K.L.

NAGASWAMY MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

KOZHIMEDU, MADURAI – 625 009

PROJECT REPORT
2022-2023
On
IOT ENABLED FAST ACTING CIRCULT BREAKER

Project Done By

MUTHUKUMAR.G 21303866
MANOJBHARATHI.M 21390998
DHANUSHKUMAR.K 21303852
NARESH KUMAR.P 21303867
VIGNESH RAGUL.T 21303889
YOGESH.M 21303894

GUIDED BY HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MR.R.CHANDRASEKAR B.E., Mrs.G.JEYALAKSHMI M.E, M.B.A.,
Sr,LECTURER/EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

K.L.NAGASWAMY MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KOZHIMEDU, VIRAGANOOR, MADURAI – 625 009

IOT ENABLED FAST ACTING CIRCULT BREAKER

 PROJECT REPORT
2022-2023
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Project Done By

MUTHUKUMAR.G 21303866
MANOJBHARATHI.M 21390998
DHANUSHKUMAR.K 21303852
NARESH KUMAR.P 21303867
VIGNESH RAGUL.T 21303889
YOGESH.M 21303894

GUIDED BY HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MR.R.CHANDRASEKAR B.E., Mrs.G.JEYALAKSHMI M.E, M.B.A.,
Sr,LECTURER/EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

K.L.NAGASWAMY MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

KOZHIMEDU, MADURAI – 625 009

K.L.NAGASWAMY MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MADURAI – 625 009
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

REGISTER NUMBER

This is to Certify that the Bonafide Record Work Submitted by

___________________________________________________________ for VI
semester Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course in the year
of 2022-2023 on the requirement for the Award of DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of the board of
Technical Education, Tamil Nadu.

GUIDED BY HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MR.R.CHANDRASEKAR MRS.G.JEYALAKSHMI M.E, M.B.A.,
Sr,LECTURER/EEE

Submitted for Viva Voce Held on _______________________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We take this opportunity to thanks our beloved Principal
Mr.P.V.N.ANANDHAN M.Tech., for giving us an opportunity to do this
project.
We are also Thankful to Mrs.G.JEYALAKSHMI M.E,M.B.A., Head of
the Department /Electrical and Electronics Engineering for her timely
encouragement to finish our project successfully in time.
We take this opportunity to express our indebtedness to our guide
Mr.R.CHANDRASEKAR B.E.,,Sr.Lect, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, who
give valuable guidance to do our project and helps us to complete this project
successfully.

We also thank all faculties & all Technical assistants for their suggestions
and for their encouragement.
 CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT
SL.N TITLE PAGE.NO
O
1 ABSTRACT 1

2 INTRODUCTION 3

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5

4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION 7

5 WORKING PRINCIPAL 10

6 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION OF EACH CIRCUIT 12

6.1.POWER SUPPLY 13

6.2.MICRO CONTROLLER 17

6.3.ARDUINO UNO 21

6.4.LCD DISPLAY 25

6.5.RELAY CIRCUIT 32

6.6.ESP8266 WIFI MODULE 41

6.7.OPTO COUPLE DIVICES 47

7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 49

8 ADVANTAGES 53

9 APPLICATION 55

10 CONCLUSION 57

11 CAST OF ESTIMATION 59

12 BIBLOGRAPHY 61
ABSTRACT

1.ABSTRACT
This project provides a password based circuit breaker system using IOT. Quite a lot of fatal accidents

happen with line men due to electric shocks. It is a result of mis coordination or miscommunication between

line men and substations. The project aims to solve this issue by making use of IOT. The IoT based Circuit

Breaker is a system with high response time, which uses the interconnection network (internet) to control

electrical loads. This system uses a wifi module paired with Atmega328p microcontroller locally to connect

to the internet. It is also equipped with an LCD display which shows the state of each load connected to the

system, either On or Off.

2
INTRODUCTION

2.INTRODUCTION
In India, the number of death due to electrical accidents has reached about 1400 in the last 3 years alone. Of

these, majority of the victims are electrical line man who lost their life during maintenance work. The main

reason behind these upsetting figures is due to the improper charging and discharging of electrical lines

occurring due to miscommunication and lack of coordination between maintenance staff and engineers at the

substation. Another cause is the unauthorized operating of line. In the event of power outage due to fault or

other abnormalities the lines are sometimes charged without proper communication from the concerned

authority. In rural area there are even incidents where civilians themselves operate the line, reason. In order

to avoid this, we have designed a system that checks the authenticity of the user. The password based circuit

breaker accomplishes this by using a password verification method. By entering in the password by means

of a matrix keypad and comparing it with a previously stored password the system allows the maintenance

personal to turn ON/OFF the line. This improves the working condition of maintenance personals as he

alone can operate the line. The system is linked to internet by means of an IOT module. The voltage and

current along with status of line is transferred to the internet via the IOT module and can be accessed by the

station personals. This also increase the responsibility of substation staff as the one person is held

accountable for operating the line.

