MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................................57

9.2. ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS..................................................................58

10. MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION..........................................................................................59

11. REVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN......................................................59

12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................61

13. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ 62

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 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EISR Environmental Impact Study Report

EMB Environmental Management Branch

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPC Environmental Protection Council

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

MoE DAC Ministry of Economic Development and Co-operation

PLC Private Limited Company

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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY

This report of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is produced for
Garment and textile processing plant which is in operation by Mulat Arega Zewdu
garment and textile Manufacturing plant located in Sebeta town 06 kebele on a total land
size of 6000m2. The project got legal recognition from regional government and found on
the manufacturing, The investment capital budget to be million 3 million ETB. The project
created a job opportunity for over 200 professionals on permanent and temporal workers.
The key purpose of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to ensure that
production and manufacturing processes of textile and Garment factory by Mulat Arega
Zewdu Enterprise Garment and textile manufacturing performing in line with the national
and regional state environmental laws and occupational health and safety regulations and
standards of the country. Furthermore, the proposed partial Environmental and Social
impact assessment Plan tends to establish and enforce that the under discussion company
regulated and operating with and according to the established environmental and social
safeguards compliances during its entire production processes of Garment products. The
factory is therefore obliged to operate in a manner that its employees’ occupational health
and safety issues are secured; local residents’ health conditions and the overall ambient
environmental safeguards are protected and ensured, and factory management and
environmental expert take into account these concerns while undertaking operational
activities.

Mulat Arega Zewdu Enterprise Garment is committed, in this regards, to comply with
environmental and social compliances at national and regional state as well as local
regulations, Sebeta town environmental and occupational health and safety regulations
and directives. Accordingly, the company is committed to act and willing to respect
environmental agencies at federal, regional state and local for environmental and social
compliances as designated in this management plan, without prior notice.

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 1. Introduction
The Environmental and Social Management Plan is designed to ensure operations and production
processes of textile and garment manufacturing is performed in a manner that local community and
factory employees’ occupational health and safety as well as environmental safeguards are
protected and guaranteed. The Environmental and Social Management Plan of the factory
constitutes the operation phase environmental impacts mitigation measures and management plan
options that will be carried out in relation to:

 solid wastes, its disposals and management practices;

 liquid wastewater discharges and management practices;
 factory workers’ occupational health and safety risks and management;
 local community health risks and management practices.

1.1 Objectives of the ESMP

The overall objective of The Environmental and Social Management Plan is to identify adverse
environmental and social impacts, design mitigation measures for identified impacts and promote
best management practices in order to facilitate and encourage continued improvement in
environmental performance of the textile and garment manufacturing throughout its operational
phases.

The fundamental purposes of Environmental and Social Management Plan in textile and garment
manufacturing plant are:

 To establish environmental management practices and standards meeting statutory

requirements;
 To define management option for environmental and social safeguards management during
factory production processes;
 To provide guidance to factory management and employees about obligations under the
applicable laws and regulations;
 To place and guarantee regulatory responses and monitoring frameworks for relevant
environment agencies and interested parties with regards to the factory, textile and garment
manufacturing and production, and fulfilling obligations regarding environmental and social
safeguards;
 To continually review and amend environmental management practices in terms of
technology, statutory requirements, industry practices and regulations;

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  To define factory management and environmental expert responsibilities with respect to
environmental management concerns and to monitor the manner in which their
responsibilities are discharged;
 To develop and implement contingency plans for the control and correction of
environmental and social incidents;
 To strive for an injury-free workforce and minimize environmental impacts through
implementation of environmental management programs within its factory and reduce risks
to employees and surrounding environment;
 To encourage and promote the minimization of liquid and solid wastes at sources, sustainable
use of natural resources, recycling of wastes, energy efficiency, resource conservation and
resource recovery;
 To regularly undertake environmental performance audit and introduce improved industrial
working procedures in the factory to ensure that objectives stated above are appropriately
met.

2. Scope of the Partial Environmental Impact assessment Plan

The scope of PESIAP is limited to protection of environmental and social safeguards employed by
MULAT AREGA ZEWDU Enterprise Garment in the processes of its Garment products
manufacturing and production processes. The scope of the plan constitutes techniques and tools in
The Environmental and Social Management Plan Frame work, indicating actions to be taken
regarding environmental and social impacts during Garment manufacturing and production
processes. Actions developed are to manage and mitigate the likely environmental and social
impacts that will be emanating from the factory production process at the operation stage and
monitoring program.

Generally, the scope of this ESMP covers:

 Determining nature of liquid wastes, its adverse impacts and management option during the
production processes of Garment factory plant;
 Defining nature and characteristics of solid wastes, its negative impacts and management plan;
 Characterizing and defining other environmental impacts generated due to the Garment
production on soil, air quality, and mitigation measures as well as management option;
 Identifying offensive odor and noise impacts during Garment production and design its
management plan;

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 Identifying employees and public health safety risks in Garment processing factory operations
and put in place its management plan options;
 Designing effluent impacts mitigation measures and management contingency plan.
The produced PESIAP report is submitted to sebeta town Environmental Protection, Forest and
Climate Change Authority for approval, with detailed description of environmental and social
impacts of the Garment manufacturing factory, mitigation measures and management options
including the monitoring plan.

3. RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL

FRAMEWORK

3.1 General Overviews

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, adopted in August 1995, has a number of
provisions, which have direct policy and legal relevance to environmental protection matters in
connection with development practices.

The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are entrenched in the rights of
the people of Ethiopia through Articles 43 and 44. Among the important principles stated in the
Constitution are the citizens’ right to development and to live in a clean and healthy environment,
the duty to protect the environment, and the people’s right to full consultation and expression of
views in the planning and implementation of policies and development plan, such as the
implementation of this garment s processing factory to ensure that any development activity is
conducted in environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner.

The other important policy document is the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE), which has an
overall policy goal to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, to
promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of
natural, man-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole.

Therefore, the garment s garments is designed and obliged to regulate in accordance with the
Ethiopian Environmental Policy Frameworks (EPF), corporate environmental policy and
performance standards on social and environmental sustainability.

The company is also responsible to respect and accordingly regulate in relation to the following
national policies and proclamations.

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3.2 National Policies

3.2.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997)

The policy provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence to
sustainable development, and a high commitment to, among other things, the need:

 To ensure that environmental management plan consider not only physical and biological
impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;
 To ensure that public and private sector development programs and projects recognize any
environmental impacts early and incorporate their containment into the development design
process;
 To recognize that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA procedures
make provision for both an independent review and public comment before consideration by
decision makers; and
 To ensure that an environmental impact assessment always includes mitigation plan for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents;

This policy sets the scene for developments and projects within Ethiopia, particularly those of
national significance. The policy underpins the regulatory requirements for EIA and pollution
control and requires developers to aspire to the highest international standards of environmental
and social management for Plant development.

3.2.2. The Investment Proclamation No. 37/1996:

The proclamation provides the power of allocating land for investment operation to the regional
governments. It lays down major framework for the use of rural land for natural resources
development and conservation which may not be allocated for private investment especially on that
of the peasant holding. Furthermore, the provision of this proclamation states that the investors
shall submit the development proposals on the land utilization plan by ensuring that the venture
will not disrupt environmental security and shall be accepted to the public.

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3.2.3. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proclamation (Proclamation No
197/2000)
Article 11 of this proclamation states that without prejudice to the exceptions specified under
Article 12 of this Proclamation, no person shall perform the following activities without having
obtained a permit from the Supervising body (Ministry of water and Energy or delegated bodies):
construct water works; supply water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which
he/she abstracted from a water resource or received from another supplier; and release or discharge
waste into water resources unless otherwise provided for in the regulations to be issued for the
implementation of this Proclamation. Any person shall be required to discuss his/her proposal with
the supervising body prior to applying for a permit for the purposes specified in Sub-Article (I) of
this Article. Article 12 states any person shall utilize water resources for the following purposes
without holding a permit issued by the Supervising body: dig water wells by hand or use water
from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation, artisanal and for traditional animal
rearing, as well as for water mills.

3.2.4. Labor proclamation (No 377/2003)

This proclamation highly emphasizing that an employer should take the necessary measures to
safeguard the health and safety of his workers. The employer shall in particular: comply with the
occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this proclamation.

 Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified about the
hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and injury
to health.
 Provide workers with protective equipment, clothing and other materials and instruct them of its
use etc.
In general, to ensure workers safety and job security the need to respect this proclamation has been
clearly stated in the document.
3.2.5. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000)
In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labour
laws, this public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries or instruments
that can generate excessive noise or minimizing the effects by the use of noise reducing apparatus
or instrument. In addition, the proclamation prohibits:
 The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and industries
into water bodies, or water convergences.

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 The disposal of solid, liquid or any waste in a manner, which contaminates the environmental or
affects the health of the society.

3.3. Environmental Regulations

3.3.1. The Environmental Protection Organization Establishment Proclamation No.
295/2002:
The proclamation establishes a system that enables coordinated but differentiated responsibilities
among environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation
stipulates the need for the establishment of Sectoral and Regional Environmental Plants and
Agencies. The principal organization responsible for environmental protection is the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), which operates at both Federal and Regional levels.

3.3.2. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002:

This Proclamation states "No Person or establishment shall pollute or cause any other person to
pollute the environment by violating the relevant environmental standards.” Environmental
standards specified in the proclamation include:

 Standards for the discharge of effluents into water bodies and sewage systems;
 Air quality standards that specify the ambient air quality and give the allowable amounts of
emission for both stationary and mobile air pollution sources;
 Standards for the types and amounts of substances that can be applied to the soil or be disposed
of on or in it;
 Standards for noise providing for the maximum allowable noise level taking into account the
settlement patterns and the availability of scientific and technological capacity in the county;
and
 Waste management standards specifying the levels allowed and the methods to be used in the
generation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of the various types of waste.
The EIA and EMP includes several management plans to address standards specified in the
Proclamation and to mitigate the impacts of the Plant on the environment.

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3.3.3. Solide Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007
The solid waste management proclamation stipulates, among others, that « Each Region,
administration, or plant shall set its own schedule, and based on that, prepare its solid waste
management plan and report implementation. It further spells out that each administration or plant
shall ensure that measures are taken to prevent pollution from mishandling of solid wastes.
Similarly, existing institutional arrangements overseeing the environmental performance of the
industry were summarized. A waste management plan will be prepared during the detailed design
stage of the Plant to mitigate the impacts through reduction in the use of consumable items,
recycling of materials, and disposal of hazardous wastes at certified locations.

