Transient Heat Conduction

Dr. Dushyant Singh

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Jalandhar, Punjab, India – 144027
Email: [email protected]
 Introduction
 Temperature is not only a function of location but also a function of time,
(t) i.e T = T(x, y, z, t).
Time dependent problems are of
2 Types
: Transient an Periodic Problems.

 In addition heat capacity and heat storage (as

internal energy) become important parameters of
the problem.
 The rate of temperature change at a location and
the spatial temperature distribution at any time are
the important parameters to be determined in this
study .
Typical Example of the
 Heating
Transient case is  Cooling
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 01 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Important Purpose
 Heat Treatment by Quenching (Application Area)  Industrial

Starting up or
shutting down of a
nuclear reactor or a
furnace , GT blade.

Periodic Example

Transient Example
Daily periodic variation of heat transfer from the
sun to the earth’s surface and the temperature
fluctuations n the walls of IC Engines.
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 02 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Lumped System Analysis:

o Hot small copper ball coming out of o In this case, it notice that the
an oven. temperature distribution within the
o Measurements indicate that the roast is not even close be being
Temp. (T) of the copper ball uniform.
changes with time, but it does not Lumped system analysis is
change much with position at any not applicable in this case
given time.
The lumped capacitance method is the assumption that the temperature of the solid is
spatially uniform at any instant during the transient process.
This assumption implies that temperature gradients within the solid are negligible., Lumped
system
Dr. analysis
Dushyant is applicable
Singh, Department of ME 02 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Lumped Parameter Model
 Consider a body arbitrary shape : m: mass;
Initially at a uniform temperature: V: volume;
Ti at time t = 0 As: surface area;
the body is placed into a medium at : density
temperature T∞ Cp: specific heat
T∞>> Ti
We assume lumped system analysis to be applicable so that Temp.
remains uniform within the body at all times and changes with time
only , T=T(t)
𝑄 Energy Balance
= ℎ𝐴𝑆 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡)) 𝑄 = 𝑊 + ∆𝐸
4
+ 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇∞4 − 𝑇(𝑡)
(Heat transfer into body ) (Increase in the energy of the body)
𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇) =
𝑑𝑡
ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 04 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Lumped Parameter Model:
ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇: 𝑑(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) (𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) −
ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝑡
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
=𝑒
m: V
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
ℎ𝐴𝑠
where 𝑏= (1/s)
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )
−ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
𝑑(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) ℎ𝐴𝑠 b : time constant
=− 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
Integrating from t = 0, at which T = Ti to any time t, at
which T=T(t): Lc : Characteristic length
𝑉
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) ℎ𝐴𝑠 Lc =
𝐴𝑠
ln =− 𝑡
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 05 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Time constant:
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑏=
ℎ𝐴𝑠
(1/s)
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝

This Eq is plotted for different values of b

𝑇∞

𝑇∞

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 06 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method
Consider steady-state conduction through the plane wall of area A . Although we
are assuming steady-state conditions, the following criterion is readily extended to
transient processes.
One surface is maintained at a temperature Ts,1 and the
other surface is exposed to a fluid of temperature T∞ <
Ts,1. The temperature of this surface will be some
intermediate value Ts,2, for which T∞ < Ts,2 < Ts,1.

Hence under steady-state conditions the surface

energy balance,
𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑. = 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣.
(𝑇𝑠,1 −𝑇𝑠,2 )
𝑘𝐴 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇∞ )
𝐿
𝐿
(𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 ) 𝑘𝐴 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑. ℎ𝐿
= = = ≡ 𝐵𝑖
(𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇∞ ) 1 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑘
ℎ𝐴 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 07 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Biot Number
𝐿
(𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 ) 𝑘𝐴 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣.
The quantity (hL/k) appearing in = = =
(𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇∞ ) 1 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑.
ℎ𝐴
is a dimensionless parameter.