4
BLOCK DIAGREAM

5
 3.BLOCK DIAGREAM

LCD DISPLAY

SOLID STATE LOAD (1)

RELAY

RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT MICRO CONTROL SOLID STATE LOAD (2)

UNIT RELAY

ESP8266 Wi-Fi LOGIC LEVEL SOLID STATE LOAD (3)

MODULE CONVERTER RELAY

SOLID STATE LOAD (4)

RELAY

6
BLOCK DIAGREAM DISCRIPTION

7
 4.BLOCK DIAGREAM DISCRIPTION

ARDUINO UNO AT mega 328p

The arduino uno is amicrocontroller board ATmega328p microcontroller and developed by arduino.cc.The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog and input/output (I/o)pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM
output ) ,6 analog I/O PINS , and is programmable with the arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) , via a type B USA cable. IT can be powered by the USA cable or by an external 9-volt
battery , though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.
The hardward reference design is distributed under a creative commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license
and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are
also available. The word “uno” means “one” in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial of Arduino
Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it and version 1.0 of the
Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have now evolved to newer releases. The
ATmega328 on the board comes preprogramed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer.
While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding boards in
that it does not use the FTDI USB-to -serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmeral6U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R20) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

LCD Display

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both liquids and
crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are
almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a
crystal.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them.
The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character,
symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarizers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarizers would rotate the light
rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizers and the liquid crystal,
such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears
transparent.

8
 When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in
a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizers, which would
result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.

SOLID STATE RELAY

A solid state relay is an electronic switching device that switches on or off when an external voltage is
applied across its control terminal.they serve the same function as an electronics contain no moving parts
and have a longer lifetime.solid state relay were invented in 1971 by the crydom controls division of
international rectifiers. After a number of corporate acquisitions,crydom is now part of sensata. SSRs consist
of a sensor which responds to an appropriate input (control signal), an electronic switching device which

switches power to the load circuitry, and a coupling mechanism to enable the control signal to activate this
switch without mechanical parts. They may be designed to switch either AC or DC loads. Packaged SSRs
use power semiconductor devices such as thyristors and transistors, to switch currents up to around ahundred

amperes.SSRs have fast switching speeds compared with electro mechanical relays, and have no physical
contacts to wear out. SSRs are unable to withstand a large momentary overload the way an
electromechanical relay can, as well as having a higher "on" resistance

ESP8366 WIFI MODUIE

ESP-01 WiFi module is developed by Ai-thinker Team. core processor ESP8266 in smaller sizes of
the module. The module supports standard IEEE802.11 b/g/n agreement, complete TCP/IP protocol
stack. Users can use the add modules to an existing device networking, or building a separate network
controller. ESP8266 is high integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained
mobile platform designers.

It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a
standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement. ESP8266EX offers a
complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution; it can be used to host the application or to offload
Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has
integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications. Alternately, serving as a
Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller based design with simple
connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).

9
WORKING PRINCIPLE

10
 5.WORKING PRINCIPLE

This project provides a password based circuit breaker system using IOT. Quite a lot of fatal accidents

happen with line men due to electric shocks. It is a result of miscoordination or miscommunication between

line men and substations. The project aims to solve this issue by making use of IOT. The IoT based Circuit

Breaker is a system with high response time, which uses the interconnection network (internet) to control

electrical loads. This system uses a wifi module paired with Atmega328p microcontroller locally to

connect to the internet. It is also equipped with an LCD display which shows the state of each load

connected to the system, either On or Off. A user or operator at the other end can remotely connect with the

system using an internet device and an interface named “Ubidots”. Here, the user or operator has to log in on

Ubidots interface passing through an additional layer of security, that is Password Protection.

From the Ubidots interface, the user can control the state (on/off) of the connected loads remotely,

virtually from anywhere around the globe.

This system has an advantage over other remotely operable circuit breakers as it uses a faster medium which

is the internet to connect the operator and loads. The additional speed is added with the use of quick

electrical circuit breaking solution using the transistors, instead of relays which are comparatively slower as

they mechanically break the circuit. This system is indispensable when industrial safety comes to play, as a

use of such circuit breaking systems removes any chance of common accidents, such as electrical shocks.

11
BLOCK DIAGREAM DISCRIPTION OF EACH
CIRCUIT

12
POWER SUPPLY

13
 6.1.POWER SUPPLY
Block diagram

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down
to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is
initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has
some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually
obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

Fig18: Block diagram (Power supply)

Working principle

 Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level. Then
the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed
with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as
DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

 Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input
to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the
remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A
and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias
D4.
 14
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are
forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will
block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the
secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and
(2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing D2
and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL,
through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.
Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the
same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown
waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this
bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given
transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-
wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B. assume
that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed between points X and y is
1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage from
the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum
voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-500 v0lts, as
result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum
voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output
voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the
bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

 IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single
IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably
set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes
to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.
 15

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input
terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to
ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the
series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 vol
 16

MICRO CONTROLLER
 17

6.2.MICRO CONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in revolutionizing various

industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in the
early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a general purpose building block for intelligent
digital systems. It is finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly complex
spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application domain has spread in all
conceivable directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great deal of interest and
enthusiasm among students, teachers and practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for
imparting the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and development. It identifies the vital
features responsible for their tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them and provides a
glimpse of the major application area.

MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single IC. Microcontrollers were

developed to meet a need for microprocessors to be put into low cost products. Building a complete
microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the cost of building simple products, which use
the microprocessor's power to implement their function, because the microprocessor is a natural way to
implement many products. This means the idea of using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up
often. But the typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80 and 8085 is expensive.
Both 8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to make a microprocessor system. Each part carries
costs of money. Even though a product design may requires only very simple system, the parts needed to
make this system as a low cost product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip microcontroller.
This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC. Most frequently they are called
microcontroller because they are used they are used to perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM,

I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also SERIAL PORTS. Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or "single
chip microprocessor system" or "computer on a chip".
 18

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip computer. Micro

suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device' might be used to control objects,
processes, or events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the
microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent products. For example
most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces Scanning,
Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys,
Electric Drills, Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial products are based on
microcontrollers.

EVOLUTION OF MICROCONTROROLLER

Markets for microcontrollers can run into millions of units per application. At these volumes of the
microcontrollers is a commodity items and must be optimized so that cost is at a minimum. .Semiconductor
manufacturers have produced a mind-numbing array of designs that would seem to meet almost any need.
Some of the chips listed in this section are no longer regular production, most are current, and a few are best
termed as "smoke ware": the dreams of an aggressive marketing department APPLICATION

Microcontrollers did you use today?

A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all kinds of Gizmos. Some
examples of common, every-day products that have microcontrollers are built-in. If it has buttons and a
digital display, chances are it also has a programmable microcontroller brain.

Every-Day the devices used by ourselves that contain Microcontrollers. Try to make a list and
counting how many devices and the events with microcontrollers you use in a typical day. Here are some
examples: if your clock radio goes off, and you hit the snooze button a few times in the morning, the first
thing you do in your day is interact with a microcontroller. Heating up some food in the microwave oven
and making a call on a cell phone also involve operating microcontrollers. That's just the beginning. Here
are a few more examples: Turning on the Television with a hand held remote, playing a hand held game,
Using a calculator, and Checking your digital wrist watch. All those devices have microcontrollers inside
them, that interact with you. Consumer appliances aren't the only things that contain microcontrollers.
Robots, machinery, aerospace designs and other high-tech devices are also built with microcontrollers.
 19

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER

ATMEGA 328P (Arduino-uno)

 AVR 8-bit RISC architecture

 Available in DIP Package
 Up to 20Mhz clock source
 32KB Flash memory
 1KB Static ram
 23 Programmable I/O Channels
 Six 10Bit ADC Inputs
 Three timers/counters
 Six PWM outputs
 20

ARDUINO UNO
 21

6.3.ARDUINO UNO

The ATmega328 microcontroller is the MCU used in Arduino UNO R3 as a main controller.
ATmega328 is an MCU from the AVR family; it is an 8-bit device, which means that its data-bus
architecture and internal registers are designed to handle 8 parallel data signals.

ATmega328 has three types of memory:

 Flash memory: 32KB nonvolatile memory. This is used for storing application, which explains
why you don't need to upload your application every time you unplug arduino from its power
source.
 SRAM memory: 2KB volatile memory. This is used for storing variables used by the
application while it's running.
 EEPROM memory: 1KB nonvolatile memory. This can be used to store data that must be
available even after the board is powered down and then powered up again.

4.5.1 POWER CONSUMPTION:

The MCU accepts supply voltages from 1.8 to 5.5 V. However, there are restrictions on the
operating frequency; for example, if you want to use the maximum clock frequency (20 MHz), you need
a supply voltage of at least 4.5 V.

4.5.2 DIGITAL I/O PINS:

This MCU has three ports: PORTC, PORTB, and PORTD. All pins of these ports can be used for
general-purpose digital I/O or for the alternate functions indicated in the pinout below. For example,
PORTC pin0 to pin5 can be ADC inputs instead of digital I/O.There are also some pins that can be
configured as PWM output. These pins are marked with “~” on the Arduino board.
22
 23

ADC INPUTS:

This MCU has six channels—PORTC0 to PORTC5—with 10-bit resolution A/D converter. These
pins are connected to the analog header on the Arduino board. One common mistake is to think of analog
input as dedicated input for A/D function only, as the header in the board states ”Analog”. The reality is
that you can use them as digital I/O or A/D.

UART PERIPHERAL:

A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a serial interface. The ATmega328 has only
one UART module. The pins (RX, TX) of the UART are connected to a USB-to-UART converter circuit
and also connected to pin0 and pin1 in the digital header. You must avoid using the UART if you’re
already using it to send/receive data over USB.

SPI PERIPHERAL:

The SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is another serial interface. The ATmega328 has only one SPI
module. Besides using it as a serial interface, it can also be used to program the MCU using a standalone
programmer. You can reach the SPI's pins from the header next to the MCU in the Arduino UNO board
or from the digital header as below:
11 - MOSI
12 - MISO
13 – SCK

TWI:

The I2C or Two Wire Interface is an interface consisting of only two wires, serial data, and a serial clock:
SDA, SCL. User can reach these pins from the last two pins in the digital header or pin4 and pin5 in the
analog header.