Being an integral part of this proclamation, the EMP will be prepared to mitigate the adverse
environmental impacts observed during operation phase that were un foreseen during the planning
stage or during the EIA preparation phase. Therefore, any solid waste adverse impacts which were
un foreseen during the design stage of the Plant shall be taken care of and mitigated through
designing of sound EMP at operation phase of the plant.

3.3.4. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002

The proclamation formalizes EIA as a mandatory legal prerequisite for the implementation of
major development Plants, programs and plans. Environmental impact assessment is used to
predict and manage the environmental effects that a proposed developmental activity could bring
about some drawbacks and risks. The design, sitting, construction, operation as a result of its
modification or termination intends and thus helps to bring about intended development. This
proclamation is a proactive tool and a backbone to harmonizing and integrating environmental,
economic, cultural, and social considerations into a decision making process in a manner that
promotes sustainable development.

3.3.5 Oromia Regional State EIA Proclamation (Proclamation No. 176/2012)

This Proclamation (No 176/2012) underlines that no person shall commence implementation of a
project that requires Environmental Impacts Assessment without authorization from the bureau.

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The Proclamation requires, among other things:

 Any Licensing organ shall prior to issuing an investment permit, or trade or an operating
licence or construction license for a project ensure weather the said project requires
environmental impacts assessment or not,
 If a proponent requires for a project expansion, or improvement or site change, the license
provider or licence renewed organ shall ensure whether the project requires environmental
impacts assessment or not from the bureau before issuing license
 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse
impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental
impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the Bureau or the relevant
environmental agency.
 Even though an environmental impact assessment report submitted have received approval,
its authorization by the bureau does not exonerate the proponent from the liability for
damage on environment.

2.3.6 Oromia Regional State Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation

No.177/2012.
This proclamation primarily aims that no person shall pollute or cause any other person to pollute
or cause any other person to pollute the environment by violating the relevant environmental
standard. The Bureau may take corrective measure against a person who contrary to the provisions
of this proclamation or and any other laws issued, releases any pollutant to the environment. Any
person engaged in any field of activity which is likely to cause pollution or any other
environmental hazard shall, install a sound technology that avoids or reduces, to the required
minimum the generation of waste and, when feasible apply methods for the recycling of waste.

Any person who causes any pollution shall be required to clean up the polluted environment within
a limited period of time. When the government or other body cleans the environment, the person
who causes pollution shall pay the cost of cleaning. The detail shall be determined by the
regulation to be issued.

When any development activity believed to pose a risk to human health or to the environment, the
Bureau shall take any necessary measure up to the closure or relocation of any enterprise in order
to prevent harm.

Management of hazardous waste, Hazardous chemical and radioactive substances

13
The generation, keeping, storage transportation, make to transport or treatment or disposal of an
hazardous waste without a perms from the Bureau or the competent body is prohibited

Any person engaged in the collection recycling transportation, treatment or disposal of any
hazardous waste shall take appropriate precaution to prevent any damage to the environment or to
human health or well – being

The mining, distribution storage, transportation or use substance shall be subject to a permit from
the competent body and that any ensure by the Bureau.

The preparation, production keeping, distribution, storage transportation or use of a chemical

categorized as hazardous or of restricted use, shall be subject to a permit from the Bureau or from
other competent agency.

Any person engaged in the production, preparation, transportation or in trading in any hazardous or
restricted chemical may ensure that the chemical may ensure that the chemical is registered, packed
labeled as per the applicable standards and must check its expiration data

Without the approval from the Bureau, whether the container of any hazardous waste is harmful or
safe, selling, disposing burning giving to people or usage of these containers is prohibited.

The lists of chemicals or wastes categorized as hazardous shall be determined by the regulation
issued hereunder.

Management of municipal waste

Urban administration shall have an integrated municipal waste management system.

The Bureau shall monitor and evaluate the adequacy of municipal waste management systems and
ensure the effectiveness of their implementation.

The bureau shall monitor the availability of waste disposal facilities at appropriate location by
urban administration.

Anybody responsible for the administration of the public recreation areas at all times shall, ensure
that adequate and suitable toilets, containers and other required facilities are provided for the
disposal of waste.

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Organization Waste Management

Any organization shall implement convenient and capable waste management systems.

The bureau shall monitor and evaluate the implementation of convenient and capable waste
management systems by organizations.

Waste disposal sites should be far from residential areas and anything that can be implementation
shall be determined by the regulation to be issued.

The Bureau, in collaboration with concerned body shall monitor organization’ waste management
system.

Any organization shall have an obligation to dispose its waste on areas provided by the urban or
district administrations.

Without prejudice to sub- Article 5 of this Article, the convenience of the areas allotted for the
waste disposal shall be ensured by the Bureau.

Noise Pollution

Any person shall not use an instrument that produces sound above permissible noise level that can
harm human health and the environment.

No person shall be disturbed by the noise pollution that can harm his daily life.

A person or an organization is liable for the release of noise that can harm human health and the
environment.

Any organization or factory releasing noise that can harm the health of employees shall have the
responsibility to provide necessary protective devices to protect their well being.

The bureau shall take any corrective measure up to closure of an organization releasing nose that
can pose harm, as necessary based on study and set standard.

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3.4. Regulations Pertaining to Standards

3.4.1 Effluent Standards:

Ethiopia has no national standards governing effluent discharges from industries. However, since
2003 Ethiopia has had draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent discharged from
facilities to public sewers and surface water systems (EPA, 2003). These draft guidelines require
the facility to meet certain basic water quality standards for trade effluent including sewage as
shown in Table-1 below.

Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources

Parameter Limit Value

Temperature 40 C

pH 6.5 – 10

BOD5 at 200 C 50 mg/l

COD 250 mg/l

Total Phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l

Total Nitrogen (as N) 30 mg/l

Suspended Solids 50 mg/l

Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l

Cadmium (as Cd) 0.2 mg/l

Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l

Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l

Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l

Silver (as Ag) 1 mg/l

Zinc (as Zn) 5 mg/l

Source: Ethiopian draft guidelines of effluent discharges from industries, EPA,2003

16
Therefore, the garment processing plant undertaken by MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment
manufacturing shall be governed by the Ethiopian draft effluents standard and will require use of
sewage systems that conform to international standards and criteria for the protection of potable
water sources downstream.

3.4.2 Noise Standards:

Ethiopia has no national legislation for noise, but World Bank guidelines have been adopted by
EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National Noise Standards that
are being prepared. The guideline for daytime perimeter noise is 55 decibels (db). Table 2 provides
noise standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia.

Table 2: Limit Values for Noise level

Limits in db
Area Code Category of area
Day time1 Night time2

A Industrial area 75 70

B Commercial area 65 55

C Residential area 55 45

3.4.3 Ambient Air quality Standards:

Ethiopia has no national legislation for air quality, but World Bank guidelines have also been
adopted by the EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National air
quality standards that are in preparation by the EPA. Table 3 provides the provisional air quality
standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia as well the WB/IFC guidelines values.

The emissions to air from surface coating operations come from the evaporation of organic
solvents in the coatings. These consist primarily of Volatile Organic Components listed in annex I.

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Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Surface Coating

Solvent use or consumption Concentration (mg/Nm3)

Less than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 50

Class II 200

Class III 300

Greater than 15 tonnes per annum Class I 20

Class II 100

Class III 300

Pollutant Plants Guideline values

Ethiopian standard WB standard

Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/Nm3 None 30a

Particulate Matter10 µg/Nm3 150 100

Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) µg/Nm3 1000 400

Nitrous oxide (as NO2) µg/Nm3 2000 600

Source: Ethiopian draft guidelines on emissions to air, EPA,2003

3.5. Industry Standards and Codes of Conduct

A growing number of guidelines or codes of conduct have been developed within industry,
including the World Industry Council for the Environment, the FAO International Code of Conduct
on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, the Responsible Care Initiative of the Chemical
Manufacturers Association, the CERES/Valdez Principles, the ICC Business Charter on
Sustainable Development, and the Royal Dutch/Shell Group Statement of General Business
Principles. Such private regulation may constrain behavior by exercising a moral or practical
(sanctioning) influence. Litigants may argue that breach of such codes or industry standards may be
evidence of malpractice or negligence, in an effort to deploy a relatively inexpensive means of
evaluating conduct in case of a dispute. The 1990 Valdez Principles were adopted by the Coalition
for Environmentally Responsible Economies, a group of investors and environmental

18
organizations. The intent was to create corporate self-governance “that will maintain business
practices consistent with the goals of sustaining our fragile environment for future generations,
within a culture that respects all life and honors its independence.”

With the advent of globalization, international organizations have devoted attention to drafting
codes that apply to multinational enterprises. The UN Sub-Commission on Human Rights approved
Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with
Regard to Human Rights, urging that every effort be made so that they become generally known
and respected. Although primarily concerned with human rights, the Norms contain a paragraph on
corporate responsibilities in the area of environmental protection: Transnational corporations and
other business enterprises shall carry out their activities in accordance with national laws,
regulations, administrative practices and policies relating to the preservation of the environment of
the countries in which they operate, as well as in accordance with relevant international
agreements, principles, objectives, responsibilities and standards with regard to the environment as
well as human rights, public health and safety, bioethics and the precautionary principle, and shall
generally conduct their activities in a manner contributing to the wider goal of sustainable
development.

3. The Company Environmental Policy and Compliances

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant is formulated its own
Environmental Policy as enshrined in environmental principles outlined in the company's
environmental commitments below. This policy statement provides a unifying vision of
environmental principles and guidance to The Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing
plant corporate responsibilities. The environmental policy statement also provides social and
environmental responsibilities and lays foundation for guiding principles on which the company
operates its business and environmental and social safeguards in a responsible and sustainable
manner.

The Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing plant is committed to manage and improved
environmental safeguards as an expression of the Company’s Guiding Principles, and a
demonstration of reputable performance and Sensibility. The Company’s guiding principles in
environmental and social safeguards compliances are coined as below:

Employ quality operation and production processes to meet established objectives and
targets so as to attain environmental and social safeguards compliances.

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 ensure improved conditions of local environment by preventing pollution as top priority;
reducing factory environmental pollution at sources and introducing efficient and effective
effluent treatment options,
reduce disposable or dischargeable effluent loads to local environment by promoting the
principle of recycling/reusing wastes and follow responsible environmental choices when
purchasing raw materials and inputs.
comply with federal, regional state and local environmental legislations and regulatory
requirements, as well as requirements adopted in industrial pollution prevention regulations
of the federal government of Ethiopia (regulation 159/2007).
Promote greenery development initiatives and plant trees within factory compound as
minimum as 2% of its area,
Continuously improve environmental management practices and ensure cleaner and safer
environment.
In order to adhere to these principles , MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing
plant strives to ensure that the entire aspects of the garment s garment production processes have
no or least harmful effects on the environment and employees by implementing the following
additional environmental and social safeguards management actions:

 aware factory employees about national and regional state environmental and social
legislations and ensure that regulatory requirements are met,
 manage and monitor factory environmental and social safeguards compliances
implementation so that adverse impacts on environment and local community is mitigated;
 comply with applicable environmental legislations and standards; communicate to local
community, and meet the requirements of national and regional state environmental regulations
and standards;
 Provide appropriate instruction and training for employees and environmental expert on
factory environmental and social safeguards, occupational health and safety risks and
management;
 ensure all employees, in the course of their duties, act in accordance with the company
environmental principles and policy,
 select and introduce non-polluting technology, waste minimization and reduction of energy
consumption,
 ensure local community and factory employees’ occupational health and safety concerns,
natural resources conservation and sustainability are met;

20
  undertake environmental and social performance/compliance audit by an independent
consultant and present performance audit report to city REPA for environmental clearance
every year.
 carry out regular monitoring and supervision of environmental and social safeguards
compliances and remedial measures implementation.
 maintain trust, good faith and cooperation between the local community, relevant government
agencies; and other concerned institutions;
 Meet these objectives through good company leadership, commitment and training.

3.1. Company Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities.

Responsibilities and authorities of garment s garment processing with respect to environmental and
social safeguards management are specifically delivered through:

3.1.1. Factory Manager

The factory production Manager is responsible to the implementation and for ensuring factory
activities meet the company’s environmental policy objectives and principles during
implementation phases of EMP and that protection of local environment and occupational health
and safety of employees guaranteed. The plant manager has to be equipped with essential resources
like technical personnel, working tools and guidelines in order to deliver tasks. The factory
manager’s responsibilities to the factory are as follows:

 Approving environmental management requests and regular evaluation of company’s

environmental controls as per EMP;
 Ensuring MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant staffs that are related
with garment s garment processing plant follow the established environmental procedures and
records of archives are kept and maintained;
 Encouraging the active involvement of all staff in the management of the environment;
 Coordinating EMP activities of all personnel involved in environmental and social safeguards
management;
 Monitoring factory staff environmental performance and commitment;
 Arrange and ensure environmental protection, and training of staff take place as required by
Environmental Emergency Plan;
 Act on corrective actions concerning environmental protection ensuring they are raised when
appropriate and are closed out before the process or equipment is used again;

21
  Ensuring it is appropriately resourced with trained people and with the equipment and
materials required and they are deployed,
 Ensuring that processes and control systems needed for the plant are established, implemented
and maintained,
 Ensuring reporting on environmental and social cases take place as required.

3.1.2. Environmental Unit

The factory’s Environmental Unit will be mandated and assigned with authority and responsibility
to coordinate environmental and social safeguards compliances and:

 Determining which environmental and social safeguards management, approvals, licenses and
permits are required and how to obtaining,
 Design and follow up implementation performance and updating this EMP on regular basis,
 Monitoring environmental and social implementation performances of the company,
 Ensuring environmental hazards and social risks are controlled through entire factory life
cycle including closure activities;
 Ensuring requirements of performance reports, approvals, licenses and permits are met to
required standards;
 Coordinating and conducting environmental inspections at factory operational processes;
 Monitoring staff behavior on work sites;
 Identifying training needs with respect to spills and other environmental incidents and
arranging for employees to attend the training;
 Holding meetings and team briefings about managing environmental and social issues,
incidents and emergencies;
 Arranging supply of appropriate environmental incident and emergency equipment,
 Implementing environmental controls during the delivery of services in work areas;
 Ensuring factory employees are appropriately inducted and trained in the use of emergency
equipment,
 complying with environmental protection procedures,
 Advise factory manager of any environmental protection training needs,
 Conduct within and factory surrounding environmental protection, inspections and checks,
 Ensure environmental emergency equipment are available at all times and appropriately
located,

22
4. FACTORY PRODUCTION PROCESS
4.1 General

In this section only pertinent information relevant to the production process of the
Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing plant are presented. The brief process
description and technology are incorporated.

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant company is one of the privately
owned textile and garment manufacturing company, of Chinese nationality that operate in
Ethiopia. The main products of the company are comfort, different T-shirts, men's suit,
which comprises trouser and coat. The factory has a production capacity of 300 comforter
and sets of workers suit per day. The factory utilizes different fabrics, buttons, threads,
labels, zippers, and packing material as raw materials to manufacture its products. The
production process of textile and garment industry involves cutting, sewing, button setting
and utilization of boiler which have moderate environmental and social impacts.

4.2 Location
Having a total area of 6000m2, Enterprise Manufacturing plant project site totally lies in
the Sebeta town administration 06 kebele.

4.3 Raw Materials and Outputs

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant uses the following raw materials
as inputs to produce different garment products/different suits such as Trousers, T-shirts,
coat, comforts children’s wear, and etc.

The raw materials and inputs used by these garment factory are:

 Different fabrics which are imported from abroad.

 Energy,{hydro-electric power, 80KWh/day and one ready by generator to be used
when the power was off.
 Water ( 7.31 m3/day).

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4.4 Immediate Outputs
MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing plant industry produces
comfort, T-shirts, suitcase, men’s suit. The company imports polyester and wool fabrics,
cut and sewing using of modern sewing machines.

In this particular factory, no weaving, no dying and no chemical is used. Only cutting and
sewing operations are performed by the garment manufacturing process. As it is only
undertaking the garment operation, there is no use of chemicals. Utilizations of chemicals
would have been required had there been various operation of textile manufacturing
operations, which actually are not the objectives of the Enterprise Garment Manufacturing
plant factory.

4.5 Production Capacity

At full capacity operation the factory employees 32 workers and 25 sewing machines.
Considering each worker produces three sets of suits/day, and hence, having 50 workers,
the plant will have a daily production capacity of 150 suits per day. Considering 300
working days/annum, the plant will have a production capacity of 45,000 suits per annum,
at full capacity operation..
However, currently, the factory operates at its 50% of full capacity with 16 workers, and
produces 22,500 suits per annum. This is related with having an age of only one year as the
factory is recently established and found still on organizing stage.

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4.6 Production Process

Procurement of Fabric: Dyed/bleached/ wool and polyester fabrics as per demand are
procured from the foreign market and imported and delivered to the factory. The fabric
will be inspected by laying on the inspection table against light before cutting so that
unevenness in color/shade or any other fault, if any visible in the fabric are eliminated.

Cutting and Stitching: The inspected fabric is placed on the cutting table in layers and
then the different parts of the respective garments are demarked by a chalk as per different
sizes. Cutting is carried out by the cutting machine. Stitching is carried out for individual
portion of the garments by skilled workers with the help of over-lock, lock stitch machines
etc.

Checking, Pressing and Packing: All garments are charged into washing machine
containing mild detergent and washed for 4 hours in order to remove dirt and stains
acquired during the manufacturing process. After washing, the garments are hydro
extracted to remove excess water and after this, these garments are dried in tumbler dryer.
Final checking is done before pressing and packing on the checking table so that any fault
in the piece may be removed and protruding threads eliminated. The individual pieces are
pressed by steam presses to remove any wrinkle marks and packed in the carton boxes.

All the machines function at garments washing plant are discussed in the
following:

1. Sample washing machine:

In the garments washing plant, a sample washing machine is an important piece of
equipment. All the sample garments are washed here. A sample washing machine is
a must for any garments washing plant.

2. Side loading washing machine:

A side-loading washing machine is used for washing bulk garments.

3. Front loading washing machine:

In the latest garments washing plant, the front loading washing machine is common. It

25
is also used for washing bulk garments. It has so much advantage than side loading
machine.

4. Hydro extractor machine:

This type of machine is used for extracting excess water from the garments.

5. Steam dryer:
The steam dryer is one kind of dryer that is run with the help of steam. If the garments
shade will be needed in a blue tone then a steam dryer will be used.

6. Gas dryer:
A gas dryer is also one kind of dryer that is run with the help of gas. If the garments
shade will be needed in a reddish tone then a gas dryer will be used.

7. Chemical mixing machine:

A chemical mixing machine is needed in mixing the chemical. It’s important equipment
in garments washing plant.

8. Industrial woven (Gas):

Industrial woven is used for curing 3D garments. This type of machine is run with the
help of gas.

9. Industrial woven (Electric):

This kind of woven machine is run with the help of electricity. This type of machine is
also used for curing 3D garments. For completing the 3D process properly, Industrial
woven is a must in garment washing plants.

10. Boiler:
The boiler is important equipment in garments washing plants. The boiler is needed
for producing steam.

11. Submersible pump:

Submersible pump plays an important role to provide necessary water in all the wet
process of garments washing plants. It is a must for running any garments washing
plants.

26
12. Grinding machine:
A grinding machine is used in the dry process of garments washing plant. It has so
much importance in producing a grinding effect on the garments.

13. Tagging machine:

A tagging machine is also used in the dry process of garments washing plants. For
creating tag effect in garments, it has so much importance.

14. Steam chamber for crinkle:

This type of machine is needed for the crinkling process of garment washing plants.

15. Effluent treatment plant (E.T.P):

E.T.P plays an important role in receiving an order from the buyer. E.T.P plan is must
for 100% export oriented garments washing factory.

16. Generator:
For producing electricity, the generator is important equipment in garment washing
plants.

17. Sandblasting gun:

Sandblasting gun is used in the dry process of garment washing plants. During
sandblasting it’s needed.

