BIOLOGY 1081 Section 001 Fall 2019 Second Lecture Exam

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

41. The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell 46. The movement of substances to regions of lower
membranes is primarily composed of molecules concentration is called
called ________. A) active transport.
A) phospholipids B) diffusion.
B) fats C) pinocytosis.
C) proteins D) pumping.
D) carbohydrates
47. If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a
42. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is
membrane in response to the concentration of one or called
more of the ________. A) isotonic.
A) solutes B) hypertonic.
B) membranes C) hypotonic.
C) compartments D) osmosis.
D) cells
48. Aliyah is studying how the protein transferrin
43. Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water enters cells. She examines cells that have taken up
because they possess long stretches of nonpolar transferrin, and finds clathrin-coated vesicles. What
amino acids that are mechanism was used to take transferrin into the
A) too long to interact with the water molecules. cell?
B) hydrophobic. A) phagocytosis
C) are transmembranal. B) pinocytosis
D) hydrophilic. C) exocytosis
D) receptor-mediator endocytosis
44. A type of transport of a solute across a membrane,
up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers 49. Energy is defined as
driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is A) heat.
known as B) the capacity to do work.
A) osmosis. C) change.
B) facilitated transport. D) movement.
C) active transport.
D) exocytosis. 50. When an atom or molecule gains one or more
electrons, it is said to be
45. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane, A) energized.
there are marker molecules that identify the cell B) oxidized.
type. Often these molecules are C) polarized.
A) ATP. D) reduced.
B) amino acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) carbohydrate chains.
51. Glucose is broken down through cellular 55. The organic nonprotein components that aid in
respiration, which involves a large number of enzyme functioning are called
chemical reactions. At the end of the cellular A) reactants.
respiration process, a large number of ATP B) cofactors.
molecules are generated, yet not all of the possible C) coenzymes.
energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose D) substrates.
can be harnessed through these chemical reactions
to generate ATP. In other words, during cellular 56. A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a
respiration, not all of the energy that is contained in substrate for an enzyme would most likely serve as
a molecule of glucose is converted into the energy a
stored in ATP. The remaining energy is A) noncompetitive inhibitor.
A) destroyed. B) allosteric inhibitor.
B) used to drive exergonic reactions. C) competitive inhibitor.
C) donated to molecules in the cellular respiration D) allosteric activator.
process to reduce them.
D) lost as heat. 57. Hexokinase is an enzyme that binds specifically to
glucose and converts it into glucose 6-phosphate.
52. The energy needed to destabilize existing chemical The activity of hexokinase is suppressed by glucose
bonds and start a chemical reaction is called 6-phosphate, which binds to hexokinase at a
A) activation energy. B) free energy. location that is distinct from the active site. This is
C) kinetic energy. D) potential energy. an example of what?
A) feedback inhibition
53. If the ΔG of a reaction was –31.45 kJoules, you B) competitive inhibition
would know that C) cofactor binding
A) the products have more free energy than the D) allosteric activation
reactants.
B) the reaction requires an energy input of 31.45 58. Organisms that can manufacture their own
kJoules to proceed. chemical energy are called ________.
C) the reaction most likely leads to development of a A) autotrophs
more ordered system. B) heterotrophs
D) the reaction is spontaneous. C) oligotrophs
D) chemotrophs
54. Many metabolic pathways are ultimately concerned
with ATP; either with the generation of ATP, or 59. What oxidizing agent is used to temporarily store
with the requirement of ATP for that pathway to high energy electrons harvested from glucose
function. Why is ATP so important to metabolism? molecules in a series of gradual steps in the
A) Hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive exergonic cytoplasm?
reactions. A) FADH2
B) Hydrolysis of the bond between adenine and ribose B) ADP
in ATP is commonly used to release energy that can C) NAD+
be used to drive other cellular reactions. D) oxygen
C) The phosphate groups of ATP are held together by
unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy.
D) ATP is a protein that serves as the energy currency
of cells.
60. When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it 66. Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotic
means that cells?
A) NAD+ is converted into NADH. A) in the cytoplasm
B) ATP is converted into ADP plus a phosphate group. B) in the nucleus
C) ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a C) in the Golgi body
phosphate group. D) in the mitochondria
D) NADH is converted into NAD+ plus a proton.
67. The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 +
61. What aspect of cellular respiration occurs in the 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O. At what specific point in the
cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells? cellular respiration process has glucose been broken
A) glycolysis down completely from a six-carbon molecule and
B) pyruvate oxidation six molecules of CO2?
C) the Krebs cycle A) during the priming reactions in glycolysis
D) the electron transport chain B) during the oxidation and ATP formation reactions
in glycolysis
62. What is the net number of ATP generated directly C) during pyruvate oxidation
during glycolysis per molecule of glucose? D) during the second oxidation in the Krebs cycle
A) 0
B) 2 68. In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of
C) 4 ATP is driven by
D) 6 A) Pi transfer through the plasma membrane.
B) the Na+/K+ pump.
63. What is an end-product of glycolysis? C) a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of
A) oxaloacetate the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) NAD+ D) large quantities of ADP.
C) alcohol
D) ADP 69. What is different about the way that NADH and
E) pyruvate FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport
chain?
64. This process is common to all living cells. A) NADH is oxidized and FADH2 is reduced.
A) glycolysis B) NADH contributes its electrons to the first
B) alcohol fermentation transmembrane complex in the electron transport
C) the Krebs cycle chain and FADH2 contributes its electrons after the
D) electron transport chain reactions first transmembrane complex.
C) More protons are transported into the
65. What important metabolic intermediate does not intermembrane space of the mitochondria in
cross the inner membrane of the mitochondria? response to one molecule of FADH2 as compared to
A) ATP the number of protons transported in response to
B) acetyl-CoA one molecule of NADH.
C) pyruvate D) The electrons from NADH ultimately go on to
D) oxygen reduce oxygen to generate water, whereas the
electrons from FADH2 are used to reduce pyruvate
to lactate.
70. Phosphofructokinase is regulated by a number of 74. Molecules that absorb light are called
factors, including high levels of ATP. Why is this A) enzymes.
enzyme regulated by ATP levels? B) electron carriers.
A) If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism C) pigments.
to directly inhibit the Krebs cycle, thus preventing D) photosynthesizers.
further generation of NADH, FADH2, and ATP
molecules that are not needed. 75. In plants, the light-dependent reactions require
B) If ATP levels are high, it is important to directly A) ATP. B) O2.
+
inhibit the reaction that commits the substrate to C) NADP . D) glucose.
glycolysis to allow the substrate to be available for
other reactions, since the cell has ample energy. 76. Which plants utilize a specialized carbon fixation
C) If ATP levels are high, it is important to inhibit enzyme and a unique cell type/organization to
ATP synthase, and phosphofructokinase directly reduce the problems of photorespiration?
inhibits ATP synthase. A) C3 B) C4
D) If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism C) desert D) arctic
to directly inhibit the electron transport chain, thus
preventing the formation of a proton gradient in the
77. Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than
intermembrane space of mitochondria. hydrogen. As a result you would expect that
ammonia (NH3) molecules can form ________ with
71. Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from? each other.
A) sunlight A) hydrogen bonds
B) carbon dioxide B) hydrophilic bonds
C) water C) ionic bonds
D) NADPH D) covalent bonds

72. The aquatic plant Elodea is commonly used to 78. The biological macromolecule that is least soluble
study photosynthesis. You put some Elodea in a in water is a(n)
test tube filled with water containing radiolabeled A) protein. B) nucleic acid.
oxygen (18O), shine light on the test tube, and C) lipid. D) carbohydrate.
measure the rate of photosynthesis by counting
oxygen bubbles released. At the end of your 79. Proteins are polymers formed of structural units
experiment, you would find the most 18O in called:
A) carbon dioxide. A) fatty acids. B) amino acids.
B) glucose. C) nucleotides. D) monosaccharides.
C) O2.
D) 3-phosphoglycerate 80. The information storage molecules of cells are
called
73. What is the color of light that chlorophylls absorb A) proteins. B) enzymes.
that has the highest energy? C) hormones. D) nucleic acids.
A) green
B) violet-blue
C) red
D) yellow-orange

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