24

LCD Display
 25

6.4LCD Display

Liquid crystal display

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both liquids and
crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are
almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a
crystal.
 An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them.
The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character,
symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarizers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarizers would rotate the light
rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizers and the liquid crystal,
such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears
transparent.

26
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a
specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizers, which would
result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s consume less
power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations.

The LCD’s doing generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting,
reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature range.

Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s more
customer friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the simple seven-
segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted
in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have
resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics,
and also in small TV applications.

POWER SUPPLY
 The power supply should be of +5V, with maximum allowable transients of 10mv. To achieve a
better / suitable contrast for the display, the voltage (VL) at pin 3 should be adjusted properly.

A module should not be inserted or removed from a live circuit. The ground terminal of the power
supply must be isolated properly so that no voltage is induced in it. The module should be isolated from the
other circuits, so that stray voltages are not induced, which could cause a flickering display.

HARDWARE

Develop a uniquely decoded ‘E’ strobe pulse, active high, to accompany each module transaction.
Address or control lines can be assigned to drive the RS and R/W inputs.

Utilize the Host’s extended timing mode, if available, when transacting with the module. Use
instructions, which prolong the Read and Write or other appropriate data strobes, so as to realize the
interface timing requirements.

27
If a parallel port is used to drive the RS, R/W and ‘E’ control lines, setting the ‘E’ bit simultaneously with
RS and R/W would violate the module’s set up time. A separate instruction should be used to achieve proper
interfacing timing requirements.

MOUNTING

Cover the display surface with a transparent protective plate, to protect the polarizer.

Don’t touch the display surface with bare hands or any hard materials. This will stain the display area
and degrade the insulation between terminals.

Do not use organic solvents to clean the display panel as these may adversely affect tape or with
absorbent cotton and petroleum benzene.

The processing or even a slight deformation of the claws of the metal frame will have effect on the
connection of the output signal and cause an abnormal display.

Do not damage or modify the pattern wiring, or drill attachment holes in the PCB. When assembling
the module into equipment, the space between the module and the fitting plate should have enough height, to
avoid causing stress to the module surface.
 Make sure that there is enough space behind the module, to dissipate the heat generated by the ICs
while functioning for longer durations.

When an electrically powered screwdriver is used to install the module, ground it properly.

While cleaning by a vacuum cleaner, do not bring the sucking mouth near the module. Static
electricity of the electrically powered driver or the vacuum cleaner may destroy the module.

ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS

Operate the LCD module under the relative condition of 40C and 50% relative humidity. Lower
temperature can cause retardation of the blinking speed of the display, while higher temperature makes the
overall display discolor.

When the temperature gets to be within the normal limits, the display will be normal. Polarization
degradation, bubble generation or polarizer peel-off may occur with high temperature and humidity.

Contact with water or oil over a long period of time may cause deformation or colour fading of the
display. Condensation on the terminals can cause electro-chemical reaction disrupting the terminal circuit

28
TROUBLE SHOOTING
When the power supply is given to the module, with the pin 3 (VL) connected to ground, all the
pixels of a character gets activated in the following manner: All the characters of a single line display, as in
CDM 16108.The first eight characters of a single line display, operated in the two-line display mode, as in
CDM 16116.

The first line of characters of a two-line display as in CDM 16216 and 40216. The first and third line
of characters of a four-line display operated in the two-line display mode, as in CDM 20416.

If the above mentioned does not occur, the module should be initialized by software.

Make sure that the control signals ‘E’ , R/W and RS are according to the interface timing
requirements.

IMPROPER CHARACTER DISPLAY

When the characters to be displayed are missing between, the data read/write is too fast. A slower
interfacing frequency would rectify the problem.
 When uncertainty is there in the start of the first characters other than the specified ones are
rewritten, check the initialization and the software routine.

In a multi-line display, if the display of characters in the subsequent lines does’nt take place
properly, check the DD RAM addresses set for the corresponding display lines.

When it is unable to display data, even though it is present in the DD RAM, either the display on/off
flag is in the off state or the display shift function is not set properly. When the display shift is done
simultaneous with the data write operation, the data may not be visible on the display.

If a character not found in the font table is displayed, or a character is missing, the CG ROM is faulty
and the controller IC has to be changed

If particular pixels of the characters are missing, or not getting activated properly, there could be an
assembling problem in the module.

In case any other problems are encountered you could send the module to our factory for testing and
evaluation

29
CRYSTALONICS DISPLAY
Crystalloids dot –matrix (alphanumeric) liquid crystal displays are available in TN, STN types, with
or without backlight. The use of C-MOS LCD controller and driver ICs result in low power consumption.
These modules can be interfaced with a 4-bit or 8-bit micro processor /Micro controller.

The built-in controller IC has the following features:

 Correspond to high speed MPU interface (2MHz)

 80 x 8 bit display RAM (80 Characters max)
 9,920 bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character fonts. 208 character fonts (5 x 8 dots)
32 character fonts (5 x 10 dots)
 64 x 8 bit character generator RAM 8 character generator RAM 8 character fonts (5 x 8 dots) 4
characters fonts (5 x 10 dots)
 Programmable duty cycles
1/8 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor

1/11 – for one line of 5 x 10 dots with cursor

 1/16 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 Wide range of instruction functions display clear, cursor home, display on/off, cursor on/off, display
character blink, cursor shift, display shift.
 Automatic reset circuit that initializes the controller / driver ICs after power on.
DISPLAY DATA RAM (DD RAM)

The characters to be displayed are written into the display data RAM (DD RAM), in the form of 8 bit
character codes present in the character font table. The extended capacity of the DD RAM is 80 x 8 bits i.e.
80 characters.

CHARATCER GENERATOR ROM (CG ROM)

The character generator ROM generates 5 x 8 dot 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8 bit character
codes. It generates 208, 5 x 8 dot character patterns and 32, 5 x 10 dot character patterns.

CHARACTER GENERATOR RAM (CG RAM)

In the character generator RAM, the user can rewrite character patterns by program. For 5 x 8 dots, eight
character patterns can be written, and for 5 x 10 dots, four character patterns can be writte

30

INTERFACING THE MICROPROCESSOR / CONTROLLER

The module, interfaced to the system, can be treated as RAM input/output, expanded or parallel I/O.

Since there is no conventional chip select signal, developing a strobe signal for the enable signal (E) and
applying appropriate signals to the register select (RS) and read/write (R/W) signals are important.

The module is selected by gating a decoded module – address with the host – processor’s read/write strobe.
The resultant signal, applied to the LCDs enable (E) input, clocks in the data.

The ‘E’ signal must be a positive going digital strobe, which is active while data and control information are
stable and true. The falling edge of the enable signal enables the data / instruction register of the controller.
All module timings are referenced to specific edges of the ‘E’ signal. The ‘E’ signal is applied only when a
specific module transaction is desired.

The read and write strobes of the host, which provides the ‘E’ signals, should not be linked to the module’s
R/W line. An address bit which sets up earlier in the host’s machine cycle can be used as R/W.
When the host processor is so fast that the strobes are too narrow to serve as the ‘E’ pulse

a. Prolong these pulses by using the hosts ‘Ready’ input

b. Prolong the host by adding wait states
c. Decrease the Hosts Crystal frequency.
Inspite of doing the above mentioned, if the problem continues, latch both the data and control information
and then activate the ‘E’ signal

When the controller is performing an internal operation he busy flag (BF) will set and will not accept any
instruction. The user should check the busy flag or should provide a delay of approximately 2ms after each
instruction. The module presents no difficulties while interfacing slower MPUs.The liquid crystal display
module can be interfaced, either to 4-bit or 8-bit MPUs. For 4-bit data interface, the bus lines DB4 to DB7
are used for data transfer, while DB0 to DB3 lines are disabled. The data transfer is complete when the 4-bit
data has been transferred twice. The busy flag must be checked after the 4-bit data has been transferred
twice. Two more 4-bit operations then transfer the busy flag and address counter data.

For 8-bit data interface, all eight-bus lines (DB0 to DB7) are used

. 31
 RELAY CIRCUIT

32

6.5RELAY CIRCUIT

FUNCTIONS :

Relays are switching devices. Switching devices are the heart of industrial electronic
systems. When a relay is energized or activated, contacts are made or broken. They are
used to control ac or dc power. They are used to control the sequence of events in the
operation of a system such as an electronic heater, counter, welding circuits, X-ray
equipment, measuring systems, alarm systems and telephony. Electromagnetic relays are
forms of electromagnets in which the coil current produces a magnetic effect. It pulls or
pushes flat soft iron armatures or strips carrying relay contacts. Several relay contact can
be operated to get several possible ON/OFF combinations.
OPERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY :

Relays are usually dc operated. When dc is passed to the coil, the core gets
magnetized. The iron armature towards the core contacts 1 and 2 open and contacts 2 and 3
close. When coil current is stopped, the attraction is not there and hence the spring tension
brings 1 and 2 to closed position, opening the other set 2 and 3.

33

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY

RELAY CONTACTS AND IDENTIFICATION :

The heart of the relay is the ‘junction’ of the contact points. The relay contact points
may be flat, spherical, pointed and combination of all these. Flat contacts require more
pressure for perfect contact closing. Half round contacts are better because the surface
contamination will be minimum. The twin contacts give reliable operation.

Relay contacts are made of silver and silver alloys in small power applications. For
large relays, contacts are made up of copper. Certain relays use silver – palladium of
platinum – ruthenium alloys for contacts. The special types mentioned above give long
life, carry moderate currents and keep shape for long time.

To identify relay contacts, some important contact arrangements must be

remembered.

