CHAPTER 4:

Trigonometry & the Unit Circle

NAME: ___________________________

Chapter 4 Study Guide

This study guide is based on questions from the Chapter 4 Practice Test in the student resource.
Question I can … Help Needed Refer to

#1 determine the measures, in degrees or radians, of the  some 4.3

angles given the value of a trigonometric ratio  none Example 4
#2 determine the measures, in degrees or radians, of the  some 4.3
angles in a specified domain, given the value of a  none Example 4
trigonometric ratio

#3 determine, with technology, the approximate value  some 4.3

of a trigonometric ratio for any angle with a measure  none Example 3
expressed in either degrees or radians

#4 determine the coordinates for a point on the unit  some 4.2

circle given conditions  none Example 2

#5 determine the values for trigonometric ratios  some 4.3

 none Example 2

#6 explain the relationship between the radian measure  some 4.1

of an angle in standard position and the length of the  none Example 4
arc cut on a circle of radius r, and solve problems
based upon that relationship

#7 generalize the equation of a circle with centre (0, 0)  some 4.2

and radius r  none Example 1

#7 locate the coordinates of points on the unit circle  some 4.2

given an angle  none Example 1, 2

#8 determine the exact values of the other  some 4.3

trigonometric ratios, given the value of one  none Example 2
trigonometric ratio in a specified domain

#9 determine algebraically the solution of a  some 4.4

trigonometric equation  none Example 1

#10 describe the relationship among different systems of  some 4.1

angle measurement  none Example 1

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Question I can … Help Needed Refer to

#11 sketch an angle in standard position when the  some 4.1

measure is given in degrees  none Example 1

#11 determine the approximate value of trigonometric  some 4.4

ratios for an angle expressed in degrees  none Example 1

#12 determine the measures of all angles in a given  some 4.1

domain that are coterminal with a given angle in  none Example 2
standard position

#12 determine the general form of the measures of all  some 4.1
angles that are coterminal with a given angle in  none Example 3
standard position

#13 solve problems involving arc lengths, central angles,  some 4.1
and radius of a circle  none Example 4

#14 solve a problem with trigonometric ratios  some 4.3

 none Example 3, 5

#15 determine algebraically the solution of a  some 4.4

trigonometric equation, stating the solution in exact  none Example 1
form when possible

#16 solve a problem involving arc lengths, central  some 4.1

angles, and radius of a circle  none Example 4

(Checklist taken from MHR Teacher Resource DVD)

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 Assignment: 4.1 Part 1
Ma 30-1 NOTES p.175 # 1ac, 2acd, 3be, 4ace, 5be, 6bcd, 7bcd, 8ad
4.1 Angles and Angle Measure Part 1

Angles in Standard Position

In geometry, an angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint.
In trigonometry, angles are often interpreted as rotations of a ray. The starting
position and the final position are called the initial arm and the terminal arm
of the angle, respectively. If the angle of rotation is counter clockwise,
then the angle is positive. An angle is in standard position when its initial arm is
on the x-axis and its vertex is at the origin of a coordinate grid.

Radian Measure
In previous work with angular measure, we have used degrees as the unit of measure. In order to simplify some
of the calculations in Calculus, mathematicians developed an alternative angular measure, radian measure.

 One radian is the measure of the central angle subtended

in a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
 AOB = 1 radian in the diagram to the right
 Measure of an angle in radians = length of arc forming the angle
length of radius

Converting Between Radians and Degrees

Consider a circle with a radius of r units. Complete the following:

 a) One complete rotation in degrees is ____________. r

b) The arc length for one complete rotation is ____________ which is the
___________________________ of the circle.
arc length o
c) The ratio, = _________ = d) 360 = __________ radians
radius

 a) One- half rotation in degrees is ____________.

b) The arc length for one-half rotation is ____________.

arc length o
c) The ratio, = d) 180 = __________ radians
radius

 a)  radians = 180 degrees b) 180 degrees =  radians

S0 1 radian = ________ degrees S0 1 degree = ________ radians
To convert from radians to degrees, To convert from degrees to radians,
multiply by ________. multiply by ________.

NOTE:
(i) In math, the symbol “ o “ following a number means the unit of angular measure is degrees.
(ii) If there is no unit after the number, or there is the abbreviation “rad”, or the word radians, then the unit is
radians.
Ex. sin 90o  sin 90
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Check Your Understanding
Complete the table.

Rotation Degrees Radians Rotation Degrees Radians

1 full rotation 1
rotation
6
1 1
rotation rotation
2 8
1 1
rotation rotation
4 12

Example 1
Draw each angle in standard position. Change each degree measure to radians and each radian measure to
degrees. Give answers as both exact and approximate measures (if necessary) to the nearest hundredth of a
unit.

a) 150o b) –270o

7
c) d) –7.2
6

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Co-terminal Angles
 Angles in standard position with the same terminal arms are co-terminal.
 For an angle in standard position, an infinite number of angles co-terminal with it can be determined
by adding or subtracting any number of full rotations.
 Angles co-terminal with any angle  can be described using the expression
  (360 )n or   2n , where n  N and represents the number of revolutions
o

OR  + (360o)n or  + 2n , where n  I ; n  0

 this represents ALL possible cases and is called the general form
 The principal angle of a set of co-terminal angles is the smallest positive rotation angle with the
same terminal arm. The principal angle is between 0o and 360o or between ___ radians and
___ radians.

Example 2
Determine one positive and one negative angle measure that is co-terminal with each angle. In which quadrant
does the terminal arm lie? State the principal angle.

a) 40o b) –430o

8 15
c) d)
3 2

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Ma 30-1 NOTES Assignment: 4.1 Part 2
p.175 # 9, 11aceg, 12bd, 13abc, 14, 16, 18, C1
4.1 Angles and Angle Measure Part 2
Start-Up
What is a co-terminal angle?

Example 1
(i) Write an expression for all possible angles co-terminal with each given angle.
(ii) Identify all angles that are co-terminal in the given domain.

–360    360
o o o
a) –500 ;

–720    720
o o o
b) 650 ;

9
c) ; –2    3.
4

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Arc Length
a
If radian measure = length of arc forming the angle = arc length ,  
r
length of radius radius where  must be in radian
measure and represents the
central angle.
how could you measure arc length?

Example 2
The ring road around the Eastern part of the city of Regina is almost a semi-circle. Estimate the length of the
ring road (from A to B) to one decimal place, if the radius of the circle is 4.9 km.

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 
APPLICATION 
t
Example 3
Angular velocity describes the rate of change in a central angle over time. For example, the change could be
expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm), radians per second, degrees per hour, and so on. All that is required is
an angle measurement over a unit of time.

a) How does the angular velocity formula compare to the formula for arc length?

b) Earth makes one revolution every 24 hours.

Express the angular velocity of Earth in three other ways.

To determine linear velocity from angular velocity, use the formula v  r , where  is the angular velocity in
radians per unit of time and r is the radius of the circular motion.

c) The Great Beijing wheel, a Ferris wheel with a diameter of 198 m, makes 1 revolution in 20 min.

(i) What is the angular velocity, in radians per minute?

(ii) What is the linear velocity of a passenger, in m/s?

d) A bicycle wheel turns at 60 rpm. If the wheels of the bicycle measure 650 mm across, what
distance, in meters, does the bicycle travel in 1 min?

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4.1 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

5
1. Which diagram represents an angle of  radians? _______
6

A. C.

Can you solve this

question without using
your calculator?

B. D.

2. Which angle is co-terminal with 140 ? _______

2 7 25 5
A. B. C. D.
9 9 9 18

3. A pendulum 30 cm long swings through an arc of 45 cm. Through what

angle does the pendulum swing? Answer in degrees to the nearest tenth.

4. A person on a Ferris wheel moves a distance of 5 metres from position A

to position B through an angle of 31.8 . What is the diameter of the Ferris
wheel to the nearest whole number?

5. The mean distance from Earth to the moon is 385 000 km. The moon
travels around Earth once every 27.2 days. Assuming a circular orbit,
what is the linear velocity of the moon, in km/h?

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 Assignment: 4.2 p.186 # 1cd, 2bcde, 3cdef, 4befgh,
Ma 30-1 NOTES 5acdfg, 7, 9, 11, 13
4.2 The Unit Circle

Start-Up
On the diagram of the unit circle below:
i. Give the angles in degree and radian measure in terms of  for each angle .
ii. Give the coordinates for each point P () from part (i) with rational denominators.
iii. Identify any patterns you see in the coordinates of the points or in the angles.

 = ______, ______
( , )

 = ______, ______  = ______, ______

( , ) ( , )
 = ______, ______  = ______, ______
( , ) ( , )

 = ______, ______  = ______, ______

( , ) ( , )

 = ______ , ______
( , )  = ______ , ______
( , )

 = ______, ______
 = ______, ______
( , ) ( , )

 = ______, ______  = ______, ______

( , ) ( , )
 = ______, ______  = ______, ______
( , ) ( , )

 = ______, ______
( , )

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Determining Coordinates for Points on the Unit Circle

What is the equation of the unit circle? ______________________________

What is the equation of any circle with radius, r, and centre (0, 0)? ______________________________

Which quadrants is the x-coordinate positive? _____________ negative? _____________

Which quadrants is the y-coordinate positive? _____________ negative? _____________

Example 1
 3 1  7 3
Is the point   ,  on the unit circle? What about  ,  ? How do you know?
 4 4  4 4

Example 2
Determine the missing coordinate(s) for all points on the unit circle satisfying the given conditions.
Draw a diagram and tell which quadrant(s) the points lie in.

 5   5
a)  , y b)  x,  , where the point is in quadrant II
 8   13 

Example 3
If P () is the point at the intersection of the terminal arm of angle  and the unit circle, determine the
 4 
exact coordinates of P   .
 3 

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4.2 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

 2 5 
The point A 
 5 , y 
1. lies on the unit circle in quadrant 2.
 
a
The value of y can be written with a rational denominator in the form .
b
The value of a and b respectively are _____ and _____.

2.  
If the point m, m 3 lies on the circle with centre  0, 0  and radius 12, ______
determine all possible value of m.

2 10
A.  B. 6 2 C.  3 D. 6
5

3. Which of the following points does not lie on the unit circle? ______

 3 7  2 3  8 15 
A.  1, 0  B.   ,  C.  ,  D.   ,  
 4 4  5 5  17 17 

4. If P () is the point at the intersection of the terminal arm of angle  ______
 11 
and the unit circle, the exact coordinates of P    are
 6 

 3 1  3 1 1 3  2 2
A.   ,  B.  ,  C.  ,  D.  , 
 2 2  2 2 2 2   2 2 

TCM
 Assignment: 4.3 Part 1 p.201 # 1aceghi, 2abdfgl, 3def,
Ma 30-1 NOTES 4, 5bd, 6acf, 7ac, 8, 9adf, 14, 16, 19a
4.3 Trigonometric Ratios Part 1

Primary Trig Ratios

Complete the following: hypotenuse
side opposite
sine ratio  sin  = to 


cosine ratio  cos  = side adjacent to 

tangent ratio  tan  =

 You can remember these ratios using the acronym ___________________________

Reciprocal Trig Ratios

1
cosecant ratio  csc  = We can remember the reciprocal
sin  from each of the primary trig ratios
by the fact that each “pair” has only
1
secant ratio  sec  = one “co” prefix in it.
cos 

1
cotangent ratio  cot  =
tan 

Use the diagram to write all the trig ratios in terms of x, y and r.
y-axis CAST RULE
sin  = csc  =
Sine ratio All ratios
r positive positive
y
cos  = sec  =
 Tangent ratio Cosine ratio
x-axis
x positive positive
tan  = cot  =

The reciprocal ratios

follow the same
framework as their
Reference Angle corresponding primary
ratio.
A reference angle, R, is the acute R =  –  R = 
angle formed between the terminal
arm and the x-axis.

R =  –  R = 2 – 

 You should memorize the trig ratio formulas, the CAST Rule and the Reference Angle Rules.
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Coordinates in Terms of Primary Trig Ratios

If P() = (x, y) is the point on the terminal arm of angle 

that intersects the unit circle, then

x
cos  =  x , which is the first coordinate of P()
1
y
sin  =  y , which is the second coordinate of P()
1
y
tan  = , which is the slope of the terminal arm
x

Thus, you can describe the coordinates of any point P() as (cos , sin ).

Example 1: Determine the Trig Ratios for Angles in the Unit Circle
 1 2 2
The point B   ,  lies at the intersection of the unit circle and the terminal arm of an angle  in
 3 3 
standard position.
a) Draw a diagram to model the situation.

b) Determine the values of the six trig ratios for . Express your answers in lowest terms.

Example 2: Calculating Trig Ratios for Points NOT on the Unit Circle
The point D(-5, -12) lies on the terminal arm of an angle  in standard position. What is the exact value
of each trig ratio for ?

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Example 3: Exact Values for Trig Ratios
Determine the exact value of each trigonometric ratio.
 7  
a) tan b) csc  cos 2  
2 6 4

c) sin  300   cos 150 

Example 4: Approximate Values for Trig Ratios

What is the approximate value for each trig ratio?
Round answers to four decimal places. Justify the sign of each answer.
a) sin 1.92 
b) tan 500 

c) sec 85.4 d) cot 3

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4.3 Part 1 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

5
1. The angle has a reference angle of ___________ in degree measure.
8

2. A point on the unit circle is approximated by the ordered pair  0.80, 0.60  .
To the nearest degree, the angle in standard position between 0 and 360
with a terminal arm passing through this point is______.

3. If the value of csc is positive and the value of cot  is negative, then _______

  3 3
A. 0    B.   C.     D.    2
2 2 2 2

7
4. The exact value of sec is _______
6

2 3 2 3
A. B.  C. 2 D. 2
3 3

 4   
5. What is the exact value of the expression: cos330 sin    cot   sec120 ? _______
 3  2

3 1
A.  B.  C. 0 D. 1
4 2


6. The exact value of log 4 csc510  can be written as a reduced fraction in
a
the form . The value of a and b, respectively are _____ and _____.
b

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 Assignment: 4.3 Part 2 p.201 # 10ac, 11ac, 12ac
Ma 30-1 NOTES
4.3 Trigonometric Ratios Part 2

Example 5: Find Angles Given Their Trig Ratios

Determine the measures of all angles that satisfy each of the following. Use diagrams to show the
possible answers.
 Determine the reference angle using
a) cos   0.843 in the domain 360    180 . the absolute value of the ratio and
the inverse function on the
Give approximate answers to the nearest tenth.
calculator OR use the Unit Circle.
 Use the CAST rule to determine
which quadrant(s) that  must
terminate.
 Determine all angles which satisfy
the specified domain. Pay
attention to whether you need
degree mode or radian mode.

2
b) csc    in the domain 2     . Give exact answers.
2

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 c) sin   0 in the domain 0    180 . Give exact answers.

4.3 Part 2 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

7
1. If tan   and cos  0 , then the exact value of sin  is _______
24

24 7
A. 24 B.  C.  D. 7
25 25

3
2. Given sin    , determine the smallest measure of  where 0    2 .
2
c
The angle can be written in the form . The sum of c  d is _____.
d

3. The values of  for which sec  10.366 is in the interval 180    180 are _______

A. 84 , 276 B. 96 , 264 C. 84 ,  84 D. 96 ,  96

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 Assignment: 4.4 Part 1 p.211 # 1, 3, 4ace, 5bdef, 6bcef, 7, 8
Ma 30-1 NOTES
4.4 Introduction to Trigonometric Equations: Part 1

Start-Up
Solve the following equations algebraically.

a) 3x  7  8  2 x b) 3x2  11x  42

Example 1: Solving First Degree Trig Equations

Solve each trigonometric equation in the specified domain.  Treat cos  as a variable and
isolate it on one side of the
a) 3cos  1  cos   1,  2    2 equation.
 Determine the reference angle using
the absolute value of the ratio or
your knowledge of the unit circle.
 Use the CAST rule to determine
which quadrant(s) that  must
terminate.
 Determine all angles which satisfy
the specified domain. Pay
attention to whether you need
degree mode or radian mode.

b) 4sec x  8  0, 0  x  360

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Example 2: Solving Second Degree Trig Equations  Treat sin  as a variable and
Solve for  in each equation. move all terms to one side of the
equals sign. Note: sin 2    sin  
2
Give solutions as exact values where possible. Otherwise, give
approximate measures to the nearest thousandth of a degree.  Factor the equation.
 Determine the reference angles for
each ratio.
a) 2sin 2  5sin   3, 180    180  Use the CAST rule to determine
which quadrant(s) that  must
terminate.
 Determine all angles which satisfy
the specified domain.

b) cot  tan 2  0.25cot   0,   0, 2    0, 2   0    2

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4.4 (Part 1) CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. The solution of 2cos  6  8 , where 0    360 , is _____o.

2. What are the exact values of  for the equation 2sin   sin  , _______
where 0    360 ?

A. 90 and 180 C. 90 and 270

B. 0 and 30 D. 0 and 180

3. If 2sin  cos  cos  0 , 0    2 , then the values of  are _______

 5   5 3
A. 0, , , C. , , ,
3 3 6 2 6 2
 5 3   5
B. 0, , , D. , ,  ,
3 6 2 6 2 3

4. What are the exact solutions to 2sin 2   3sin   1  0 , where _______

0    2 ?

    2 5
A.   , , C.   , ,
3 4 6 3
3 6
  5  5 7
B.   , , D.   , ,
6 2 6 6 6 6

5. The only solution to a trigonometric equation on the domain 0    2 _______

2 4
are   and   . An equation that has these solutions is
3 3

A. 2sin   3  0 C. 2sin   1  0
B. 2cos   3  0 D. 2cos  1  0

6. What are the exact solutions to sec2   4  0 , where     ,   . _______

 5 2   2
A.   , C.    , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
 2 4 5  
B.   , , , D.    ,
3 3 3 3 3 3

TCM
 Assignment: 4.4 Part 2 p.211 #2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14,16, 18
p.217 #23
Ma 30-1 NOTES
4.4 Introduction to Trigonometric Equations: Part 2

Start-Up
1. For each angle given below:
(i) Determine the principal angle as an exact value.
(ii) Write an expression for all angles coterminal with each angle using the principal angle.
What is this form called? __________________________________

5 
a) b)  c) 540
4 6

2. The following solution contains one or more errors. Identify the errors and correct them.
Solve tan 2   3tan   0 in the domain   0, 2  .
Round to two decimals.

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Determining the GENERAL SOLUTION for Trig Equations
To determine a general solution or if the domain is real numbers, find the solution in one positive
rotation, 0    2 or 0  x  360 , for sine/cosecant and cosine/secant equations. For
tangent/cotangent equations, find the solution in the domain 0     or 0  x  180 . Then use the
concept of coterminal angles to write an expression that identifies all possible measures.

   360 n; n  I or   2 n; n  I for sine/cosecant and cosine/secant equations

   180 n; n  I or    n; n  I for tangent/cotangent equations

n  0 is okay now as you want the original

angle included in your general solution

Example 1:
a) If cos 2  1  0 , solve for  in the domain 0    2 . Give solutions as exact values.

b) Determine the general solution for cos 2  1  0 , where the domain is real numbers measured in
radians.

Example 2:
The general solution to the equation 3 cot  1  0 is


A.   n , n  I
6
 7
B.   2n ,  2n , nI
6 6

C.   n , n  I
3
 4
D.   2n ,  2n , nI
3 3
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4.4 (Part 2) CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. The general solution to the equation csc  2  0 is ______

 7 11
A.    n , n  I C.    n ,  n , n  I
6 6 6
 5 7 11
B.    2n ,  2n , n  I D.    2n ,  2n , n  I
6 6 6 6

2. If the general solution for tan  1  0 is    a  bn  , then the

value of a  b is ______.

3. If angle A is acute and log 4  sin 2 A  1 , then the value of A, to the

nearest hundredth of a radian, is _______.

Use the following information to answer the next question.

A student is solving the equation 8cos2 x  2cos x  3  0 on the interval 0  x  360 . The student’s
work is shown below.
8cos2x + 2cosx – 3 = 0
(2cosx – 1)(4cosx + 3) = 0
1 3
cos x = or cos x = 
2 4
quadrant 1/4 quadrant 2/3
o
reference angle = 60 reference angle = 139o
o
x = 60 x = 180o – 139o
x = 360o – 60o x = 180o + 139o
o o
x = 60 , 300 x = 41o , 319o
x = 41o , 60o , 300o , 319o

4. a. Verify that x = 60o is a solution to the equation.

b. Show that x = 41o does not satisfy the equation.

c. Explain the error in the student’s work and provide a correct solution to the problem.

TCM
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING SOLUTIONS

Lesson 4.1
#1. D #2. C #3. 85.9 #4. 18 #5. 3706

Lesson 4.2
#1. 55 #2. D #3. C #4. B

Lesson 4.3 Part 1

#1. 67.5 #2. 323 #3. B #4. B #5. A #6. 12

Lesson 4.3 Part 2

#1. C #2. 7 #3. D

Lesson 4.4 Part 1

#1. 0 #2. D #3. C #4. B #5. D #6. C

Lesson 4.4 Part 2

#1. D #2. 225 #3. 0.52

   
2
#4. a. 8 cos 60  2 cos 60  3  0

   
2
b. 8 cos 41  2 cos 41  3  3.066...  0

c. reference angle should be 41o for quad 2/3

180  41  139 and 180  41  221
 x  60 , 139 , 221 , 300

TCM