BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Network Analysis
&
Theorems
Aditta Chowdhury
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, CUET
 CURRENT SOURCES
EXAMPLE 8.2 Find the voltage Vs and currents I1
and I2 for the network in Fig. 8.3.

Ans: 12V, 3A, 4A.

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 SOURCE CONVERSION
• The current source appearing in the previous
slide is called an ideal source due to the
absence of any internal resistance.
• In reality, all sources—whether they are
voltage sources or current sources—have
some internal resistance in the relative
positions shown in Fig. 8.5.
• For the voltage source, if Rs =0, or if it is so
small compared to any series resistors that it
can be ignored, then we have an “ideal”
voltage source for all practical purposes.
• For the current source, since the resistor Rp
is in parallel, if Rp = ∞, or if it is large
enough compared to any parallel resistive
elements that it can be ignored, then we have
an “ideal” current source.
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 SOURCE CONVERSION
• Unfortunately, however, ideal sources
cannot be converted from one
type to another. That is, a voltage
source cannot be converted to a
current source, and vice versa—the
internal resistance must be present.

• If the voltage source in Fig. 8.5(a) is

to be equivalent to the source in Fig.
8.5(b), any load connected to the
sources such as RL should receive the
same current, voltage, and power for
each configuration.

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 SOURCE CONVERSION
• This type of equivalence is established
using the equations appearing
in Fig. 8.6.
• First note that the resistance is the
same in each configuration—a nice
advantage.
• For the voltage source equivalent,
the voltage is determined by a simple
application of Ohm’s law to the
current source: E = IRp.
• For the current source equivalent,
the current is again determined by
applying Ohm’s law to the voltage
source: I=E/Rs.
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CURRENT SOURCES IN PARALLEL

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 CURRENT SOURCES IN SERIES
• The current through any branch of a network can be only single-
valued. For the situation indicated at point a in Fig. 8.18, we find
by application of Kirchhoff’s current law that the current
leaving that point is greater than that entering—an impossible
situation.

• Therefore, current sources of different current ratings are not

connected in series, just as voltage sources of different voltage
ratings are not connected in parallel.

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 Topics to be covered from

• Mesh Analysis (Ref: Boylestad (11th Edition),

Chapter 8: Art. 8.7, 8.8)

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Mesh Analysis
 Loop ?
Loop is a closed path in a circuit in which no
element or node is encountered more than
once.

Each Mesh can be a Loop, but each Loop can

not be a mesh.

Because, a Mesh is a Loop that contains no

other Loop within it.
 Mesh ?
It is a loop that contains no other loop within it.
 Using mesh analysis find the current
through each branch of the network.

Example 8.11
Step 1: Identify each mesh
Step 2: Assign a distinct current in the
clockwise direction to each mesh
Step 3: Indicate the polarities within each mesh for each
resistor and source as determined by the direction of
current for that mesh.
Step 4: Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law around
each closed loop in the clockwise direction.

a. If a resistor has two or more assumed currents

through it, the total current through the resistor is
the assumed current of the loop in which
Kirchhoff’s voltage law is being applied, plus the
assumed currents of the other loops passing
through in the same direction, minus the assumed
currents through in the opposite direction.
b. The polarity of a voltage source is unaffected by
the direction of the assigned loop currents.
Example 8.11
Example 8.12
Example 8.13
MESH ANALYSIS FORMAT APPROACH
Art. 8.8
IF YOU CAN DO THE MATH Following the Process,
YOU WILL GET FULL MARKS.
Must do examples: 8.11, 8.12,
8.13, 8.17, 8.18, 8.20, 8.21.
Exercise: Section 8.7: 20, 21,
24(a).
Star-Delta conversion
Article 8.12
Boylestad 11th Edition

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Y to ∆
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∆ to Y

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Remember

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 Find Total the Resistance
Example 8.30

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Example 8.29
Find Total the Resistance

Exercise: 51,53 35
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Superposition Principle
Article 9.2
Boylestad 11th Edition

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The current through, or voltage across, an element
in a linear bilateral network is equal to the algebraic
sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.

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How to unable the effect of an active
element in the circuit?
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EXAMPLE 9.4 Using the principle of superposition, find
the current l2 through the 12 k resistor in Fig. 9.15.
 Example – 9.1 to 9.5
Exercise: 1, 2, 4
Boylestad 11th Edition
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Article 9.3
Boylestad 11th Edition

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Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source and a series resistor.

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 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Example 9.6

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Solution:
The Thevenin equivalent circuit would be-

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 Rth

I source open
V source short

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Vth

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Answer

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 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Example 9.7

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Answer

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 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Example 9.8

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Trick: Give +/- for Eth as per
the source’s +/-

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Answer

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 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Example 9.9

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 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Example 9.10

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Practice: Exercise: 12,13,14 66
NORTON’S THEOREM
Article 9.4
Boylestad 11th Edition

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Do you remember source conversion?

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 Norton’s Theorem
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of
a current source and a parallel resistor.

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 Norton’s Theorem Procedure
• Same as Thevenin’s procedure. Here, RTH = RN
= Open Terminal Resistance.
• And IN would be the Short Circuit Current at
the marked terminal.

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 Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit
Example 9.11

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Norton’s Theorem Problems

Example: 9.11, 9.13.

Exercise: 18, 19 (a)

Don’t Cram, Be Technical.

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Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem
Article 9.5
Boylestad 11th Edition

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 Starting a circuit design?
When designing a circuit, it is often important to be
able to answer one of the following questions:
What load should be applied to a system to ensure that the
load is receiving maximum power from the system?

and, conversely:

For a particular load, what conditions should be imposed

on the source to ensure that it will deliver the maximum
power available?

Which one is easier?

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A load will receive maximum power from a linear
bilateral dc network when its total resistive value is
exactly equal to the Thévenin resistance of the
network as “seen” by the load.

According to the theorem the load will receive

maximum power when RL = RTH.
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First convert the circuit to its thevenin equivalent circuit

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Now, the power delivered to the load is

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Now, the power (P) will be maximum when the
differentiation of P with respect to RL is zero.

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 Now, the equation of maximum power-

Putting RL = RTH in the above equation we get,

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At maximum power point RL = RTH , Thus-

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Q. Determine the value of R
for maximum power to R and
calculate the power under
this condition.

Ans

Ans
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EXAMPLE 9.14 A dc generator, battery, and laboratory supply are connected
to resistive load RL in the following figure-

a. For each, determine the value of RL for maximum power transfer to RL.
b. Under maximum power conditions, what are the current level and
the power to the load for each configuration?
c. What is the efficiency of operation for each supply in part (b)?
d. If a load of 1 kΩ were applied to the laboratory supply, what would
the power delivered to the load be? Compare your answer to the level
of part (b). What is the level of efficiency?
e. For each supply, determine the value of RL for 75% efficiency.

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EXAMPLE 9.17 Given the network, find the value of
RL for maximum power to the load, and find the maximum
power to the load.

Ans: 15Ω, 273.07W.

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CT 2
Date: 3-10-2024
Time: 8.30 AM
Syllabus:
Thevenin, maximum power, Norton Theorem
Example: 9.6-9.11, 9.13, 9.14, 9.17
Exercise: 12-14, 18, 19 (a)

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