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw

SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw

NO - Normally Opened

34

NC - Normally Closed

Break - Relay action opens or breaks contacts

Make - Relay action makes or closes contacts

Relays are electromagnetic device by which operation of one or more circuits can be
controlled by the operation of some other circuit. Relay is a type of switch where switching
completely depends upon the electromagnetism. When winding of insulted wire is made on
soft iron rod and apply is given across its end then magnetic field develops around the rod
and due to this magnetic field, magnetism also becomes magnet. In this way, can be said
that on giving supply to the coil winded over a core, it becomes magnet. This magnet is
known as electromagnet.

Relay is a device which can turn ON/OFF any external circuit in some special
circumstances. The principal relay is a one pole 2 way switch. The difference is that simple
switch is manual switch where as relay is a automatic switch to some extent. It has a coil in
it.

When this coil get enough supply then it becomes electromagnet and attracts the
strip of pole towards itself and changes the position of switch. When supply cuts off then
coil demagnetizes and thus switch comes in its normal position. In telephony, the relays
are used widely. The relay that we used in this circuit has two states.

Normally closed state (NC)

Normally opened state (NO)

The control circuit of the relay transistor is shown in figure. When the input to
transistor is logic 0, the transistor will be open. So the relay will be holding +12 and which
will be in normally closed state.

35

RELAY
Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically.
Relays consist of an electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is
carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for
its working. But they differ according to their applications.
CONSTRUCTION:
It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of
very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the
switch point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically
connected to the switch point contacts. These parts are safely held with the help of a spring.
The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay becomes de-
energized.

WORKING:
The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram.
The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by
a control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control
switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil,
the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper
contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing
a short circuit for the power to the load.
As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to
its initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force.
This force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.

36
 The above mentioned relay is of SPSTS (Single pole Single throw Switch) type. In our
project, we have used SPDTS (Single pole Double throw Switch) type. In this relay, as
mentioned in SPSTS, an electromagnet is there. It also has 3 contacts: Common, Normally
Closed, Normally Open. When this electromagnetic coil is energized, the Common terminal
connects to the Normally Open contact. When the coil gets de-energized, the common

terminal connects to the Normally Closed contact.

37
TRIAC

The triac is another three-terminal ac switch that is triggered into conduction

when a low-energy signal is applied to its gate terminal. Unlike the SCR, the
triac conducts in either direction when turned on. The triac also differs from the
SCR in that either a positive or negative gate signal triggers it into conduction.
Thus the triac is a three terminal, four layer bidirectional semiconductor device
that controls ac power whereas an SCR controls dc power or forward biased half
cycles of ac in a load. Because of its bidirectional conduction property, the triac
is widely used in the field of power electronics for control purposes. Triacs of 16
kW rating are readily available in the market.

“Triac” is an abbreviation for three terminal ac switch. ‘Tri’-indicates that the

device has three terminals and ‘ac’ indicates that the device controls alternating
current or can conduct in either direction.

Triac Circuit Symbol

DIAC

A diac is an important member of the thyristor family and is usually employed

for triggering triacs. A diac is a two-electrode bidirectional avalanche diode
which can be switched from off-state to the on-state for either polarity of the
applied voltage. This is just like a triac without gate terminal, as shown in figure.
Its equivalent circuit is a pair of inverted four layer diodes. Two schematic
symbols are shown in figure. Again the terminal designations are arbitrary since
the diac, like triac, is also a bilateral device. The switching from off-state to on-
state is achieved by simply exceeding the avalanche break down voltage in either
direction.

38
Construction of a Diac.

A diac is a P-N-P-N structured four-layer, two-terminal semiconductor device, as

shown in figure.A. MT2 and MTX are the two main terminals of the device. There

is no control terminal in this device. From the diagram, a diac unlike a diode,

resembles a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) but with the following exceptions.

 there is no terminal attached to the middle layer (base),

 the three regions are nearly identical in size,

 the doping level at the two end P-layers is the same so that the device gives

symmetrical switching characteristics for either polarity of the applied

voltage.

39
Operation of a Diac.

When the terminal MT2 is positive, the current flow path is P 1-N2-P2-N3 while for
positive polarity of terminal MT1 the current flow path is P2-N2-P1-N1. The
operation of the diac can be explained by imagining it as two diodes connected in
series. When applied voltage in either polarity is small (less than breakover
voltage) a very small amount of current, called the leakage current, flows
through the device. Leakage current caused due to the drift of electrons and holes
in the depletion region, is not sufficient to cause conduction in the device. The
device remains in non-conducting mode. However, when the magnitude of the
applied voltage exeeds the avalanche breakdown voltage, breakdown takes place
and the diac current rises sharply, as shown in the characteristics shown in figure.

40
 ESP8266 WIFI MODULE

41

6.6.ESP8266 WIFI MODULE

ESP-01 WiFi module is developed by Ai-thinker Team. core processor ESP8266 in smaller sizes of
the module. The module supports standard IEEE802.11 b/g/n agreement, complete TCP/IP protocol
stack. Users can use the add modules to an existing device networking, or building a separate network
controller. ESP8266 is high integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained
mobile platform designers.

It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a
standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement. ESP8266EX offers a
complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution; it can be used to host the application or to offload
Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has
integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications. Alternately, serving as a

Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller based design with simple
connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).

ESP8266 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna switches, RF
balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management modules, it requires minimal
external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal
PCB area.

42
ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor, with
on-chip SRAM, besides the Wi-Fi functionalities. ESP8266EX is often integrated with external sensors and
other application specific devices through its GPIOs; codes for such applications are provided in
examples in the SDK.

Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated system-level

features include fast sleep/wake context switching for energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive radio biasing. for low-
power operation, advance signal processing, and spur cancellation and radio co-existence features for
common cellular, Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.

Features:

 802.11 b/g/n

 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

 Integrated 10-bit ADC

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

 Supports antenna diversity

 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IRDA, PWM, GPIO

43
Functional Description:

MCU

ESP8266EX is embedded with Tensilica L106 32-bit micro controller (MCU), which features extra
low power consumption and 16-bit RSIC. The CPU clock speed is 80MHz. It can also reach a maximum
value of 160MHz. ESP8266EX is often integrated with external sensors and other specific devices through
its GPIOs; codes for such applications are provided in examples in the SDK.

Memory Organization

Internal SRAM and ROM

ESP8266EX WiFi SoC is embedded with memory controller, including SRAM and ROM. MCU
can visit the memory units through iBus, dBus, and AHB interfaces. All memory units can be visited
upon request, while a memory arbiter will decide the running sequence according to the time when these
requests are received by the processor.

According to our current version of SDK provided, SRAM space that is available to users is
assigned as below:

1. RAM size < 36kB, that is to say, when ESP8266EX is working under the station mode and is
connected to the router, programmable space accessible to user in heap and data section is
around 36kB.)
2. There is no programmable ROM in the SoC, therefore, user program must be stored in an external
SPI flash.

44
External SPI Flash

This module is mounted with an 1 MB external SPI flash to store user programs. If larger
definable storage space is required, a SPI flash with larger memory size is preferred. Theoretically
speaking, up to 16 MB memory capacity can be supported.

Suggested SPI Flash memory capacity:

 OTA is disabled: the minimum flash memory that can be supported is 512 kB;
 OTA is enabled: the minimum flash memory that can be supported is 1 MB.
Several SPI modes can be supported, including Standard SPI, Dual SPI, and Quad SPI.

Therefore, please choose the correcct SPI mode when you are downloading into the flash, otherwise
firmware’s/programs that you downloaded may not work in the right way.

Crystal:

Currently, the frequencies of crystal oscillators supported include 40MHz, 26MHz and 24MHz.
The accuracy of crystal oscillators applied should be ±10PPM, and the operating temperature range should
be between -20°C and 85°C.

When using the downloading tools, please remember to select the right crystal oscillator type. In
circuit design, capacitors C1 and C2, which are connected to the earth, are added to the input and output
terminals of the crystal oscillator respectively. The values of the two capacitors can be flexible, ranging
from 6pF to 22pF, however, the specific capacitive values of C1 and C2 depend on further testing and
adjustment on the overall performance of the whole circuit. Normally, the capacitive values of C1 and C2
are within 10pF if the crystal oscillator frequency is 26MHz, while the values of C1 and C2 are 10pF<C1,
C2<22pF if the crystal oscillator frequency is 40MHz.

45
Power consumption

1. Modem-Sleep requires the CPU to be working, as in PWM or I2S applications. According

to 802.11 standards (like U-APSD), it saves power to shut down the Wi-Fi Modem circuit
while maintaining a Wi-Fi connection with no data transmission. E.g. in DTIM3, to
maintain a sleep 300mswake 3ms cycle to receive AP’s Beacon packages, the current is
about 15mA.
2. During Light-Sleep, the CPU may be suspended in applications like Wi-Fi switch. Without
data transmission, the Wi-Fi Modem circuit can be turned off and CPU suspended to save
power according to the 802.11 standard (U-APSD).
3. E.g. in DTIM3, to maintain a sleep 300ms-wake 3ms cycle to receive AP’s Beacon packages, the
current is about 0.9mA.
4. Deep-Sleep does not require Wi-Fi connection to be maintained. For application with long time
lags between data transmission, e.g. a temperature sensor that checks the temperature every
100s ,sleep 300s and waking up to connect to the AP (taking about 0.3~1s), the overall
average current is less than 1m

46
OPTO COUPLER DEVICES

47
 6.7.OPTO COUPLER DEVICES

The LED is a light emitting device and phototransistor is a light sensitive device. The conduction

current of phototransistor can be controlled via the conduction current of the LED, even though the two

devices are physically separated. Such a package is known as an opto coupler, sine the input (LED) and the

output (phototransistor) devices are optically coupled The most important point to note about the opto

coupler device is that a circuit connected to its input can be electrically fully isolated from the output circuit

and that a potential difference of hundreds (or) thousands of volts can safely exist between these two

circuits without adversely influencing the opto coupler action. This isolating characteristic is the main

attraction of this type of opto coupler device, which is generally known as an isolating opto coupler.Refer

the fig, if the output is high, then LED in IC MCT2E emits the light energy, hence photo transistor conducts

& thereby Q2 conducts and the output signal to PC is low.If the output is low, then LED does not conduct

and phototransistor also does not conduct which results Q2 if OFF, so, the output signal to PC is high.

Typical isolating opto coupler applications include low voltage to high voltage (or vice versa) signal

coupling; interfacing of a computer output signal to external electronic circuiting (or) electric motors etc.

Interfacing of ground referenced low voltage circuitry to floating high voltage circuitry driven directly from

the mains AC power lines etc. Opto couplers can also be used to replace low power relays & pulse

transformers in many applications.

48
SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

49
 7.SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

 Arduino IDE
 GCC

.ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor
development boards.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The
Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE
supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main
program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE
employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is
loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

50
GCC:

GCC stands for “GNU Compiler Collection”. GCC is an integrated distribution of compilers for
several major programming languages. These languages currently include C, C++, Objective-C, Objective-
C++, Fortran, Ada, D, Go, and BRIG (HSAIL). The abbreviation GCC has multiple meanings in common
use. The current official meaning is “GNU Compiler Collection”, which refers generically to the complete
suite of tools. The name historically stood for “GNU C Compiler”, and this usage is still common when the
emphasis is on compiling C programs. Finally, the name is also used when speaking of the language-
independent component of GCC: code shared among the compilers for all supported languages. The
language-independent component of GCC includes the majority of the optimizers, as well as the “back ends”
that generate machine code for various processors. The part of a compiler that is specific to a particular
language is called the “front end”. In addition to the front ends that are integrated components of GCC, there
are several other front ends that are maintained separately. These support languages such as Mercury, and
COBOL. To use these, they must be built together with GCC proper. Most of the compilers for languages
other than C have their own names. The C++ compiler is G++, the Ada compiler is GNAT, and so on. When
we talk about compiling one of those languages, we might refer to that compiler by its own name, or as
GCC. Either is correct. Historically, compilers for many languages, including C++ and Fortran, have been
implemented as “preprocessors” which emit another high level language such as C. None of the compilers
included in GCC are implemented this way; they all generate machine code directly. This sort of
preprocessor should not be confused with the C preprocessor, which is an integral feature of the C, C++,
Objective-C and Objective-C++ language

EXPERIMENTATION

ARDUINO:

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor
development boards.

51
 The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The
Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE
supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main
program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE
employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is
loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

ARDUINO CONFIGURATION:
 Download Arduino IDE from official webpage.
 Right click to run on administrator mode.
 Click tools select communication port.
 If port not visible unplugs the usb cable and replug it.
 Click new file.
 Select and save destination folder.
 Type some code.
 Click right symbol button on top left corner to verify your program.
 Click the nearest one of right symbol to upload your code into board.
 If error occurs select board type and chip.
 Once the uploading complete it’ll notify the status.

52
ADVANTAGES

53
 8.ADVANTAGES

Advantages:
1. Improves lineman (or) house hold safety
2. Electrical accidents can be avoided
3. Easy of operation
4. Maintenance will be simple

54
APPLICATION

55
 9.APPLICATION

Applications:

1. It can be used anywhere in the substation to trip the circuit

2. Most useful to operate in the public areas.

56
CONCLUSION

57
 10.CONCLUSION

In modern control centers, system operators get alarm messages from many devices in real time. From

alarms, it is still very hard to find out location and type of the potential equipment problem. One needs an

automatic way of processing the events to identify whether sequences of equipment operation were as

expected. Instead of many alarm messages, only one report should be sent to the operators with concise

information about success or failure of a switching sequence. In the case of a breaker, report will offer more

detailed message whether the breaker failure logic worked out properly and finally disconnected faulted

section. This kind of analysis enables tracking of every CB operation allowing reconstruction of an entire

sequence of operations. In our project we studied designed to attain real time control &monitoring of Circuit

Breaker. Measure and record loading of your output of C.B and prevent overloading & increasing g whole

system life.

58
COST OF ESTIMATION

59
 11.COST OF ESTIMATION

SL.N COMPONENTS COST

O

1 ARDUNIO UNO 1000/-

2 TRANSFORMER 200/-

3 LCD DISPLAY 400/-

4 WIFI MODULE 250/-

5 SOLID STATE RELAY 2000/-

6 SWITCH BOX 1000/-

7 BUZZER 250/-

8 POWER BOARD 200/-

9 ACCESSORIES 200/-

5500/-

60
BIBLOGRAPHY

61

12.BIBLOGRAPHY
 POWER ELECTRONICS ;“MD SINGH,KB KHANCHANDANI” MCGRAW HILL PUBLISHING
COMPANY NEW DELHI THIRD REPRINT 2008

 APPLICATIONS OF TNTERNET OF THINGS; “ALAK ROY, JYOTSNA K.

MANDAL,SOMNATH” SPINGER NATURE SINGAPORE 3 AUGUST 2020

 ARDUINO LANGUAGE REFERENCE “ROBOJAX” YOU TUBE CHANNEL

62