Unity (game engine)

Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and
released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine.
The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of desktop, mobile, console,
augmented reality, and virtual reality platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Android
mobile game development, is considered easy to use for beginner developers, and is popular for
indie game development.[6]

The engine can be used to create three- Unity

dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D)
games, as well as interactive simulations.[7][8]
The engine has been adopted by industries
outside video gaming, such as film,
automotive, architecture, engineering, Developer(s) Unity Technologies

construction, and the United States Armed Initial release 1.0 / June 8, 2005
Forces.[9]
Stable release 6000.0.5f1 (Tech
Stream)
2023.2.20f1 (LTS) /
June 4, 2024[1]
April 9, 2024[2]

Preview release Unity 6000.0.0 Beta

15 (Beta)
2023.2.0a22 (Alpha)
/
April 13, 2024[3]
July 10, 2023[4]

Written in C++ (runtime)[5]

C# (Unity Scripting
API)

Platform See § Supported

platforms

License Proprietary software

Website unity.com (https://uni

ty.com)
History

Release timeline

2005 Unity 1.0

2006
2007 Unity 2.0
2008
2009
2010 Unity 3.0
2011
2012 Unity 4.0
2013
2014
2015 Unity 5
2016
2017 Unity 2017
2018 Unity 2018
2019 Unity 2019
2020 Unity 2020
2021 Unity 2021
2022 Unity 2022
2023 Unity 2023
2024 Unity 6

The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming to "democratize" game development by making
it accessible to more developers.[7][10] It was shown at Worldwide Developers Conference 2005
by Scott Forstall on Mac OS X.[11] The next year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of
Mac OS X Graphics category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards.[12] Unity was initially released
for Mac OS X, later adding support for Microsoft Windows and Web browsers.[13]

Unity 2.0 (2007)

Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features. DirectX support was added in
2.0.[14] The release included an optimized terrain engine for detailed 3D environments, real-time
dynamic shadows, directional lights and spotlights, video playback, and other features.[14] The
release also added a version control system to allow developers to collaborate more easily.[14] It
included a Networking Layer for developers to create multiplayer games based on the User
Datagram Protocol, offering Network Address Translation, State Synchronization, and Remote
Procedure Calls.[14] When Apple launched its App Store in 2008, Unity added support for the
iPhone.[13] Unity 2.5, released in March, 2009, added editor support for Windows.[15]

Unity 3.0 (2010)

Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine's graphics features for
desktop computers and video game consoles.[16] In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured
integration of Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred rendering, a built-in tree editor,
native font rendering, automatic UV mapping, and audio filters, among other features.[16] In 2012
VentureBeat wrote, "Few companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently
produced games as Unity Technologies. [...] More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools
to create gee-whiz graphics in their iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. Unity
wants to be the engine for multi-platform games, period."[17] A May 2012 survey by Game
Developer magazine indicated Unity as its top game engine for mobile platforms.[18]

Unity 4.0 (2012)

In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0.[19] This version added DirectX 11 and
Adobe Flash support, new animation tools called Mecanim, and access to the Linux preview.[19]

Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in
2013.[20] This featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking, where
users were directly linked from social media posts to specific portions within games, and easy in-
game-image sharing.[20] In 2016, Facebook developed a new PC gaming platform with Unity.[21]
Unity provided support for Facebook's gaming platforms, and Unity developers could more
quickly export and publish games to Facebook.[21]

Unity 5 (2015)

The Verge said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game
development universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future."[22]
With Unity 5, the engine improved its lighting and audio.[23] Through WebGL, Unity developers
could add their games to compatible Web browsers with no plug-ins required for players.[23] Unity
5.0 offered real-time global illumination, light mapping previews, Unity Cloud, a new audio
system, and the Nvidia PhysX 3.3 physics engine.[23] The fifth generation of the Unity engine also
introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make Unity games look less generic.[24] Unity began
offering an experimental and unsupported Linux editor build in August 2015.[25] Unity 5.6 added
new lighting and particle effects, updated the engine's overall performance, and added native
support for Nintendo Switch, Facebook Gameroom, Google Daydream, and the Vulkan graphics
API.[26] It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360-degree videos for virtual reality.[26]

However, some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced
games published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers.[27] Former
CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that he believes this to be a side-effect of Unity's
success in democratizing game development: "If I had my way, I'd like to see 50 million people
using Unity – although I don't think we're going to get there any time soon. I'd like to see high
school and college kids using it, people outside the core industry. I think it's sad that most people
are consumers of technology and not creators. The world's a better place when people know how
to create, not just consume, and that's what we're trying to promote."[28]

Annual releases (2017–2023)

In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the version numbering
system for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with
their more frequent release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017.[29] Unity
2017 tools featured a real-time graphics rendering engine, color grading and worldbuilding, live
operations analytics and performance reporting.[30] Unity 2017.2 underscored Unity
Technologies' plans beyond video games.[30] This included new tools such as Timeline, which
allowed developers to drag-and-drop animations into games, and Cinemachine, a smart camera
system within games.[30] Unity 2017.2 also integrated Autodesk's 3DS Max and Maya tools into
the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in-game iteration process.[31]

Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics.[32]
This included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and the
Lightweight Rendering Pipeline (later renamed to the Universal Render Pipeline[33]) for mobile,
virtual reality, and augmented reality.[32] Unity 2018 also included machine learning tools, such as
Imitation Learning, whereby games learn from real player habits, support for Magic Leap, and
templates for new developers.[32]

The C# source code of Unity was published under a "reference-only" license in March 2018,
which prohibits reuse and modification.[34]

As of 2020, software built with Unity's game engine was running on more than 1.5 billion devices.
According to Unity, apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all mobile
games, and are downloaded more than 3 billion times per month, and approximately 15,000 new
projects are started daily with its software.[35][36] Financial Times reported that Unity's engine
"powers some of the world's most lucrative mobile games", such as Pokémon Go and Activision's
Call of Duty Mobile.[37]
In June 2020, Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio (MARS), which provides
developers with additional functionality for rules-based generation of augmented reality (AR)
applications.[38] Unity released Unity Forma, an automotive and retail solution tool, on December
9, 2020.[39]

In June 2020, Unity announced the Unity Editor will support Apple Silicon. The first beta version
shipped later that year.[40][41]

Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt, Unity's Visual Scripting system, a new
multiplayer library to support multiplayer games, improved Il2cpp runtime performance,
Volumetric clouds for the High Definition Render pipeline.[42] Shadow caching and Screen Space
Global Illumination for HDRP.[43] For the Universal Render Pipeline it added new features such as
point light shadows, Deferred renderer and general core engine improvements and fixes.[44][45]
Full Apple Silicon support was also added in Unity 2021.2. Unity Hub support for Apple Silicon
editors arrived in version 3.0 in January 2022.[46]

Changes to Unity 2022 were intended to improve productivity by reducing the time required to
enter play mode and import files, and implementing visual search queries and multi selection in
the package manager.[47] For 2D projects, changes focused on accelerating core software,
import, animation, and physics. Sprite atlasing was revised. Support for PSD extension files and
layer management were added to the 2D PSD Importer, and Delaunay tessellation for 2D physics
was added.[47]

Unity 6 (2024)

On November 16, 2023, Unity announced that the next version of the engine would be called
Unity 6, reverting to the previous version numbering convention. Unity 6 launched on October 17,
2024, with new features including new generative AI tools called Unity Muse and Unity
Sentis.[48][49] Unity also announced plans for a revised licensing agreement, including a runtime-
fee (see #Runtime fee reception).[50] In response to backlash, Unity canceled this runtime fee in
September 2024.[51]

Features

Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine
offers a primary scripting API in C# using Mono, for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins,
and games themselves, as well as drag and drop functionality.[52] Prior to C# being the primary
programming language used for the engine, it previously supported Boo, which was removed
with the release of Unity 5,[53] and a Boo-based implementation of JavaScript called UnityScript,
which was deprecated in August 2017, after the release of Unity 2017.1, in favor of C#.[54][55]
Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For 3D
games, Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings for
each platform that the game engine supports,[56] and provides support for bump mapping,
reflection mapping, parallax mapping, screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO), dynamic
shadows using shadow maps, render-to-texture and full-screen post-processing effects.[57]

Two separate render pipelines are available, High Definition Render Pipeline (HDRP) and Universal
Render Pipeline (URP, previously LWRP), in addition to the legacy built-in pipeline.[58][59] All three
render pipelines are incompatible with each other.[60] Unity offers a tool to upgrade shaders using
the legacy renderer to URP or HDRP.

Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset
Store. This includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell.[61] Unity
Asset Store launched in 2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million downloads
through the digital store.[62]

Supported platforms

Unity is a cross-platform engine.[63] The Unity editor is supported on Windows, macOS, and the
Linux platform, while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19
different platforms, including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual reality.[64][65] Unity 2022.3 LTS
officially supports the following platforms:[66]

Mobile platforms iOS,[67] iPadOS, Android[67] (Android TV[68]), tvOS;[69]

Desktop platforms Windows[67] (Universal Windows Platform[70]), Mac,[10] Linux;,[71] ChromeOS

Web platform WebGL;[65]

Console platforms PlayStation 4,[67] PlayStation 5,[72] Xbox One,[10] Xbox Series X/S,[73]
Nintendo Switch;[67]

Virtual/Extended reality platforms Oculus,[67] PlayStation VR,[74] PlayStation VR2, Google's

ARCore,[75] Apple's ARKit,[76] Windows Mixed Reality[77] (HoloLens[78]), Magic Leap,[79] and via
Unity XR SDK[80] Steam VR,[81] Google Cardboard.[82]

Formerly supported platforms are Wii,[83] Wii U,[84] PlayStation 3,[85] Xbox 360,[85] Tizen,[86]
PlayStation Vita,[87] 3DS,[88] BlackBerry 10,[89] Windows Phone 8,[89] Samsung Smart TV,[90] Gear
VR,[65] Daydream,[91] Vuforia,[75] Facebook Gameroom,[91] and Stadia.[92] Unity formerly supported
other platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin.[71] However, it was
deprecated in favor of WebGL.[93] Since version 5, Unity has been offering its WebGL bundle
compiled to JavaScript using a 2-stage language translator (C# to C++ and finally to
JavaScript).[94]
Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game
console, with a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity
Technologies called this bundling of a third-party SDK an "industry first".[17][95]

In August 2023, Unity China announced that it would soon launch a Chinese edition called
Tuanjie Engine (Chinese: 团结引擎; pinyin: Tuánjié Yǐnqíng) based on Unity 2022 LTS, which
includes support for Chinese platforms like Weixin Mini Game, OpenHarmony and AliOS.[96]

Licensing

During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the
corporation changed to a subscription model.[91] Unity has free and paid licensing options. The
free license is for personal use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually,
later raised to $200,000, and the subscriptions are based on revenues generated by the games
using Unity.[97][65] The subscription-based versions also include additional features geared
towards professional projects, including analytics, performance analysis and error reporting, and
Cloud Build among others.[98]

The paid option, Unity Pro, had been required for developers that had over $200,000 in annual
revenue, but this also could have been provided for console developers through a Preferred
Platform License from the console manufacturer. The Unity Pro keys would have been part of the
other SDK from the console manufacturer that the developer paid for. In May 2016, Unity
released "Unity Plus", a mid-range tier between Personal and Pro that provides tools and benefits
oriented towards "first-time commercial developers".[99]

In June 2021, Unity changed its licensing terms to require any developer making games on the
closed console systems (PlayStation, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox) regardless of revenue to have
a Unity Pro license or a Preferred Platform License Key from the manufacturers. Sony and
Nintendo provide this as part of the SDK, but Microsoft had yet to implement this functionality for
their SDK.[100] The engine source code is licensed on a "per-case basis via special
arrangements".[101]

Runtime fee reception

On September 12, 2023, Unity announced that use of the engine would become subject to
royalties (referred to as a "runtime fee") beginning in January 2024, calculated per-installation
and charged monthly, if the product reaches specific revenue and lifetime installation thresholds.
Unity states that monetizing the runtime in this manner is required to "allow creators to keep the
ongoing financial gains from player engagement."[102][103]
The new terms faced criticism from game developers who had been using Unity for years,
particularly regarding how this fee would be calculated and enforced, and the implications for
demos, freemium games and bundles distributed for charitable causes.[104][105][106] The change
was considered to be contradictory to statements made by former CEO John Riccitiello in 2015
when Unity originally announced its shift to free and subscription-based models, stating that all
users would "get the full power of Unity for free", and that there would not be royalties (in
contrast to Unreal Engine, which had recently switched to free distribution but with royalties paid
above a specific revenue threshold).[107][98]

Unity subsequently issued a statement clarifying the definition of a chargeable "installation", and
announced that the fee would not apply to charity games or bundles.[108][109] Many indie
developers, including Among Us developer Innersloth[110] and Slay the Spire developer Mega Crit,
announced that they would switch to other engines for future games, specifically the Godot
engine for Slay the Spire 2.[111][112]

An analysis by Ars Technica found that several older versions of Unity's terms of service would
allow developers to continue to release their software without having to pay the new fee, as long
as they did not update their project after the January 1, 2024 date.[107] Ars Technica also
discovered that Unity had apparently removed a GitHub repository that permitted developers to
track changes in Unity's terms of service;[107] Mega Crit accused Unity of having done so to apply
their new financial model to games retroactively.[113][114] An analysis by Game Developer came to
the conclusion that the changes were intended to encourage games with large install bases such
as Genshin Impact, Subway Surfers and Hearthstone to migrate to Unity services in order to get a
fee reduction. The article noted that the Operate Solutions division, handling in-app-purchase
services for example, was far more profitable than the Create division, and added that "The many
indie developers who will be left by the roadside are completely incidental to Unity's goals, and
are not going to be a significant factor in its future decision making."[115] Gameindustry.biz
described the move as "self-combustion" and identified the changes as an example of
enshittification.[116]

In response to this negative feedback, Unity Technologies introduced revised runtime fee terms
on September 22, 2023. These included removing any fees for uses of Unity Personal for projects
funded up to $200,000 (an increase from the previous $100,000 threshold), fees would only apply
to games developed with Unity 2024 and beyond without any retroactive fees, and the fee would
be based on the lesser of 2.5% of monthly revenue or a calculated value based on monthly
engagements, both which rely only on self-reporting of these numbers.[117][118] Unity
Technologies faced a 60% decline in stock price over the year to May 2024, partially attributed to
the runtime fee policy.[119] Usage of Unity waned after these licensing decisions within the indie
game community. The use of Unity at the 2023 Global Game Jam was 61%; this declined to 36%
for 2024. A similar decline was recorded by the GMTK Game Jam.[120][121]
CEO Matthew Bromberg announced in September 2024 that the company was discontinuing the
runtime fee model of licensing, and instead would annually increase the price of existing
plans.[51]

Usage

Video games

The engine is used in games including Pokémon Go, Monument Valley, Call of Duty: Mobile, Beat
Saber and Cuphead according to the Financial Times in 2020.[122] Some early commercial games
in 2007 include Splume (Flashbang Studios), Magical Flying Pink Pony Game (Starscene
Software) and Global Conflicts: Palestine (Serious Games Interactive).[123]

As of 2018, Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market
and 60 percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content,[124] including approximately 90
percent on emerging augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent
of Samsung Gear VR content.[97] Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and
augmented reality experiences, and Fortune said Unity "dominates the virtual reality
business".[125][126][127]

Machine learning

Unity allows researchers in the field of deep reinforcement learning to train agents inside Unity-
created environments.[128] Unity Machine Learning Agents can act as virtual characters or robots
to learn creative strategies to interact with simulated real-world environments.[128] The software
is used, for example, to develop robots and self-driving cars.[128][129]

Non-gaming industries

In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using
the real-time 3D platform, including film and automotive.[130][131] Unity first experimented in
filmmaking with Adam, a short film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered
with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp, whose Oats Studios used the engine's tools, including real-time
rendering and Cinemachine, to create two computer-generated short films, Adam: The Mirror and
Adam: The Prophet.[130] At the 2017 Unite Europe conference in Amsterdam, Unity focused on
filmmaking with Unity 2017.1's new Cinemachine tool.[61] In 2018, Disney Television Animation
launched three shorts, called Baymax Dreams, that were created using the Unity engine.[132] The
Unity engine was also used by Disney to create backgrounds for the 2019 film The Lion King.[133]
Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality,
build virtual assembly lines, and train workers.[131] Unity is also developing solutions in the fields
of architecture, engineering, and construction.[134]

Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc. company, to train artificial intelligence.[129]
Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture, engineering, and
construction.[134]

Mascot

On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named
Unity-chan ( ユニティちゃん, Yuniti-chan), real name Kohaku Ōtori (大鳥 こはく, Ōtori Kohaku)
(voiced by Asuka Kakumoto). The character's associated game data was released in early
2014.[135][136] The character was designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as an
open-source heroine character.[137] The company allows the use of Unity-chan and related
characters in secondary projects under certain licenses.[138] For example, Unity-chan appears as
a playable character in Runbow.[139]

See also

Video games portal

List of game engines

List of WebGL frameworks

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External links

Official website (https://unity.com)

Portal: Video games