Biot number provides a measure of the temperature drop in the solid

relative to the temperature difference between the solid’s surface and the
fluid.
In particular, if Bi << 1, the resistance to conduction within the solid is
much less than the resistance to convection across the fluid boundary
layer.
Hence, the assumption of a uniform temperature distribution within the
solid is reasonable if the Biot number is small.

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 08 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Biot Number Last Two case : Lumped
Method are not applicable
Ti >> T∞

Valid assumption of Rcond. << Rconv. Rcond.  Rconv. Rcond. >> Rconv.
Lumped Method in Ist Case;
Temp. distribution uniform
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 09 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Biot Number
ℎ𝐿𝑐
𝐵𝑖 =
𝑘
If you have Transient heat transfer problem the very first thing that
one should do is calculate the Biot number.
If the following condition is satisfied the error associated with using
the lumped capacitance method is small.
Lc : Characteristic length ℎ𝐿𝑐
𝑉 𝐵𝑖 = ≤ 0.1
Lc = 𝑘
𝐴𝑠

Plane Wall: Lc = 2L ℎ𝐴𝑠 ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑘 𝑡 ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝛼𝑡

t= = 2 =
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝐿𝑐 𝑘 𝜌𝑐 𝐿𝑐 𝑘 𝐿2𝑐
Cylinder : Lc = ro/2

Sphere : Lc = ro/3 𝐵𝑖 𝐹𝑜
Fourier Number
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 10 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 General Form Eq
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) −𝑏𝑡
=𝑒
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )
= 𝑒 −𝐵𝑖.𝐹𝑜
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Lumped Method are

applicable

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 11 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Important Discussion for Lumped System Analysis:
𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝐵𝑖 = =
𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑.
Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution
throughout the body, which will be the case only when thermal
resistance of the body to heat conduction ( the R cond.) is zero.

Thus, lumped system analysis is exact

𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑. when Bi = 0 and approximate when Bi > 0.
𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝐵𝑖 = 0 The smaller the Bi No. the more accurate
the lumped system analysis.
 Then the question we must answer is,
How much accuracy are willing to
sacrifice for the convenience of the
lumped system analysis?
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 12 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Important Discussion for Lumped System Analysis:

We should mention that a 20% uncertainty “Normal” and “Expected”.

Assuming h to be constant and uniform is also an approximation of

questionable validity, especially for irregular geometries.

Therefore, in the absence of sufficient experimental data for the specific

geometry under consideration, we can't claim our results to be better
than  20 %, even when Bi = 0.

Thus, when Bi < 0.1, the variation of temperature with location within the
body will be slight and can reasonably be approximated as being
uniform.

The Ist step in the application of lumped

system analysis is the calculation of the Bi No.

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 13 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Example 1
A thermocouple is formed by soldering end-to-end wires of 0.5 mm dia. The
thermal diffusivity of the material is 5.3 × 10–6 m2/s. The conductivity of the
material is 19.1 W/mK. The probe initially at 30°C is placed in a fluid at 600°C to
measure the temperature of the fluid. If the convective heat transfer coefficient
between the wire and the fluid is 85 W/m2K, determine the time constant for the
probe and also the time taken for it to read 598°C.
Assumptions:
𝜋𝐷 3
𝑉 ൗ6 𝐷
600oC Sphere : 𝐿𝑐 =
𝐴𝑠
=
𝜋𝐷 2
= = 0.0833𝑚𝑚
6
85
ℎ𝐿𝑐 85 × 0.0833
30oC 𝐵𝑖 = =
𝑘 19.1 × 1000
−4
= 3.7085 × 10 ≤ 0.1

Applicability of the Lumped parameter model

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 14 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Example 1
ℎ
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) −
𝜌𝐿𝑐 𝑐𝑝
𝑡
=𝑒
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
85
(598 − 600) −
𝜌𝐿𝑐 𝑐𝑝
𝑡
=𝑒
30 − 600

𝑡 =?? sec

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 15 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Example 2
A person is found dead at 5 pm in a room whose temperature is 20oC.
The temperature of the body is measured to be 25oC when found, and
the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be h = 8 W/m2oC. Modelling
the body as a 30 cm diameter , 1.70 m long cylinder, obtain the time
death of that person (Figure): Thermal properties of water consider for
this case : k = 0.617 W/moC ; Cp = 4178 J/kgoC ;  = 996 kg/m3.
Assumptions: 1 : Body can consider cylinder shape 
2 : Thermal Properties are constant 
3 : Radiation are Negligible
4 : Person died with body temperature of 37oC
𝑉 𝜋𝑟𝑜2 𝐿 𝜋 × 0.152 × 1.7
𝐿𝑐 = = 2
𝐴𝑠 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝐿 + 2𝜋𝑟𝑜
=
2𝜋 × 0.15 × 1.7 + 2𝜋 × 0.152
= 0.0689𝑚
ℎ𝐿𝑐 8 × 0.0689
𝐵𝑖 = = = 0.89 > 0.1
𝑘 0.617
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 16 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Example 2
Therefore, lumped system analysis is not Applicable. Hoverer , we can
still use it to get a “ Rough” estimate of time od death.
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
ℎ ℎ

(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) − 𝑡 8 −1
𝜌𝐿𝑐 𝑐𝑝 𝑏= = −5
= 2.79 × 10 𝑠
=𝑒 𝜌𝐿𝑐 𝑐𝑝 996 × 0.0689 × 4178
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
(25 − 20) −2.79×10−5 𝑡
=𝑒
37 − 20

𝑡 = 43,860 𝑠 = 12.2 ℎ

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 17 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 General Lumped Analysis
𝒆′′′
𝒒′′′ =
𝒈 Actual situation for which
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
thermal conditions within a solid
may be influenced
simultaneously by convection,
𝒆′′′
𝒈 radiation and applied surface
heat flux and internal energy
∆E generation.
Initially time ( t = 0) the temperature of
the solid Ti differs from the of the fluid
T∞ and Tsur.
qs is heat flux imposed and q is heat generation
As,h is imposed heat flux surface area
As,(C,R) is surface area for radiation and convection
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 18 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 General Lumped Analysis
′′′ 𝒆′′′
𝒈 Applying conservation of
𝒒 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 energy at any instant t,
∆𝐸
= 𝑒𝑔′′′ + 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝐴𝑠,ℎ −
𝑑𝑡
𝒆′′′
𝒈 ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
∆E −
𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
)

𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
Moreover, although convection and radiation 𝑑𝑡
have been prescribed for the same surface,
the surfaces may, in fact, differ (As,c ≠ As,R).
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 19 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 General Lumped Analysis Equation
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑒𝑔′′′ + 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝐴𝑠,ℎ − ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ + 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
) =
𝑑𝑡
Above Eq’s is a nonlinear, 1st order, non-homogeneous, ordinary different equation
that cannot be integrated to obtain an exact solution.
′′′ ′′ 4 4
𝑒𝑔 + 𝑞𝑠 𝐴𝑠,ℎ ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑇
− + =
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑡

a ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅)
b= d=
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝

𝑑𝑇
𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ + 𝑑 (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
) =
𝑑𝑡
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 20 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Case1: Only Radiation Case
ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅)
a And b = Negligible
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
) 𝑑𝑇
0− =
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑡

𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 𝑑𝑇 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 𝑑𝑇
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑑𝑡 = − 4 4
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 ) → 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑑𝑡 = 4
(𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇 4 )

Separating variables and integrating from the initial condition to any time t, it
follows that .
𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 𝑡 𝑇
𝑑𝑇
න 𝑑𝑡 = න 4 4)
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 0 𝑇𝑖 (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 21 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Case1: Only Radiation Case
𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 𝑡 𝑇
𝑑𝑇
න 𝑑𝑡 = න 4 4)
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 0 𝑇𝑖 (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇

𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑆 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 −1

𝑇 −1
𝑇𝑖
𝑡 = ln − ln + 2 tan − tan
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟

𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇𝑖

𝑡= ln − ln + 2 tan−1 − tan −1
𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 22 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Case 2: Negligible Radiation
𝑒𝑔′′′ + 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝐴𝑠,ℎ ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) (𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
) 𝑑𝑇
− + =
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑡

Negligible
a ℎ𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅) 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠,(𝐶−𝑅)
b= d=
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑑𝑇
𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ =
𝑑𝑡
𝜃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑇
=
→ 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑏θ − a = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solved by summing its homogeneous and particular 𝑎
solutions, an alternative approach is to eliminate the → 𝜃′ ≡ θ −
nonhomogeous by introducing the transformation 𝑏
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 23 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Case 2: Negligible Radiation
𝑎 ′ 𝑑𝜃
′ 𝑑𝜃 𝑑θ = −𝑏θ + a
𝜃 ≡θ−
𝑏 → 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑡
−0 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃 ′ 𝑑𝜃 ′
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑏θ + a → 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑏θ = 0

′
𝑑𝜃 ′
𝑎 𝑑𝜃 ′
𝑎
= −𝑏𝜃 − 𝑏 × + 𝑎
𝑑𝑡
′
= −𝑏 𝜃 +
𝑏
+𝑎 → 𝑑𝑡 𝑏
𝑑𝜃 ′
→ 𝑑𝑡
′
= −𝑏𝜃 + 0

𝑑𝜃 ′
+𝑏𝜃 ′ = 0
𝑑𝑡
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 24 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Case 2: Negligible Radiation
′ ′
𝑑𝜃 Separating variables and integrating from 0 to t (𝜃𝑖 )
+𝑏𝜃 ′ = 0 ′
to (𝜃 ) , it follows that
𝑑𝑡
𝜃 ′ ℎ𝐴 𝑠
−𝑏𝑡 𝑏=
′ =𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝜃𝑖
or substituting for  and , 𝑒𝑔′′′ + 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝐴𝑠,ℎ
𝑎=
𝑎 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝜃′ ≡ θ − 𝑎
𝑏 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) −
𝑏 = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝑎
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ) −
𝑏

(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑎ൗ
=𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
+ 𝑏 1 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 25 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Discussion
(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑎ൗ𝑏
−𝑏𝑡 −𝑏𝑡
=𝑒 + 1−𝑒
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝑏=
(𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) −
ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝑡
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
= 𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
𝑒𝑔′′′ + 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝐴𝑠,ℎ
𝑎=
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝

• No Heat Generation
• No Heat Flux at different
position
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 26 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Case: Radiation for h comb.
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = ℎ + ℎ𝑅𝑎𝑑. = ℎ + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 ) 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
2

𝑇𝑠 = 175𝑜𝐶
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = 10 + 0.8 × 5.8 × 10−8 × (448.15 + 448.15) 448.152 + 448.152

ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = 10 + 16.33 = 26.33 𝑊/𝑚2𝐾

ℎ = 10 W/m2K ℎ𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏. 𝐿𝑐 26.33 × 0.0015

𝐵𝑖 = = = 2.23 × 10−04
𝑘 177

𝑇𝑠 = 25𝑜𝐶
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = 10 + 0.8 × 5.8 × 10−8 × (298.15 + 448.15) 298.152 + 448.152

ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = 10 + 9.8 = 19.8 𝑊/𝑚2𝐾 ℎ𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏. 𝐿𝑐 19.8 × 0.0015

𝐵𝑖 = = = 1.677 × 10−04
𝑘 177
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 29 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Example 3 : Radiation
A thermocouple is formed by soldering end-to-end wires of 7 10-4 m dia. The density
of the material is 8500 kg/m3 and the specific heat is 400 J/kgK. The conductivity of
the material is 20 W/mK. The probe initially at 25°C is placed in a surrounding at
400°C to measure the temperature of the hot duct wall, the emissivity of the
thermocouple bead is 0.9. Determine the time constant for the probe and also the
time taken for it to read 100°C. Consider only radiation and Neg. Convection.
𝜋𝐷 3
ൗ6 𝐷
Sphere :
𝑉
𝐿𝑐 = = = = 1.1666  10 −4 𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝜋𝐷2 6

𝑇∞ = 399𝑜𝐶
ℎ𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏. 𝐿𝑐 37.35 × 1.166 × 10−4
𝐵𝑖 = =
𝑘 20
ℎ = 5 W/m2K
=? ? ? ? ≤ 0.1
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = ℎ + ℎ𝑅𝑎𝑑. = ℎ + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 ) 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
2

5 + 0.9 × 5.8 × 10−8 × (373.15 + 673.15) 373.152 + 673.152 Applicability of the Lumped
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏. = 5 + 32.35 = 37.35 𝑊/𝑚2𝐾 parameter model
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 27 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Example 3: Radiation

𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 + 𝑇 −1

𝑇 −1
𝑇𝑖
𝑡= ln − ln + 2 tan − tan
𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟

8500 × 𝑉 × 400 600 + 100 600 + 100 −1

100 −1
30
𝑡= −8
ln − ln + 2 tan − tan
0.9 × 5.8 × 10 600 − 30 600 − 30 600 600

𝑡 =? ? ? ?

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 28 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Transient Heat Conduction in Plane Wall, Long
Cylinders and Spheres with Spatial Effect
Exact, analytical solutions to transient conduction problems have been
obtained for many simplified geometries and boundary conditions and
are well documented:

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 30 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Physical Significance of the Biot Number, Bi
Bi Number:
ℎ𝐿
Bi =
𝑘

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 31 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Physical Significance of the Fourier Number, 
Fourier Number:

The Fourier number is a measure

of heat conducted through a
body relative to heat stored.
Thus, a large value of the Fourier
number indicates faster
propagation of heat through a
body.

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 31 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Bi > 0.1
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 Fourier Number τ > 0.2

Where the constants A1 and 1 are functions of Bi number only, and

their values are listed in one standard Table 1.

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 32 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Approximate solution of transient 1D heat Conduction
Table 1
Table 2

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 33 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Bi > 0.1
The function Jo is the zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind,
whose value cam be determined from in Table 2.

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 34 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts
The transient temperature charts in various Figure for a large plane
wall, long cylinder and sphere were presented by M P Heisler in 1947
and are called Heisler Charts. These plots are valid for
Fourier Number  τ > 0.2

Finite convection coefficient Infinite convection coefficient

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 35 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Max. Amount of Heat
Max. amount of heat that a body can gain ( or lose if Ti >T∞) is
simply the change in the energy in the energy content of the body:

Qmax. represents the amount of heat transfer for t ∞

The amount of heat transfer Q at a finite time t will obviously less than this
maximum. The ratio Q/Qmax. Is plotted in Figures for all cases.
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 36 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
 Heisler Charts for Plane Wall Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 37 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts for Plane Wall Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 38 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts for Cylinder Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 39 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts for Cylinder Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 40 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts for Sphere Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 41 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Heisler Charts for Sphere Case

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 42 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Example :4
An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5 cm diameter sphere as shown in figure.
The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 5oC and is dropped into boiling water at
95oC. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h =1200 W/m2oC, determine
how long it will take for the center of the egg to reach 70oc.
5 + 70 Thermal Fluid Properties
Avg. Temp.  𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔. = = 37.5 𝑜𝐶
2 (Water Case)

  = 0.151 × 10–6 m2/s

and
k = 0.627 W/mK.

ℎ𝑟𝑜 1200 × 0.025

𝐵𝑖 = = = 47.8 > 0.1 No Applicability of the Lumped system
𝑘 0.627 analysis

Go  Table for find out the value of 1 and A1

Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 43 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar

 Example 4

1 = 3.0753

A1 = 1.9958

(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇∞ ) −𝜆21 𝜏
= 𝐴 1𝑒
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ )
(70 − 95) −3.07532×𝜏 𝜏𝑟𝑜2
= 1.9958 × 𝑒 𝑡= =? ?
(5 − 95) 𝛼
Fourier Number  τ > 0.2
τ = 0.209
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 44 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar