Statistics Presentation 5
Statistics Presentation 5
Basic Definitions
Observation, experiment, event, sample space, tree
diagram…
Permutation, Probability of an event…
Conditional Probability
Independent events,
Multiplication rule,
Total Probability
Baye’s rule…
Random Variables
Discrete RV’s
Continuous RV’s
Probability Distributions
Discrete Probability Distributions
(Probability Mass Functions)
Continuous Probability Distributions
(Probability Density Functions)
Cumulative Distribution Functions
Population Mean and Population Variance
In many situations, it is desirable to assign a numerical value to
each outcome of an experiment. Such an assignment is called a
random variable.
F(x) = P(X ≤ x)
Example: A shipment of 20 similar laptop computers to a retail outlet
contains 3 that are defective. If a school makes a random purchase of 2 of
these computers, find the probability distribution for the number of
defectives? (Exercise 3.8 from textbook)
Let X be a random variable whose values x are the possible numbers of
defective computers purchased by the school. Then x can only take the
numbers 0, 1, and 2.
Discrete cumulative
distribution function
Population mean…!!!
Example: A certain industrial process is brought down for recalibration
whenever the quality of the items produced falls below specifications. Let
X represent the number of times the process is recalibrated during a week,
and assume that X has the following probability mass function.
the formula:
4
E ( x) x xi p( xi )
i 0
.75 .688
Probability mass function is used for a value of a discrete RV.
Probability density function is used for a range of a continuous RV.
Let X be a continuous random variable with probability density
function f (x).
f ( x) 0 ; for all x f ( x)dx 1
Example :
Verify that f(x) is a density function???
As an immediate consequence of this definition , one can write
the two results:
dF ( x)
f ( x) (if the derivative exists.)
dx
Example : For the previous example, find the cumulative distribution
function F(x) and plot it.
Solution:
Example : (Exercise 3.7 from textbook)
Example : (Exercise 3.7 from textbook)
Example : (Exercise 3.36 from textbook)
Example : (Exercise 3.36 from textbook)
x
For 0 x 1, F ( x) 2 (1 t )dt ( 2t t )
x
2
x(2 x)
0
0
1 1 1 5
(a) P( X ) 2
3 3 3 9
1 1 1 3 1
(b) P( X ) 1 2 1
2 2 2 4 4
3 1 P (0.5 X 0.75) (1 0.5) 2 (1 0.75) 2 3
(c ) P( X X )
4 2 P ( X 0.5) (1 0.5) 2 4
Example : Refer to previous Example (clearance). Find the mean
clearance and the variance of the clearance.
Solution:
Example : (Exercise 3.3 from textbook)
Solution:
Example : (Exercise 3.8 from textbook)
Solution:
Example : (Exercise 3.23 from textbook)
Solution:
𝑑) 2/3
Example : (Exercise 3.21 from textbook)
Example : (Exercise 3.21 from textbook)
Solution:
Example : (Exercise 3.29 from textbook)
Example : (Exercise 3.29 from textbook)
Solution:
Example :
Solution:
Example :
Solution: