MOHAMMAD NASIR Class : Bsc RADIOLOGY UID : 24428042 _24428040_24428034 SEMESTER : FIRST SEMESTER
SUBMITTED TO : Dr. RITTU PAWAN SIR…
[HOD of Paramedical Sciences] THE CELL √ The Cell Is The Structural And Functional Unit Of All Known Living Organisms .
√ It Is The Smallest Unit Of Life That Is Classified As A Living Thing, And Is Often Called The Building Block Of Life.
√ The Cell Was Discovered By Robert Hook In 1665.
√ Organisms Can Be Classified As Unicellular { Consisting Of A Single Cell ; Including Most Bacteria } Or Multicelluler { Including Plants And Animals } .
√ Humans Contain About 10 Trillion Cells .
TYPES OF CELLS. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
● Have a well defined, membrane-bound nucleus ● Lack a membrane- bound nucleus; DNA is containing the genetic material [DNA]. located in a nucleoid region. ● Generally larger , ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers ● Smaller , ranging from 0.1 to 5 micrometer in diameter. in diameter. ● DNA is linear and associated with histone proteins, ● DNA is circular and not associated with forming chromosomes. histones. ● Larger [80S] Ribosome's . ● Smaller [70S] Ribosome's. ● Divide by mitosis or meiosis. ● Divide by binary fission. ● Examples ; Animals , Plants, Fungi, and Protists. ● Examples ; Bacteria and Achaea. Functions of cells. ● Structure and Support : Provide shape and form to organisms. ● Energy production : Generate energy [ATP] through processes like cellular respiration. ● Protein synthesis : Produce Proteins essential for cellular functions. ● Reproduction : Divide to enable growth, repair, and reproduction (mitosis/meiosis). ● Transport : Regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. ● Communication : Send and receive signals for coordination and response. ● Waste Removal : Eliminate waste products to maintain homeostasis. ● Adaptation : Respond to environmental stimuli for survival. ● Storage : Store nutrients, energy, and genetic information. ● Defense : Protect the body from pathogens and harmful agents. Structure of the Cell. Here Is A Labeled Diagram Of Eukaryotic Animal Cell, Showing Its Key Components And Structures. CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a biological structure that encloses the cell, separating its interior [CYTOPLASM] from the external environment. It is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the cell and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Structure Phospholipids Bilayer: ● Composed of two layers of phospholipids. ● Each phospholipids molecule has: ● A hydrophilic (water-attracting) head. ● Two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. ● This arrangement creates a semi-permeable barrier. Proteins: ■ Integral proteins: Embedded within the membrane, spanning the bilayer. ■ Peripheral proteins: Attached to the surface of the membrane. ■ Functions include transport, signaling, and structural support. Carbohydrates: ● Found on the extracellular side of the membrane, attached to proteins (glycoprotein's) or lipids (glycolipids). ● Play a role in cell recognition and signaling.
Cholesterol: ● Embedded within the membrane (in animal cells).
NUCLEUS ● Regulates membrane fluidity and stability.
● Discovered by Robert Brown – 1831
● It is the largest cellular organelle surrounded by a double membrane . ● It contains DNA which is associated with basic protein [Histones] in the ratio 1:1 to form Nucleosome. ● An assembly of Nucleosome constitute chromatin fibres of chromosomes . Humans have 46 chromosomes . ● It also contains dense body known as Nucleolus . It is rich in RNA particularly rRNA. The ground material of nucleus is often referred to as Nucleoplasm.[Rich in enzyme DNA polymerase and RNA FUNCTIONS ■ Storage of DNA , RNA and Ribosome's.
■ Control of Genetic information of the cell and heredity characteristics of an
organism.
■ Control of Protein and Enzyme synthesis.
■ Control of cell division and cell growth.
■ Regulation of the transcription of the mRNA to Protein.
CHROMATIN named by Fleming . It is a mixture of DNA and Proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cell of humans and other higher organisms. Its of two types :
EUCHROMATIN HETEROCHROMATIN ● Contains less DNA. ● Contains more DNA .
● Its rich in gene concentration and ● It consists of highly repetitive DNA
transcriptionally active . Hence sequence and is not transcribed, hence Euchromatin is generally active heterochromatin is generally inactive chromatin. chromatin.
● It’s the loosely packed form of ● Its tightly packed form of chromatin chromatin and takes up light stain. and takes up dark stain . MITOCHONDRIA ● Its called as the power house of the cell as it is the center for the cellular respiration, and energy metabolism.
● Mitochondria are rod like or filamentous usually with dimensions of
1.0*3 micrometer. About 2000 are present in a typical cell occupying th 1/5 of the total cell.
● Mitochondria are composed of double membrane, outer is smooth while
inner is folded to form cristae.
● Internal chamber of mitochondria is referred to as matrix or Mitosol .
The matrix also contains a circular double stranded DNA ,RNA and STRUCTURE OF MITOCHNDRIA FUNCTIONS OF MITROCHONDRIA ● Main function is to produce energy for the cell . They convert nutrients like glucose into ATP through a process called Cellular respiration.
● Maintain, Replicate and Transcribe its own DNA.
● Translation of mRNA to Proteins.
● Import and assembly of proteins.
● Regulating cell metabolism and maintaining cell health .
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of membrane enclosed space that extends throughout the cytoplasm. The portion of ER with ribosome's is called RER and the portion without ribosome's is called SER . During the process of cell fractionation, rough ER is disrupted to form small vesicles known as Microsomes.
FUNCTIONS. ■ Synthesis of cholesterol and lipids [phospholipids]. ■ Detoxification of drugs or poison. ■ Storage of calcium ions. ■ Production of hormones. ■ Synthesis of proteins due to presence of ribosome's. RIBOSOMES ● It is a structure found inside the cell, bound to the endoplasmic reticulum as well as freely scattered throughout the cytoplasm. ● Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis. ● They are made inside the Nucleolus of the nucleus. ● They are of two types : i. 70 s found in Prokaryotes , it is made of two subunits – 30 s and 50 s ii. 80 s found in Eukaryotes. It is made up of two subunits – 40 s and 60 s FUNCTIONS OF RIBOSOMES √ The primary function of ribosome's is protein synthesis .
√ They assemble amino acids into specific sequences to form proteins
based on the instructions encoded in messenger RNA [mRNA].
√ This process is essential for cell growth, repair, and the production of enzymes and other functional proteins. “ THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE TODAY AND ENGAGING WITH THIS PRESENTATION ”
