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Text and Solution Exam 20200910

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13 views2 pages

Text and Solution Exam 20200910

Uploaded by

Lorenzo Tonelli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex.

3 Ex 4 Total

Mathematical and Numerical Methods for Engineering September 10, 2020

Surname: Name: Id. code:

• All answers and calculations must be clearly justified. You have to write your answers on these sheets only. You are
not allowed to use or even have with you notes, texts or any electronic device, including mobiles.

1. (10 points) Consider the following Cauchy problem:

ut + u ux = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0
(
1 x≤0
u(x, 0) = g(x) :=
x x>0

Find the solution by the method of characteristics, specifying where it is a continuous function.
Sketch of the solution.
It is Burger’s equation, that is
ut + q(u)x = ut + q 0 (u)ux = 0
u2
with q 0 (u) = u and q(u) = 2 .
The characteristic lines that start at the point (x0 , 0) satisfy the equation

x = x0 + g(x0 )t

The families of characteristic lines which transport the initial data g(x) are

x = x0 + 1 · t = x0 + t x0 ≤ 0 ,
x = x0 + x0 · t = x0 (1 + t) x0 > 0 .

In the region spanned by the characteristic lines starting at x0 < 0 the solution is u(x, t) = 1. Consider the region
spanned by the characteristic lines starting at x0 > 0. The characteristic going through the point (x, t) has base
x x
point x0 = 1+t , therefore in that region the solution is u(x, t) = 1+t .
A shock line leaves from the point (x, t) = (0, 0) . The RH condition is
x2
0 1 1 − (1+t)2 11+t+x 1 1 x
x (t) = x = = + .
2 1 − 1+t 2 1+t 2 21+t

This is a linear equation. The solution satisfying the initial condition x(0) = 0 is
√
x(t) = 1 + t − 1 + t .
√ x
√
The solution of the equation is u(x, t) = 1 if x < 1 + t − 1 + t and u(x, t) = if x > 1 + t − 1 + t. The
√ 1+t
solution is continuous for all t ≥ 0 and all x such that x 6= 1 + t − 1 + t.
2. Let Ω := (0, π) × (0, +∞). Solve the following problem
 2 2

∂tt u(x, t) − ∂xx u(x, t) = 0, (x, t) ∈ Ω

∂ u(0, t) = ∂ u(π, t) = 0,
x x t>0


u(x, 0) = 1 + x, x ∈ (0, π)
∂t u(x, 0) = 0 x ∈ (0, π) .

Solution

Since the solution has to obey homogeneous b.c. it should be of the following form
a0 X
u(x, t) = + (ak cos kt + bk sin kt) cos kx.
2
k≥1

Imposing the homogeneous initial condition we have


X X
0 = ∂t u(x, t)|t=0 = k(−ak sin kt + bk cos kt) sin kx = kbk cos kx
t=0
k≥1 k≥1

which implies bk = 0 for any k ≥ 1 and u(x, t) = aP


P
2 + k≥1 ak cos kt·cos kx. Finally, imposing the non homogeneous
0

initial condition we have 1 + x = u(x, 0) = a20 + k≥1 ak cos kx, where


Z π
2 1 π
a0 = (x + 1) dx =(x + 1)2 0 = π + 2 ,
π 0 π
Z π π Z π
2 (−1)k − 1
 
2 2 sin kx sin kx
ak = (x + 1) cos kx dx = (x + 1) − dx = · k≥1
π 0 π k 0 0 k π k2
so that
π + 2 X 2 (−1)k − 1 π+2 4 X cos[(2m + 1)t] cos[(2m + 1)x]
u(x, t) = + · 2
cos kt · cos kx = − .
2 π k 2 π (2m + 1)2
k≥1 m≥0

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