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19 views8 pages

CP 4154

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sri ramaswamy
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Notes - CP4154

Principles of Programming Language (Anna University)

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CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

UNIT-1 ROLE OF ALGORITHMS IN COMPUTING


Algorithms – Algorithms as a Technology- Insertion Sort – Analyzing Algorithms –
Designing Algorithms- Growth of Functions: Asymptotic Notation – Standard
Notations and Common Functions- Recurrences: The Substitution Method – The
Recursion-Tree Method

What is an algorithm?

 Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes


some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as
output.

 An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into
the output.
Algorithm is a set of steps to complete a task.
For example, Task: to make a cup of tea.
Algorithm:
 add water and milk to the kettle,
 boil it, add tea leaves,
 Add sugar, and then serve it in cup.

What is Computer algorithm?

‘’a set of steps to accomplish or complete a task that is described precisely enough that a computer
can run it’’.
Described precisely: very difficult for a machine to know how much water, milk to be
added etc. in the above tea making algorithm.
These algorithms run on computers or computational devices. For example, GPS in our
smartphones, Google hangouts.
GPS uses shortest path algorithm. Online shopping uses cryptography which uses RSA
algorithm.
Characteristics of an algorithm:-
 Must take an input.
 Must give some output(yes/no,valueetc.)
 Definiteness –each instruction is clear and unambiguous.
 Finiteness –algorithm terminates after a finite number of steps.
 Effectiveness –every instruction must be basic i.e. simple instruction.

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CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Expectation from an algorithm

 Correctness:-
 Correct: Algorithms must produce correct result.
 Produce an incorrect answer: Even if it fails to give correct results all the time
still there is a control on how often it gives wrong result. Eg. Rabin-Miller
Primarily Test (Used in RSA algorithm): It doesn‟t give correct answer all the
time.1 out of 250 times it gives incorrect result.
 Approximation algorithm: Exact solution is not found, but near optimal
solution can be found out. (Applied to optimization problem.)
 Less resource usage:
 Algorithms should use less resource (time and space).
Resource usage:
Here, the time is considered to be the primary measure of efficiency .We are also
concerned with how much the respective algorithm involves the computer memory. But
mostly time is the resource that is dealt with. And the actual running time depends on a
variety of backgrounds: like the speed of the Computer, the language in which the
algorithm is implemented, the compiler/interpreter, skill of the programmers etc.
So, mainly the resource usage can be divided into: 1.Memory (space) 2.Time
Time taken by an algorithm?
 Performance measurement or Apostoriori Analysis: Implementing the
algorithm in a machine and then calculating the time taken by the system to execute
the program successfully.
 Performance Evaluation or Apriori Analysis. Before implementing the
algorithm in a system. This is done as follows
1. How long the algorithm takes :-will be represented as a function of the
size of the input.

f(n)→how long it takes if „n‟ is the size of input.


2. How fast the function that characterizes the running time grows with
the input size.
“Rate of growth of running time”. The algorithm with less rate of growth of
running time is considered better.
How algorithm is a technology ?
Algorithms are just like a technology. We all use latest and greatest processors but we
need to run implementations of good algorithms on that computer in order to properly
take benefits of our money that we spent to have the latest processor. Let‟s make this
example more concrete by pitting a faster computer(computer A) running a sorting
algorithm whose running time on n values grows like n 2 against a slower computer
(computer B) running a sorting algorithm whose running time grows like n lg n. They
each must sort an array of 10 million numbers. Suppose that computer A executes 10
billion instructions per second (faster than any single sequential computer at the time of
this writing) and computer B executes only 10 million instructions per second, so that
computer A is 1000 times faster than computer B in raw computing power. To make the
difference even more dramatic, suppose that the world‟s craftiest programmer codes in
machine language for computer A, and the resulting code requires 2n2 instructions to
sort n numbers.

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CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Suppose further that just an average programmer writes for computer B, using a high-
level language with an inefficient compiler, with the resulting code taking 50n lg n
instructions.
Computer A (Faster) Computer B(Slower)
Running time grows like n2. Grows in nlogn.
10 billion instructions per sec. 10million instruction per sec
2n2 instruction. 50 nlogn instruction.
Time taken=
It is more than 5.5hrs it is under 20 mins.
So choosing a good algorithm (algorithm with slower rate of growth) as used by
computer B affects a lot.
Algorithm Design

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CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Downloaded by Vinnarasu V ([email protected])


CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Downloaded by Vinnarasu V ([email protected])


CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Downloaded by Vinnarasu V ([email protected])


CP5151Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms Department of CSE 2020-2021

Downloaded by Vinnarasu V ([email protected])

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