18. Sandblasting chamber:

Sandblasting chamber is also used in the dry process of garments washing plants. It’s
a crying needed in the sandblasting process.

19.Spraygun:
The spray gun is used in the dry process of the garment washing plant. It’s needed
during P.P spray.

20.Spraydummy:
A spray dummy is needed in the dry process of the garment washing plant. During
P.P spray it’s used.

27
21.Screwcompressor:
The screw compressor is important equipment in garments washing plants.

22.Laserdraw:
Laser draw is used in the dry process of garments washing plant. It’s needed for
producing a laser effect in the clothing.

Figure---: Garment manufacturing process

4.8 Types of Machine Used in Garments Washing Plant:

There are different types of machine, which are used in garments washing plant, are
mentioned in the below:

1. Sample washing machine,

2. Side loading washing machine,
3. Front loading washing machine,
4. Hydro extractor machine,
5. Steam dryer,
6. Gas dryer,
7. Chemical mixing machine,
8. Industrial woven (Gas),
9. Industrial woven (Electric),

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10. Boiler,
11. Submersible pump,
12. Grinding machine,
13. Tagging machine,
14. Steam chamber for crinkle,
15. Effluent treatment plant (E.T.P),
16. Generator,
17. Sandblasting gun,
18. Sandblasting chamber,
19. Spray gun,
20. Spray dummy,
21. Screw compressor,
22. Laser Draw.

29
5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED
MITIGATION MEASURES
5.1 Potential Positive Impacts
Safe and healthy environment has direct relationships with sustainability of any
development undertakings. It is when environment and its natural resources are properly
planned, managed and used that balanced socio-economic development is ensured and
development sustained. As much as possible, all development projects should have
minimum adverse impacts on environmental resources and human health. It is then we
ensure sustainable development.
Like any development projects, this project will be contributing positively to the
environment and the community nearby. The potential positive impacts of the project can
be explained as follows.
Socio-Economic Benefits
The project will have significant contribution towards the development of social and
economic aspects of the country. The proponent has created job opportunities for more
than 581 numbers of skilled workers which also be continuing to increase in the future and
semi-skilled workers during this operational phase if the current world textile price
fluctuations gets stable. This contributes to improving the livelihoods of the dwellers and
the employees in a number of ways.
Social Benefits
Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement
Impact Origin and Characteristics

The employment opportunity created by the project will have social benefit beside the
expected economic benefit. The employment income from the project will have a
substantial role for social livelihood improvement in the project area. This local income
generation related social benefit will have long term as well as cumulative benefits in:

Poverty reduction: As a result of creation of jobs, the project will have a meaningful
impact on poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely unemployed and

30
marginal residents, the employment priorities would focus on households subsisting below
the poverty line.

Education opportunity particularly girls: The increased income from the employment in
the project area will improve substantially the living standard of the immediate urban
community. Due to their improved income families can afford to send their children
particularly girls to schools and supply their school needs adequately.

Benefit Enhancement Measures

Utilization of the available labor force in the area enhances the benefits at local level. Out
sourcing commercial activities like cafeteria services for local competitive service
providers maximizes the social benefit of the project area.

Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities

Impact Origin and Characteristics

Women efficiency in carrying out and handling assignment given to them are preferred for
the textile and garment processing activities. This gender specific opportunity will address
the historical disproportionate burden of unemployment on woman.

Benefit Enhancement Measures

Consideration to be given for keeping the above beneficial opportunity the project
provider to women and actions to avoid work area problems women can face. The actions
to be taken include:

 Strict rule on work area sexual harassments,

 Job security,

 Appropriate payment (equal payment standard with men engaged on equivalent work
load).

Rural and Urban Development

Impact Origin and Characteristics

The implementation of the project is expected to contribute to the development of

institutions that would provide social services to the local community. Since the project is

31
expected to involve hundreds of workers this by itself induces the establishment of medical
and other service giving centers.

Beside this project development induced rural-urban development potentials, according to

the projects proponents’ explanation; they have a pack of plan for participating social
services development programs. As part of this EMP study, the proponent assigned the
team to assess problem areas to plant trees on the surrounding hills.

Benefit Enhancement Measures

Consideration is given to measures that can maximize the benefits the local community can
obtain from the development of the services intended by the proponent. Integrating local
knowledge’s at each stage of the intended program implementation will maximize the
benefit of the services.

5.2 Adverse Environmental and Social Impact during operation phase &
proposed mitigation measures

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment and textile manufacturing process generate moderate
quantity of environmental pollution impacts. The environmental i mpacts of garment
manufacturing industry during operation phase are majorly, those related with air emission,
particulate matter, liquid and solid wastes, as well as occupational safety and health
impacts.
Garment industries use steam boiler during operation. The steam boilers utilizes fuel oils or diesel
oils for heating , which results in emission of pollutant gases such as Sulphure oxides ( SOx ),
C02, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The gaseous emissions may also
contain particulate maters including heavy metals if they are present in significant concentrations in
the fuel. If not properly controlled, excess emissions of pollutant gases will result in polluting the
atmospheric air and human health.
Liquid and solid wastes generated from the garment manufacturing process are also
another big concern that pollute environment. Washing of fabrics resulted with waste water
that contain mixtures of detergents and related foam. If these wastes are disposed without
undergoing of proper treatment, they can contaminate ground and surface water and soils.
There are also waste water that consisted leakage of oil and grease. Oil and grease

32
contaminated waste waters are generated from washing of machineries and from washing of
related land surfaces. Another sort of waste water are those which are termed as domestic
wastes such as urine, feces, bath rooms, and washing of different utensils, and food items
from cafeteria..

Inadequate and unsafe disposal of the above waste water can lead to contamination of
ground & surface water and soil, and can provide breeding sites for flies and mosquitoes
which may carry infection. In addition, waste water may attract domestic animals and
vermin which can both increase the potential for disease. Waste water can also create
unpleasant environment in terms of odor and sight.
The main sources of solid wastes in garment manufacturing industry are scraps of cloths
which are generated from cutting of fabrics, and from throwing away of packaging
materials. These can also create various environmental impacts, such as closing of
sewerage lines.

Unless they are managed properly, these wastes (both organic and inorganic) can create offensive
smell in the area; pollute surrounding environment, ground and surface water sources, and soil.

There are also occupational safety and health risks during operation phases of textile and
garment factory. The occupational safety and health risks are generated from un safe use
of equipments that may result in body injuries. Long time sitting and bending down on
the sewing machine and lack of using protective devices are sources of occupational
safety and health risks. The high heat generated from the steam boiler has also significant
health impacts on workers engaged in the boiler room if protective devices are not used
properly.
In analyzing the above environmental impacts, the consultant team followed an approach
which assisted them to categorize environmental problems/issues as environmental aspects,
and analyses of the causes.
In sum, the Consultant methodology for this EMP is as follows:

 Identification of the Environmental Aspects of Textile and garment manufacturing process

 Cause and effect analysis between the environmental aspect and potential impacts

 Impact assessment and identifying sustainable mitigation measures.

33
5.2.1 Identification of Environmental Aspects

There are both environmental pollution sources and human health hazards that can be caused by the
garment manufacturing. The environmental aspects can be summarized as:

 Steam heat from boilers,

 Wastewater effluents from washing of the fabrics

 Solid wastes generated from cutting of fabrics

 Dust and Air emissions from cutting of fabrics and use of fuel oil for
boiler heating, and

 Work area environment.

The table below tries to describe main environmental aspects and their significance from impact
causing point of view.

Table 4: Operational Phase Environmental Aspects and Significance

No Environmental Aspect Cause of Environmental aspects Environmental & Social Significance

Impacts of impact

1 Liquid waste Water used for washing of fabrics, Pollution of ground water, Moderate
surface water and soil. impact
-waste waters generated from
washing of machineries,

Wastes are also generated by

urine, feces, bath rooms, and
washing of different utensils,

2 Generation of offensive Offensive smell is generated by Create bad odour and Moderate
smells stagnant of waste water pollution of local impact
atmospheric air , and
impacts of diseases such as
asthma.

34
 No Environmental Aspect Cause of Environmental aspects Environmental & Social Significance
Impacts of impact

3 Solid waste generation scraps of cloths which are closing of sewerage lines. Moderate
generated from cutting of fabrics, - Create bad odour impact
and from throwing away of
- brought health impacts
packaging materials. such as asthma diseases on
the local community &
workers

4 Generation of high heat in High level of heat is generated The high heat generated from Moderate
the production house from use of Steam boilers to dry the steam boiler has also impact
the washed fabrics through stem significant health impacts on
spray. workers engaged in the boiler
room

5 Air emissions (air pollution) The steam boilers utilizes fuel excess emissions of Moderate
oils for heating , which results in pollutant gases will result in impact
emission of pollutant gases such polluting the atmospheric air
as Sulphure oxides ( SOx ), Co2, and human health.
nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs).

6 Induced development The project induces road -Jobs created Significant

construction, clinic and other impact
-Improved income
induced developments

5.2.2 Cause and effect analysis

Checklist, matrices (including modified Leopid matrix) were used to analyze the relation
between those identified environmental aspects and the impact they can induce on the
environment. Apart from this, the study team assessed past experiences, causes and used
expert knowledge for the analysis. The team’s cause and effect analysis indicates that:
environmental pollution (soil, water and air); employees’ health hazard; natural resource
depletion (water and energy) and impacts on socio-economic factors, liquid and solid
waste are all have moderate impacts. Proper mitigation measures for each impacts are
cited as detailed here below.

35
5.2.2.1 Liquid Waste Generation and Proposed Mitigation Measures
In this particular garment factory, liquid effluents are generated from different sources
such as from washing of fabrics, equipment, vessels, process and washing of floor and
from domestic wastes. The major constituents of the wastewater effluents are oil and
grease (O&G), VOCs, BOD, COD, synthetic detergents used for fabrics washing, and
TDS. If not controlled, these liquid effluents can affect the water quality of ground and
surface water and soil when drained down by the run off.

The volumes of each of the above wastes are considered moderate.

Volume of Liquid wastes

Volume of water used for fabric washing.
The volume of water used for washing of fabrics depends on the number of readymade
suits produced by the factory. The information provided by the factory managers have
showed that the factory has 200 workers who produces the required readymade suits and
each worker produces three sets of suits/day, and hence 32 suits are produced per day. It
was considered that 20 liters (one jarican) of water is used to wash one set of suit, and
yielding the total water consumed for fabrics washing per day will be 6,000 liters or 6m3
of water/day. This much volume of waste water per day is huge, taking into account that
it has mixture of detergents which were utilized for washing of the fabrics.
Therefore, having 200 working days per annum, the total water required for washing of
these fabrics will be 200 days X 6m3 /day =1,200 m3 of water/per annum.
To this end a primary treatment pond and standard septic tank is recommended and there
will be zero discharge of waste water from the factory compound.

Volume of water used for domestic uses

Different studies on input-output relationship on human being, particularly, the volume of
food consumed vs respective human excretion (such as urine and faeces ) has showed that
for most people average weight gain is small during their lifetime. Hence, human beings
excrete essentially the same amount of plant nutrients as they eat. In fact, it depends on
one’s diet and thus differs between different persons as well as between different societies.
Adults excrete about 0.8 – 1.5 L of urine per day (children about half that amount)

36
depending on time, person and circumstances. An adult excrete, in average, about 0.33 kg
-0.4 kg of faeces/day depending on the nature of diet, its digestability, volume consumed
and consumption culture of a society. Generally, the lower the digestibility of the diet, the
higher the mass of faeces excreted per day.

To this end, assuming 200 working days, we can interpolate from the afformantioned data
and conclude that huge volume of toilet wastes, amounting to 57,000 kg per annum
(45,000 liters of urine and 12,000 kg of faeces could be generated per annum, (note that
1Kg=1 Liter)), would be generated from the envisaged garmant industry. Note also that
45,000 liters/annum =45 m3/annum, or 0.15m3 per day)

It can be noticed from the production process of this readymade garment industry as
discussed in the preceeding sections, the factory does not use any sort of chemical in its
production process. However, the waste water that comes from washing of machineries
would constitute mixtures of oils and greases that may leak to the ground. Considering
machineries and production houses are swept every day and washed once per week and
consumes 1m3 of water per week or 0.16 m3 per day while water used for bath and
shower room, and washing of kitchen utensels amounts 1m3 per day.
Table: Summary waste waters by its source and volume generated/day and per annum, at
current year
Type of waste water Quantity Quantity Note on constituents in each Characteristics
generated per generated per waste water sources
day annum
Waste water generated from 6m3 1,200 m3 Mixtures of deteregents from the are grey in color
washing of fabrics washing facility
waste water that comes from 0.16 m3 48 m3 mixtures of oils and greases are grey in
washing of machineries color
toilet wastes (urine) and waste 0.15m3 45 m3 are domestic wastes are black in
water generated from washing of color
kitchen utensels
waste water generated from bath 1m3 300 m3 waste water generated from bath are grey in
rooms room constitutes mixtures of soap color
Total 7. 31m3 1,593 m3
Remark: Grey water of this particular company constitutes 98% of the total waste water while
black water accounts only 2% of the total. As shall be discussed latter on grey colured waste
water streams require simpler treatment plant before disposed into the septic tank.

37
According to S. Kumar Garg, 2014 study report published in his novel hand book of
sewage disposal that has demonstrated domestic/housing waste water has two
distinguished streams: (i) black water consisting of urine and faces and, possibly, organic
kitchen waste; and (ii) low concentrated grey water, composed of waste water from shower
baths, kitchens and laundry, as depicted in the following pictorial representation.
What is the importance of industrial garments washing in textile industry?
Industrial Garments Washing is one of the major important parts for Textile sector. By
industrial garments washing we can remove dust, dirt and infections material. For
improving special look on garments as per fashion requirement. There are many types of
Industrial Wash.

What is an Effluent Treatment Plant

Effluent treatment plant, also known as ETP is a waste water treatment process
(WWTP) that is used to treat waste water. It's mostly used in industries like
pharmaceuticals, textiles, and chemicals where extreme water contamination is a
possibility. Effluent Treatment Plant plays a significant role in the treatment of industrial
waste water as well as domestic sewage. Organic matter, inorganic matter, heavy metals,

38
oil & grease, suspended particles, and other contaminants are treated in the wastewater
treatment process of an ETP plant. Chemical treatment, biological treatment, a
combination of chemical and biological treatment, and thermal treatment are the several
types of wastewater treatment plants

According to S. Kumar Garg, 2014, the main differences between grey water and black
water are the volume and concentrations. Compared to grey water, black water has a much
smaller volume but is much more concentrated. Grey water contains far less nitrogen,
fewer pathogens and breaks down much faster than black water. The characteristics of each
of these housing wastes are summarized in the table below.

How does ETP Plant Work?

The conceptual approach of the treatment includes the removal of suspended particles, dissolved
organic matters and handling of sludge for disposal. Different processes involved are:

EQUALISATION: The equalization tank's purpose is to balance the raw effluent from
various processing units. The wastewater is collected in an existing mixed effluent tank
and pumped to an existing aeration tank, which also functions as an equalization tank. The
floating aerator is used to homogenize the effluent before it is pumped to the neutralization
tank for treatment.

pH CONTROL: The pH value of effluent should be between 5.5 and 9.0, according to the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).pH neutralization is used to modify the pH of waste
water.

For waste that is acidic (low pH): Bases are used to modify the pH of a solution.

In the case of alkali waste (high pH): Acids are used to modify the pH of a solution.

COAGULATION: Coagulation is a technique that involves adding liquid

aluminiumsulphate to untreated water. This causes tiny dirt particles to stick together after
mixing. This collection of particles combines to generate larger, heavier particles that are
easily removed through settling and filtration.

39
SEDIMENTATION: Water travels slowly in this process, causing the heavy particles to
settle to the bottom. Sludge is the term for the particles that gather at the bottom of a
container.

FILTRATION: Filtration is the process of passing water through a filter that removes
particulates. The filters are made out of sand and gravel layers. Backwashing is required to
clean these filters on a regular basis.

DISINFECTION: Before entering the distribution system, water is disinfected. Chlorine is

used to disinfect and decontaminate water.

SLUDGE DRYING: Sedimentation collects and settles down solids, which are then
transported to drying beds.
when the sludge thickness reaches around 300 mm, the sludge charging should be stopbed,
and the bed should be segregated to allow natural evaporation to dry it off. This takes appr
oximately ten days.

Commercial RO Plant Manufacturer, Industrial RO Manufacturer, Sewage Treatment Plant

Manufacturer, Effluent Treatment Plant.

40
Table---: Summary on the characteristics of human and garment factory wastes

Description Characteristic

 Hygienically critical (high risk)

Feces  Consists Organics, Nutrients and Trace Elements

 Improves Soil Quality and Increase soil Water Retention
Capacity
 Less hygienically critical (less risk)
Urine  Contains the largest proportion of Nutrients Available To Plants
 May contain hormones or medical residues
 Of no major (or less) hygienic concern/risk

Greywater  Volumetrically the largest portion of wastewater

 Contains pollutant elments, oil and grease, thus, requires simpler
treatments

Proposed Mitigation Measures for liquid wastes

 Inadequate and unsafe disposal of industrial waste waters such as generated from
washing of fabrics, washing of machineries & production house as well as domestic
waste waters can lead to the contamination of ground water & surface water and soil
contamination, and can provide breeding sites for flies and mosquitoes which may
carry infection. In addition, waste water may attract domestic animals and vermin
which can both increase the potential for disease. It can also create an unpleasant
environment in terms of odor/smell and sight.
 Improperly constructed septic tanks would also result in infiltration of leach ate to the
ground water and as a result would have a greater pollution potential to the ground
water and surface water and soil pollutions.
 However, the east industry zone is one of the well designed world class industry zone
with well designed sewage and sewerage lines that drains to the common treatment
plant there to serve all industries located in that compound.
 However, in case of consuming and producing of waste water above the existing
capacity of the common treatment plant, as un foreseen event, the MULAT AREGA
garment and textile Manufacturing plant is committed to construct own standard primary

41
 waste water treatment pond with adequate septic tank, that enables to meet the
allowable national standard to release waste water. In that case, construct two
consecutive primary sedimentation tanks with 2.5m depth, 3m width and 6m
length( 45m3)with proper design and ensuring zero discharges to local environment;
 Primary sedimentation tanks are the most common form of primary treatment. Primary
sedimentation tank settles suspended solids from the wastewater flow. As the
wastewater flows into a sedimentation tank, the liquid flows very slowly, and the inert
and organic solids settle to the bottom. The solids that settle on the bottom are scraped
to a central point and then drawn out by a sludge pump. Wastewater scum, which is
primarily oil and grease, is less dense than the wastewater and floats to the surface.
Like the sludge, the scum is also collected by a mechanical arm and periodically drawn
off. The cost of such sedimentation pond is estimated at the cost of 400,000 birr.

 However, so far there is no sign of water consumption above the capacity of the
common treatment plant; There is also no sign of water stagnation, bad odor and
attraction of vector insects like flies; and there is no risk of waste water related impacts
in the factory and outside of its compound.
 Strengthen water recycling process to maximize efficiency of water use. Ensure 95
percent of water used during garment manufacturing process is recycled;

 Use separate line for fabrics washing system and sanitation process wastewater.
 The waste water treatment is constantly monitored by the environmental unit.
Apart from this end-of-pipe wastewater treatment technique the following measures prevents or
minimizes the generation of wastewater from production activities and/or the degree of the
environmental impact and impact controlling cost.

 Segregate wastewater effluents of different sources,

 To reduce the amount of BOD, SS, and other left over constituents, clean equipment and
floors mechanically prior to washing,

 Use high pressure spray systems for washing floors and process equipment,

High pressure washing reduces 80-90% of the amount waste water generation.

 Capture as much as unused and spilled raw materials and products from floors before
cleaning,

 Recycle fabrics washing and cooling water as much as possible,

42
  Develop technologies for possible reuse of wash water ,

 Operator training for efficient use of resources.

5.2.2.2 Solid waste related impacts and proposed mitigation measures

The main sources of solid wastes are cutting of fabrics and throwing away of packaging plastics of
fabrics.

Proposed mitigation measures

 The scraps from garment can be minimized if the workers at the factory are well
trained and optimized design is used. Thus, the company shall provide continuous
training for its staffs to reduce waste generation at the source
 The company shall minimize the impacts of the scraps through using of scraps
for making of pillow,
 The company shall arrange adequately transport to safely dispose excess scraps to
the prepared land fill site and safely dispose.

5.2.2.3 Air Pollution and related impacts

Garment industries use steam boiler during operation. The steam boilers uses fuel oil or diesel oil
for heating , which results in emission of pollutant gases such as Sulphure oxides ( SOx ), Co2
and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The gaseous emissions may also
contain particulate maters including heavy metals if they are present in significant concentrations in
the fuel. If not properly controlled, excess emissions of pollutant gases will result in polluting the
atmospheric air and human health.
However, the quantity of fuel oil used by the factory was so minimal that cannot induce significant
quantity of the above pollutants.
Proposed mitigation measures
Fabric cutting, steam boiler, drying, use of fuel for heating operations may all involve particulate
emissions. The release of these combustion products to the atmosphere as flue gas causes different
types of environmental impacts.

Generation of particulate matters from the combustion process is minimal. However, lack of proper
cleaning programs for boiler and flue gas stack creates accumulation of ash residues, solidified gas
condensates: like SO2 in the system. During startup and blowup due system disruption, these
accumulated solid particles can be washed away with pressure and enter the atmosphere.

Reducing the formation of CO, NO2, and SO2 during the combustion process is the primary
measure to mitigate air quality impact from the combustion process of the garment factory.
Approaches recommended to minimize the generation of these gases include:

 Use automated fuel feed controlling valves and pumps

43
  Use fuel having less SO2 content and usually revise the specification fuel quality

 Operate the boiler keeping suppliers specified air: fuel ratio

 Avoid suspended solids from the air stream by primarily filtering

 Programmed boiler operation to reduce startup and shutdown of boiler

 Control the boiler temperature in order to prevent unwanted side reactions.

Human health and other environmental impacts due to the presence of the different gases in the
boiler exhaust gas near the ground level require proper mitigation measure.

The following measures need to be considered to make the stack an effective mitigating tool:

 Setting the stack height factor by considering wind speed and direction; altitude; climate,
landscapes, position of sensitive areas,

 Putting thermal and wear resistance materials inside the stack especially at the inlet of the
flue gas protects the stack from a frequent wear and damage.

 Rather than installing one long stack, connect a couple of short stack units to easily
maintain, clean and inspect the stack.

 Provide small inspection widows and usually clean the stack inside,

 During boiler stoppage intensively clean and remove all condensed solids from the stack
before restarting.

 Provide or create the means to provide the stack emission measurement devices in order to
comply with future emission regulations and standards,

5.2.2.4 Generation of nuisance noise and proposed mitigation measures

Potential noise sources from the factory include the boiler, and generator.

The operation of the factory is not likely generating noise and vibration levels that could
potentially elevate the baseline condition possibly causing disturbance to nearby
surrounding community. However, this section addresses the potential noise and vibration
impacts during operational phase through identification of sensitive receptors, determining
primary sources of noise and vibration generation, assessment of the potential impacts and
their significance and finally proposing mitigation measures following Best Available
Techniques (BAT).

44
Considering that they are adopting the most stringent noise limits in the Ethiopian
standards and given that the highest predicted noise levels at night which is less than 45 dB
(A), the noise impacts are expected to be tolerable by the residents of the community as
higher noise limits for night time (45 to 50dB (A) are set in the Ethiopian standards for
residential areas in the city or near main roads.
Recommended mitigation measures for nuisance noise:
Provide employees with personal protective devices such as ear mufflers,
The boiler machine needs to use the best available noise control techniques
(e.g., improved mufflers; equipment redesign; use of intake silencers, ducts,
engine enclosures and/or acoustically attenuating noise level ) wherever
feasible and necessary.
Use of properly tuned engines, proper mountings and muffling of equipment
and equipment fitted with silencers;
Providing permanent enclosures around the heavy noise producing equipment;
Ensuring good maintenance and repair of the heavy equipment;
All equipment shall be switched off when not in use.
Stationary noise sources shall be located as far from sensitive receptors as
possible. If they must be located near sensitive receptors, they are muffled to
the extent feasible and enclosed within temporary shed.

5.2.2.5 Occupational health and safety of the workers

The main impacts during operation phase that are related with occupational health and
safety of the workers, include particularly, high smoke and heat generated from the boiler
house, and those staffs working on sewing and cutting equipments may be exposed to
body injury by needle and cutting equipments may end up with workers hand capons.

Employees could also be exposed to various diseases such as humored and kidney diseases
due to long time sit for sewing operation. As the sewing operation requires bending down
of the body starting from the waist up section, such bending down, in the long run could
end up with pain of the back bone on workers, unless safety belts are made available and
carefully used.

Proposed mitigation measures

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There are lots of good reasons to manage health and safety ensured in the workplace. A
healthy and safe workplace is better to work in and more productive. Both employers and
workers shall benefit. The envisaged MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment and textile
Manufacturing plant is pleased to provide its workers with necessary personal protective
equipment depending upon the type and nature of work they are handling. Workers shall
be provided with secured and clean place to store the personal protective equipment given
to them. A list of personal protective equipment for safety purpose includes:

Supply workers with essential personal protective equipments, fire extinguishers,

water hydrants; overall tuta cloth, mouth and nose masks, eye protector, hand
gloves are a must in our factory.
for those employees who are engaged in high heat areas, heat proof protective
equipment shall be provided, and strict follow up for implementation shall be
implanted by the factory.
Rotation of workers in high heat generating house
Maintaining safe workplaces; air-conditioned working environment;
Develop accidents control, investigations, analysis and reporting in the factory,
Regular workers health check-up or examination every six months.
Insurance service and agreement with Insurance companies by the name of each
employees.
Provide adequate information, instruction and training that enable employees to
work without risks/hazards;
Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives about
occupational health, safety and welfare;
Ensuring all work procedures are undertaken without exposing workers to hazards
A special kind of Handbook for Safety and Health Prevention Instructions should
be created. This Handbook will contain all appropriate measures for safety and
health prevention for all personnel at the new facility.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1. General Overviews
Most of the factory’s environmental management activities will be carried out during the operation
phase, although environmental impacts at this stage are significant (including environmental

46
pollution and human health impacts).The objectives of the environmental management plan at this
phase of the project are: protection of the environment from solid wastes and other pollutants,
protection of workers from work area health hazard, waste management and improve the
environmental performance of the project.

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing plant is dedicated to

environmental protection and shall incorporate environmental management system in its daily
operations and, its EMP is implemented, maintained and updated in a manner that it is consistent
with a nationally recognized standard. The company is also committed to provide employees with
materials, resources and systems to properly implement this management plan.

The Environmental management issues outlined in this EMP report will be used to manage all
environmental aspects of the factory operational activities over which the company has control and
reasonably manage.

To this end, an Environmental and Safety Management Unit (ESMU) is recommended to be

established in the organizational structure of the firm to operate the environmental management
program regularly and smoothly in sustainable manner.

The ESMU shall act as the central point in planning, implementing and monitoring of the
environmental management plan of the company. The responsibility of the unit will be ensuring the
implementation of all the proposed mitigation measures. The unit should focus at least on the
following main environmental management plan themes:

 To play a leading role in respect to minimize potential negative impacts on the

environment & the community.
 To co-ordinate and administrate all aspects of the environmental management programs;
 To develop further an environmental oversight capability within the company; and
 To facilities for preparation of plan and the implementation of factory wide Environmental
Management System (EMS).

The company opted to employ the following elements in ESMP and Practices, like:

o Reviewing the company's environmental goals;

o Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements;
o Setting environmental objectives and targets to reduce environmental impacts and
comply with legal requirements;
o Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets;
o Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the objectives;
o Ensuring employees' environmental awareness and competence;

47
 o Reviewing progress of the EMP and making improvements.

6.2 Environmental Management Plan of garment processing plant

The environmental management plan is the translation of the already identified or suggested
impact mitigation measures and the impact analysis into a practical manageable plan with an
indication of its sensitivity, bounded timeframe, the responsible body to take care of parameters or
issues and the estimated costs that are associated with proposed measures. The summary of the
Environmental Management Plan is provided in the next table.

6.2.1 Environmental Management Activities

This section presents those procedures and activities of general nature, which need to be implement
for conservation of the resources and for protection of environment. These can be grouped under
the following headings:

6.2.1.1 Liquid and Solid Waste Management

Waste shall be managed in accordance with the company’s Waste Management Plan as stipulated
in the Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant company’s Environmental Management System
and compliance with the country’s environmental regulations. The principles of waste reduction,
recycling, recovery and reuse shall be practiced.

Waste Minimization Guidelines

In the context of the Enterprise Garment processing plant, waste minimization implies the
reduction of the volume of liquid and solid wasters to maximum possible extent. The four
principles of waste minimization process (namely; recycling, reduction, reuse and recovery) shall
be adopted as applicable. Further, development activities are functions of the activity level, age
depreciation and maintenance level of facility and operating equipment. Old machinery/equipments
generate more waste as compared to new once. Thus, it is important either to timely repair or
otherwise replace the old machineries.

Waste Handling Guidelines

For proper handling and disposal, wastes shall be well defined at source and the definition
transmitted along with the waste until the final disposal state. All procedures shall be defined, and
documented appropriately for all wastes generated. The general information required, and a
minimum, for adequate definition of wastes include:

 Waste identification
 Proper waste categorization
 Waste segregation
 Appropriate handling and disposal practice, and
 Recommended management practices.
Waste Segregation Guidelines

48
For effective implementation of appropriate waste disposal methods and recycling, it is important
that waste material be segregated by type and nature of the waste, preferably at source into
clearly designated bins at strategic locations.

Waste Disposal Guidelines

Instructions on the material safety-handling sheet shall be strictly adhered to, and shall form the
basis for the disposal of wastes related to such products. Adequate treatment measures shall be
undertaken, wherever applicable, for all waste before final disposal.

6.2.1.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment and textile Manufacturing Company provides safety
wears, safety equipment and health services with full health care and occupational safety for
handling raw materials, supplies and products depending on the characteristics of the
manufacturing processes. To attain work place safety, for example, some machines shall have
protections, warning stickers, automatic stopping or safety switch. In addition, installation of
accident prevention materials such as ventilation at proper sites; in manufacturing floors, chemical
stores, general stores and in other essential rooms and fire extinguishers will be sited at proper
places in the company compound. Depending on the working places and the type of machineries;
workers shall be provided with safety wears such as goggles, hand gloves, work cloths, nose mask,
shoes, working manuals, etc.

Generally, the factory is responsible and fully committed to accomplish the following safety
obligations:

 goggle, hand gloves, leathered front protecting wears, nose mask, ear muffler, shoes shall be
provided for workers working on the machine;
 Different light lifting machines for work simplicity,
 Workers training on how to use safety materials and keep safe working place and use of safety
instructions in the manufacturing processes;
 Accidents control, investigations, analysis and reporting in the company manufacturing activities,
and
 Regular workers health check-up or examination in every production years.
 Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
 Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without hazards;
 Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other employees
about occupational health, safety and welfare;
 Providing adequate personal protective clothing and equipment; and
 Ensuring all work procedures are undertaken without exposing workers to hazards.

49
6.2.1.3 Noise management plan
Due to the operation of the factory, noise generation is likely as a result of the operations of the
factory plant. The garment processing, company will make all practical efforts to abate noise
pollution and it will:

 Restrict, where possible, noise making activities to normal working hours and standard
level,
 When working near residences and places of worship avoid sensitive times for example
during religious services,
 Inform and consult with affected residents.

6.2.1.4 Ecological management plan

Sebeta area being endowed with ground water potential which require the cooperation of multi
stakeholders including the MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant company,
Sebeta town administration and many others are enhanced to ensure the integrity, function and
condition of these areas are maintained and/or suitably rehabilitated, the surrounding hills, river
sides, un planted spaces in the surrounding environment as a whole, particularly, with indigenous
tree species instead of exotic ones.

Due to previous plantation in the factory compound by the east industry zone, by now there is no
space in the factory compound for greenery development, thus, the factory is committed to
support the plantation of indigenous species in the surrounding hills. The proposed Ecological
management plan could be arranged by supporting the environmental organs, MSEs and the local
community who are working in the area of natural resources development and environmental
protection to develop an indigenous plant species, the cumulative effect of which is the total well
being of the natural environment. This will be achieved by:

 Planting native/indigenous/ and Edible trees in a well-designed manner within factory

compound & corridors; if possible, if there is space, or,
 Support raising of seedlings by different actors from the lists provided by Sebeta city
environment, forest and climate change office, such as local residents, MSEs, women
association and etc) to plant around degraded ecosystem, surrounding hills, and other areas
prioritized by the government.

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 Table 5- Summary of Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan

Aspect Impacts Cause Proposed mitigation measure Parameters to be Means for Freq. of Responsib Time cost
and management monitored monitori le body
Monitoring ng (Birr)

- minimize the impacts of

Solid Affected soil Un proper scraps in the Observation Every 5 The Operat 20,000
waste fertility and handling and the scraps through using of environment, in the days company ion
soil micro dumping of scraps scraps for making of pillow, factory compound, phase
of cloths
organisms, as well as at the
closed road’s -Collect scraps and properly dumping site
side ditches by dispose at prepared land fill
the plastic site
packages -Collect cloth scraps and sale
to those handcrafts that
process to mattress(Reuse)

Waste Soil and Release of Make sure that any waste water Water quality BoD, CoD, Every The Operat 30,000
water ground water factory waste has drained to the common analysis Ts,PH time company ional
pollution water without waste treatment plant with no phase
exception
treatment

Employee’ Workers health -Injury by Arrangement of health service Availability of health Report & Personal Every The Operati 100,000
s health affected machine, facilities for primary health care, service facilities or 1st observation month company onal
risks aid in the factory phase
-Noise problem Arrange insurance service for compound,
generated by the affected employees,
machine -Agreement
- Use of an up to date technology document with
that has low noise level insurance,
-Provide protective equipments Availability of
for workers & Provide protective materials
awareness for workers about at the work place
prequations

Total 0

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6.3 Environmental training & awareness raising plan

Environmental training and awareness for all staffs of the company is important, since virtually all
aspects of the factory operations can have environmental implications. To help ensure continual
improvement in environmental performance, it also recommended that all staffs play a role, not just
those staff specifically responsible for environmental aspects of an operation.

Site-specific procedures will be developed and implemented to identify environmental training

needs and ensure that all personnel receive environmental training. As such, the procedures will
encompass:

a) general awareness training for employees and service providers. The training includes but is
not limited to:

 the organization's environmental program, including the environmental policy &

relevant environmental practices; regulatory obligations; and
 environmental emergencies procedures, including spill prevention, reporting,
response and evacuation procedures;

b) an environmental training program that includes:

 a list of all personnel that require environmental training and a categorization of

groups of personnel with regards to the nature of the specific environmental
training required; and
 an outline of the environmental training required for each group of personnel, the
training methods to be used, and the required frequency of refresher training; and

c) the identification of requisite competencies of environmental Expert and internal

environmental auditors.

This EMP recognizes potential benefits associated with environmental training and awareness
programs, including:

 ownership of and commitment to environmental management at all levels of the

workforce;

52
  a sustained, measurable improvement in environmental performance in both the
individual and business plant level;
 an improved capacity to manage future environmental issues and to minimize
environmental risk;
 improved understanding on the part of management and employees of how
specific activities affect the environment;
 the development of management and employee skills resulting in cost-effective
environmental solutions;
 management attention that is focused on the areas of greatest environmental
impact and risk, and action on those areas;
 a responsible image presented to employees and the community; and
 reduced potential of an environmental incident.

6.4 Environmental Induction Meeting

To ensure that its employees carry out their duties in as environmentally responsible manner as
possible MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant company provides all
employees with environmental awareness training on environmental issues and provides task-
specific training to those employees whose jobs are associated with significant environmental
aspects.

All new employees receive a 30-minute introduction to the garment processing policy of the
company, significant environmental aspects, and environmental objectives. This introduction will
be an opportunity for the new employees to ask questions about their environmental
responsibilities. The training is given in conjunction with the human resources (HR) manager as
part of his general orientation for new employees.

All Company personnel will attend company’s Environmental Induction Meeting prior to the
commencement of their duties. The Environmental Expert and Plant Manager will arrange and
conduct this meeting.

The Company may combine this training with Safety Induction and other competency training.

Topics covered at this meeting will be at least the following:

 Scope of the EMP, Organization and Responsibilities,

53
 Site specific issues such as boundaries for vegetation clearing, importance of any trees of
significant value, water quality issues, hazardous material handling and transportation, location of
refuse bins, washing, refueling and maintenance of vehicles, factory and equipment,
o Occupational Health and Safety issues
o Environmental Impacts, Safeguards and Control Measures,
o Sensitive areas, exclusion zones and other precautions to be taken,
o Waste Management and Reduction,
o Conditions of any Environmental licenses, permits and approvals;
o Reporting process for Environmental harm/incidents,
o Lessons learnt from incidents,
o Control of subcontractors and
o Emergency response training including use of personal protective equipment.
Any relevant Environmental issues which become apparent during the implementation of the Plant
will be added to this topics list.

Record of induction will be maintained and employees are:

 be obliged to sign the attendance record as proof that they have attended a work site induction
briefing and
 be issued with a work site Environmental induction card. The card will be dated and carry
employees’ name. It must be shows upon request while the person is on the work site.
The company may combine the Occupational Health(OH) & Safety and Environmental Records of
Induction into one and similarly combine OH&S and Environmental cards.

All company personnel’s who commence services during any factory plant cycle will undergo the
same induction training. This will be provided by the Environmental Expert or his/her
representative.

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7. Environmental Monitoring Plan

7.1 General
Environmental monitoring will be used as a systematic measurement of key environmental indicators
over time within particular factory plant locations that are identified with environmental sensitivity
and thus, the environmental monitoring will focus on the most significant impacts identified.

The combination of three monitoring methods needs to be used for the proposed Plant to provide the
information required to ensure that factory plant implementation has the least possible negative
environmental impacts on the people and environment.

Impact Monitoring Plan: The biophysical and socio-economical (including public health) parameters
within the factory area, must be measured during the factory operational phases in order to detect
environmental changes, which may have occurred as a result of Plant implementation e.g. air
emission, dust, noise, water pollution.

Compliance Monitoring Plan: Internal audit and recording of specific environmental quality
indicators or pollution levels will be used to ensure factory plant compliance with recommended
environmental protection standards. Monitoring will be regular and performed over a long period of
duration and a combination of these three methods should be used to draw accurate conclusion
concerning Plant impact.

Monitoring of all activities will be required to analyze the impacts of construction and operation on the
environment. Therefore, self-monitoring and reporting tools will be adopted to carry out monitoring as
per EPA rules and regulations which currently transformed as the Federal Environment, Forest and
Climate Change Authority, rules and regulations.

Environmental Health and Safety officer needs to coordinate with the manager, who will be in charge
of monitoring procedures. Monitoring techniques will be identified and the frequency of selected
parameters for monitoring will be followed as per the monitoring plan given in Table below.

55
In addition to this, the Environmental Health and Safety officer needs to keep a record of all non-conformities observed and
report these along with actions. Factory Manager will also report any impacts anticipated along with his recommendations for
further action. The contractor shall take account of any recommendations relating to the construction/ maintenance activities
arising during the monitoring.Table9: Environmental Monitoring plan

Table - Environmental Monitoring Plan

Stage Monitoring Location of Parameters and Monitoring Reason to Responsibility Cost

areas monitoring techniques used for Frequency monitor
monitoring parameter

Solid waste Collection, handling, -Observation/visit the Twice a year Legal obligations Managers
management and location of waste and water (Environmentalist
disposal areas collection, handling, contamination &HSE officers)
Operations

management and
 15 meters distance disposal Twice a year and once Regional/ city 45,000
from community every six months if the Environment, Forest
-Issuance of report twice process change due to & Climate change
a year, must include, any reason
solid waste type, quality
and management
methodology

Parameters to monitor Monthly during Managers 0

operations (Environmentalist
includes:
Air quality Any accidental release Legal obligations, &HSE officers)
Operations

areas occupational and

 Particulate
health safety, local Regional/ city
Matters
 SO2 residences health Environment, Forest
 NOx safety & Climate change 40,000
 CO
Visual analysis and  Twice a year To avoid traffic Managers 0
Operatio

issuance of status report (report issuance) congestion and (Environmentalist

ns

Land Traffic Transportation routes of transport  Daily (Visual accidental risk &HSE officers)
analysis)

56
 Table - Environmental Monitoring Plan

Stage Monitoring Location of Parameters and Monitoring Reason to Responsibility Cost

areas monitoring techniques used for Frequency monitor
monitoring parameter

Regional/ city 80,000

Environment, Forest
& Climate change

 In-house operations Noise intensity  Twice every year Occupational Managers 40,000
Operations

 Trucks’ loading and measurement  Once at time of Safety and legal (Environmentalist
Noise unloading area noise source obligations &HSE officers)
change
 On inspector’s
request
Occupational  Machinery  Visual observations  Record of accidents Occupational Managers 0
Construction

& Operations

Safety  Trucks’ loading and daily (every day) Safety and legal (Environmentalist
and unloading hazard/accident  Twice a year obligations &HSE officers)
area records (report issuance)
 Issuance of HSE
Regional/ city 80,000
report twice a year
Environment, Forest
& Climate change

Total 80000

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58
7.2 Environment labeling and life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method of checking the facts about the environmental burden of a
product from its design through to production and then final disposal. It can be used in design of a new
product or the evaluation of existing product. EIA is the analysis of a product or service through all stages
of its life cycle, raw martial acquisition, manufacturing, transportation; use/reuse/ maintenance,
recycling/waste management and relevant energy supply systems. It includes:

 Evaluation and policymaking

 Public education
 Internal decision making
 Public disclosure of information

8 . Environmental Audit
The environmental audit is a management tool consisting of a systematic, documented, periodic and
objective evaluation of environmental performance, management systems and equipment with the aim of
facilitating management control of environmental practices and assessing compliance with an operation’s
or activity's environmental policies, including meeting regulatory requirements. The audit includes:

 internal auditing of systems and procedures for measuring, recording and reporting performance
data;
 independent validation of systems and procedures for measuring, recording, and reporting
performance data;
 Independent evaluations and commentaries by independent consultant regarding an
organization’s economic, environmental, and social performance and/or management processes.
An environmental compliance or performance audit can provide valuable information to help the
company to meet the agreed standards of environmental performance (which should be defined in
company policy) and stay ahead of the requirements placed on them by law.

59
The possible functions and benefits of an environmental audit are:

Management

 Demonstrate a visible commitment to improving an organization’s environmental performance.

 Use as a basis for the development of environmental management policies or efforts to improve
existing plans.
 Identify environmental risks, impacts and review of management controls and systems and associated
liabilities, liabilities and risks from past and present activities of the site or surroundings and
implementation of recommendations.
 Review process and plant operating procedures or activity's current environmental standards of
operation and company environmental management procedures, including emergency response planning,
monitoring and reporting systems and planning for future changes in Processes or Regulations.
 Increasing actions undertaken or needing to be undertaken by an organization or activity to meet
environmental goals such as sustainable development, Responsible Care, recycling and Efficient Use of
Resources.

Financial

 Prevention of financial losses: through remediation or the closure of an organization or activity;

government restrictions or negative publicity caused by bad management or monitoring of the
environment.
 Fair assessment of financial implications of environmental issues, liabilities and impact of new
regulations.
 Highlight where costs can be saved (e.g. through energy conservation or minimization, improved use
of raw materials, process changes, waste reduction, reuse and recycling etc)
Training

 To facilitate the sharing of best environmental practices and increase in the awareness of the
management and staff of the organization regarding environmental policies and responsibilities.
 Assessment of training, knowledge and awareness of employees.

60
Reporting

 Provision of an environmental audit report for use by an organization, or activity in dealings with
environmental groups, government.
 Provision of information required by insurance companies, financial institutions, shareholders and
other stakeholders.
It is also important to recognize the limitations of the audit process when deciding to conduct an
environmental audit. The following points may be helpful to remember in this respect:

 An audit should not be used as a chance to tell the audited plant how to do their job;
 It is not a technical investigation in itself (although can be used in support).
 It should not be used to provide a public statement of performance (although it may be used to back
up and support any such statements made).

Therefore, The Company’s environmental audit needs to follow the Company’s Quality Management
Plan.

Using the Environmental Inspection Checklist, the Environmental Expert will carry out monthly checks
to ensure the service delivery is complying with the EMP. The Environmental Expert will use the
checklists to prepare a Summary of Environmental Performance for the designated environmental and
social safeguards management who will present it to the company representative.

9. Records Management, Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions

9.1. Records Management

MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant will hold the following records and they
will be accessible to the company manager and to authorized environmental authorities:

 Details of qualifications held by individuals primarily responsible for environmental

monitoring,
 Monitoring/inspection reports with regards to environmental and social safeguards
management,
 Internal environmental and social performance audit reports,
 External environmental and social safeguards performance audit reports,
 Reports of pollution incidents, other environmental non-conformances, complaints and follow-
up action,
 Minutes of EMP management review meetings,

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  Evidence of action taken as a result of such meetings/events,
 Induction and training records,
 Records of environmental performance monitoring against compliance limits.

9.2. Environmental Reporting and Corrective Actions

The company will contract or hire a senior environmental expert to deal with entire environmental and
social safeguards management and reporting of environmental and social performance at the factory.

Reporting is a management tool which assists the monitoring and assessment of the performance of a
process or system. The quality, usefulness, and credibility of reporting can be enhanced by verification
and validation. Independent verification in regard to the reliability and completeness of an Environmental
Report and enhances the quality, usefulness, and credibility of information used within the company and
the underlying management systems and processes are ensured.

The Environmental Expert will submit the report to the company representative within the times shown in
the Contract Management Plan which cover:

 A report on each occasion when the site is visited by EPA purpose and outcome of the visit and of all
actions being taken by the Company in response to comments by visiting authorities.
 A report of any incident resulting in failure to meet environmental obligations, the immediate action
taken to alleviate the problem and the proposed measures to prevent the occurrence of a similar incident
 A summary report of environmental performance evaluations at intervals of six months.

Similarly, MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant use a formal corrective action
process to ensure that actual or potential compliance issues and EMP non-conformities are addressed
quickly and effectively.

The management representative assigns responsibility for taking action to correct each actual or potential
compliance issue or non-conformity identified in a compliance assessment or an internal assessment to an
appropriate manager or employee. Together they fill out the “Statement of the Problem” using corrective
action form.

The person responsible then undertakes the corrective action required, calling upon the management
representative, local residents represented committee, and others for assistance as necessary.

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The responsible person and the management representative fill out the “Completion of Corrective Action”
part of the Corrective Action Notice when corrective action is complete.

Whenever significant problems in the functioning of the EMP are identified, monitoring will be done
primarily through the internal assessment process.

The management representative (Environmental Expert) called out to the incident/accident will ensure
that the incident is documented and the Company responds as set down there.

Corrective action is recorded using format specified on the form; records are maintained by the
environmental Expert.

10. Management of Information

Although MULAT AREGA Enterprise Garment Manufacturing plant is keen in environmental
management practices and have management plan to adopt preventive measures with the environmental
point of view, it can be said that any weakness in organizational structure, management, communication,
leak in information and coordination may lead to environment risk. Therefore, to tackle those problems,
following are some of the guiding principles given:

 Ensure that management authorities have access to high quality, up-to-date and relevant data for
decision making.
 Ensure that staff associated with implementation work must have access to the relevant data for the
implementation of EMP.
 Promote involvement of all associated groups, management authorities and associated staff in the
management plan process.
 Ensure highest level possible of liaison and co-ordination between garment manufacturing plant and
factory staff.
 Ensure all the monitoring details should be received by regulatory agencies accordingly for their review
and feedback.

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11. Revision of environmental management plan
The company representative and Environmental Expert will review this EMP to ensure it is appropriate
and is being implemented effectively. Changes may arise from a change of scope, The Company
environmental expert and audit comments will be considered for improvement. The factory will then be
updated to reflect any changes which have occurred.

The revised document and the input which led to the revisions will be reviewed by the environmental
expert and operational officer and then forwarded to the company manager for decision. The planned
target dates (or frequencies) at which the EMP will be subject to formal review and the personnel who
will participate in the review will be documented; maintain as a record.

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12. Conclusions and recommendations
This Environmental management and monitoring plan has been identified, assessed and presented
mitigation measures for various impacts of garment s garment manufacturing factory. The conception of
this plan is focused on ensuring that concentrate garment s garment factory operates efficiently and meets
the requirements of the environmental protection authority and the regulations in force. From the
foregoing the factory plant is acceptable as the design provides mitigation measures for impacts. It is
therefore recommended that the factory licensed to operate accordingly. The following additional
recommendations are made with respect to the environmental management of the facility:

 Implement the internal policy requirements including environmental and social safeguards, training and
awareness for employees and factory staff;
 Comply with all environmental and social legislations and policy requirements of the country,
 Put in place a monitoring and evaluation program for the environmental management plan in all
operational stages covering the following:
o Environmental impacts management and social responsibility,
o Environmental integrity.
o Responsible operation and routine maintenance and efficiency in environmental management;
o Continuous improvement;
o Complete factory environmental and social performance audit and submit audit report to environmental
agency after commissioning to ensure that all the proposed environmental mitigation measures have been
complied with;
o That the operation of all facilities in the garment s garment processing plant factory is carried out in
accordance with approved plans and laws;
o That the plant establishes and implements a detailed Routine Maintenance Plan for all the facility
including the treatment structure;
o That any unforeseen impacts shall be immediately notified to the environmental expert to ensure that
they are immediately addressed and mitigated.

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13. REFERENCES

1. Markus Engineering Service (2002). Cradle-to-gate Life cycle inventory Canadian and US
steel production and Mill by type
2. International Conference on Sustainable Architectural Design and Urban Planning
Hanoi Architectural University, May 15-16, 2007, Hanoi, Vietnam
3. Bhatia (2001). Environmental pollution and control in chemical process industries by Khanna
publishers, Delhi, India.
4. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995.Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
6. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
8. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 275/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
9. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
10. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final drafts),
Addis Ababa.
11. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource base,
its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.
12. Otterstrom T. and P.Kosk. (1994). “Ekono Energy Ltd & Soil and Water Ltd. Assessment of
External Costs of Energy Production in Finland”. Report prepared for the SIHTI 2 Project.

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