BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Course Code: EEE 131

Magnetic Circuits

Aditta Chowdhury
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, CUET
 Topics to be covered from

Magnetic Circuits
Chapter 12 (Boylestad 11th Ed.)

2
 INTRODUCTION
 The magnetic flux of magnetic circuits has properties very similar to the
current of electric circuits.

 The magnitude of the established flux is a direct function of the applied

magnetomotive force (mmf), resulting in a duality with electric circuits,
where the resulting current is a function of the magnitude of the applied
voltage (emf).

 The flux established is also inversely related to the structural opposition

of the magnetic path - Reluctance in the same way the current in a
network is inversely related to the resistance of the network.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
 The flux lines strive to be as short as possible and take the path with the
highest permeability as shown in the figure 11.4 taken from chapter 11. The
level of magnetic flux established in a ferromagnetic core is a direction
function of the permeability of the material.

 The flux density is defined as follows [Eq. (11.1) repeated here for
convenience]:
 MAGNETIC FIELD
 Ferromagnetic materials have a very high level of permeability, while
nonmagnetic materials such as air and wood have very low levels.

 The ratio of the permeability of the material to that of air is called the relative
permeability as defined by the following equation:

 The values of μr are not provided in a table format because the value is
determined by the other quantities of the magnetic circuit. Change the
magnetomotive force, and the relative permeability changes.
 RELUCTANCE
 The resistance of a material to the flow of charge (current) is determined for
electric circuits by the equation:

 The reluctance of a material to the setting up of magnetic flux lines in the

material is determined by the following equation:

 Where R is the reluctance, l is the length of the magnetic path, and A is the
cross-sectional area.

 There is no widely accepted unit for reluctance, although the rel and the
At/Wb are usually applied.
 OHM’S LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
 Ohm’s law can be represented as:

 For magnetic circuits, the effect desired is the flux Φ. The cause is the
magnetomotive force (mmf) F, which is the external force (or “pressure”)
required to set up the magnetic flux lines within the magnetic material. The
opposition to the setting up of the flux is the reluctance.

 Substituting, we have -

 Where mmf F = NI (At), clearly reveals that an increase in

the number of turns or the current through the wire in Fig.
12.1 results in an increased “pressure” on the system to
establish the flux lines through the core.
 MAGNETIZING FORCE
• The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the magnetizing force (H). In
equation form,

• Note in the given Fig. that the direction of the flux

can be determined by placing the fingers of your right
hand in the direction of current around the core and
noting the direction of the thumb.

• It is interesting to realize that the magnetizing force

is independent of the type of core material—it is
determined solely by the number of turns, the current,
and the length of the core.
 MAGNETIZING FORCE

• The applied magnetizing force has a

pronounced effect on the resulting
permeability of a magnetic material. As
the magnetizing force increases, the
permeability rises to a maximum and
then drops to a minimum, as shown in
Fig. 12.3 for three commonly employed
magnetic materials.

• The flux density and the magnetizing force are related by the equation: B = μH.

• This equation indicates that for a particular magnetizing force, the greater the
permeability, the greater the induced flux density.
 HYSTERESIS
 A curve of the flux density B versus the
magnetizing force H of a material is of particular
importance to the engineer.
 The core is initially unmagnetized, and the current
I = 0. If the current I is increased to some value
above zero, the magnetizing force H increases to
a value determined by-
FIG.12.4 Series magnetic circuit used to
define the hysteresis curve.

 The flux φ and the flux density B (B = φ/A) also

increase with the current I (or H).
 HYSTERESIS
 o to a to b - Saturation
 b to c – (BR) Residual Flux
Density – A measure of
magnet’s Retentivity
 c to d – (-Hd) coercive force,
a measure of the Coercivity
 -H increased until saturation
e and again brought back to
zero def occurs
 +H increased & fb occurs
FIG.12.5 Hysteresis curve. thus bcdefb – Hysterisis curve
 HYSTERESIS

 Three hysteresis loops for the

same material for maximum
values of H less than the
saturation value are shown in
Fig. 12.6.

 Hysterisis means to lag behind.

 Who lags behind?

FIG.12.6 Defining the normal magnetization curve.
 B lags behind of H.
 HYSTERESIS

 For the same value of H -

the higher the value of B -
the higher the value of μ -
the higher the magnetism -
the better the magnetic
material.

 So, which one is the good

magnetic material?

FIG.12.7 Normal magnetization curve for three ferromagnetic materials.

 Why Hysteresis occurs? How permanent magnets are created?

FIG.12.9 Demonstrating the domain theory of magnetism.

 The group of magnetically aligned atoms is called a domain. For an unmagnetized

sample of magnetic material, these domains appear in a random manner, such as
shown in Fig. 12.9(a). The net magnetic field in any one direction is zero.
 When an external magnetizing force is applied, the domains that are nearly aligned as
shown in Fig. 12.9(b). When a sufficiently strong field is applied, all of the domains
have the orientation of the applied magnetizing force, and any further increase in external
field will not increase the strength of the magnetic flux through the core—a condition
referred to as saturation. When the magnetizing force is removed, the alignment is lost
to some measure, and the flux density drops to BR. The continued alignment of a
number of the domains, however, accounts for our ability to create permanent magnets.
 AMPÈRE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
• As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter,
there is a broad similarity between the analyses
of electric and magnetic circuits.
• This has already been demonstrated to some
extent for the quantities in Table 12.1.
TABLE 12.1

• If we apply the “cause” analogy to Kirchhoff’s voltage law (ΣV = 0), we obtain
the following:

• which, in words, states that the algebraic sum of the rises and drops of the mmf
around a closed loop of a magnetic circuit is equal to zero; that is, the sum of the
rises in mmf equals the sum of the drops in mmf around a closed loop. Eq. (12.9) is
referred to as Ampère’s circuital law.
 AMPÈRE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
• Sources of mmf are expressed by:

• Drops of mmf are expressed by: 1. 2.

• For calculating drops, the 2nd equation is more practical to use.

• Lets consider a series magnetic circuit & apply ACL:

 FLUX Φ
• If we continue to apply the relationships described in the previous section to
Kirchhoff’s current law, we find that the sum of the fluxes entering a junction
is equal to the sum of the fluxes leaving a junction.

• Lets apply KCL in junction a and b:

• Both of which are equivalent. FIG.12.11 Flux distribution of a series-parallel magnetic network.
Can You Detect Series & Parallel Magnetic Circuits?
• Nothing new!
• Same as you did in electrical circuits. Just take flux (φ) instead of current (i).
• You can also think about common point concept.

Series Magnetic Circuit Series & Parallel Magnetic Circuit

 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
• We are now in a position to solve a few magnetic circuit problems, which are
basically of two types.

• In one type, Φ is given, and the impressed mmf NI must be computed.

• This is the type of problem encountered in the design of motors, generators,

and transformers.

• In the other type, NI is given, and the flux Φ of the magnetic circuit must be
found.

• This type of problem is encountered primarily in the design of magnetic

amplifiers and is more difficult since the approach is “hit or miss.”
 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 12.1 For the series magnetic circuit in the
given Figure-
a. Find the value of I required to develop a magnetic
flux of φ = 4x10-4 Wb.
b. Determine μ and μr for the material under these
conditions.

Given: B-H Curve will be given or A Table like below will be given.
B (T) H (At/m)
0.1 165
0.2 170
0.3 175
RETURN
 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 12.2 The electromagnet in the given
figure, has picked up a section of cast iron. Determine
the current I required to establish the indicated flux in
the core. [ 1m = 39.37in ]

B-H CURVE OR TABLE

B (Sheet Steel) H (Sheet Steel) B (Cast iron) H (Cast iron)
0.4 T 55 At/m 0.4 T 1450 At/m
0.5 T 65 At/m 0.5 T 1550 At/m
0.6 T 75 At/m 0.6 T 1650 At/m

Practice Example 12.3 (***)