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This book maps out the pedagogical implications of the global spread and diver-
sification of pluricentric languages for language education and showcases new
approaches that can take account of linguistic diversity.
Moving the discussion of contemporary norms, aims, and approaches to pluri-
centric languages in language education beyond English, this book provides a
multilingual, comparative perspective through case study examples of Spanish,
French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, and Vietnamese. The chapters docu-
ment, compare, and evaluate existing practices in the teaching of pluricentric
languages, and highlight different pedagogical approaches that embrace their
variability and diversity.
Presenting approaches to overcome barriers to innovation in language educa-
tion, the book will be of great interest to academics, researchers, doctoral stu-
dents in the field of language education, as well as socio- and applied linguists.
Practitioners interested in linguistic diversity more broadly will also find this
book engaging.
Edited by
Marcus Callies
and Stefanie Hehner
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Marcus Callies and Stefanie
Hehner; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Marcus Callies and Stefanie Hehner to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77
and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.
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or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Callies, Marcus, editor. | Hehner, Stefanie, editor.
Title: Pluricentric languages and language education : pedagogical
implications and innovative approaches to language teaching / edited by
Marcus Callies and Stefanie Hehner.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Series:
Routledge research in language education | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022030752 (print) | LCCN 2022030753 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032156965 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032164342 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003248552 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Language and languages--Study and teaching. | Pluricentric
languages. | Language and languages--Variation. | LCGFT: Essays.
Classification: LCC P51 .P55 2023 (print) | LCC P51 (ebook) | DDC
418.0071--dc23/eng/20220902
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030752
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030753
Typeset in Galliard
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
List of Tablesviii
List of Figuresix
List of Editors and Contributorsxi
Acknowledgmentsxv
PART I
Pluricentricity and Language Teaching: Addressing
a Conceptual Interface 7
PART III
New Approaches to Teaching and Learning
Pluricentric Languages 149
Index 222
Tables
Marcus Callies is Full Professor and Chair of English Linguistics at the Univer-
sity of Bremen, Germany. His main research interests are corpus linguistics
with a focus on lexico-grammatical variation and innovation in World Eng-
lishes, Learner Corpus Research, teacher education, conceptual metaphor,
and the language of sports.
Agustín Corti has been Associate Professor for Spanish and Latin American
Literature and Didactics of Spanish as a Second Language at the University
of Salzburg, Austria, since 2019. His research interests in the field of Spanish
as a Foreign Language include interculturality, pluricentricity, language edu-
cation textbooks as well as visual literacy. He has recently authored a book
on La construcción de la cultura en el español como lengua extranjera (ELE)
(2019). He works also in the field of comic studies, mainly on the topics of
(auto-)biography, intermediality, and narratology.
Marijke De Belder has been a lecturer at the Department of Dutch at Utrecht
University since 2022, after having worked four years at the Department for
Dutch Studies of the University of Oldenburg, Germany. Her main research
domain is Dutch morphology and its interfaces. She obtained her doctoral
diploma at Utrecht University in 2011 and her post-doctoral degree (Habil-
itation) in 2022 at the University of Oldenburg. She also worked at Utrecht
University, KU Leuven Campus Brussels, and as a visiting assistant the Uni-
versity of Cyprus. She is a speaker of Belgian Dutch.
Tim Giesler has been a lecturer for English Language Education at the Univer-
sity of Bremen in Germany since 2010. Prior to that he worked as a secondary
teacher for (mainly) English as a Foreign Language and History at several
German schools. His main research interest is the history of teaching English
in institutional contexts, a field in which he also completed his PhD thesis on
the development of English as a Foreign Language at German schools. He
is also interested in other areas of Foreign Language Education, including
Content and Language Integrated Learning, teaching literary content, and
teaching English in heterogeneous contexts.
xii List of Editors and Contributors
Stefanie Hehner received her first teaching degree (equivalent to M.Ed.) in
2016 from the University of Gießen, Germany. She is a PhD candidate at
the University of Bremen, Germany, working in the teaching and research
project “Varieties of English in Foreign Language teacher education”. Her
research interests include Global Englishes, teacher cognitions, and the inter-
face between linguistics and English language pedagogy.
Andreas Hiemstra received his MA degree from the University of Oldenburg,
Germany. He is currently a PhD student in Applied Linguistics within the
double doctorate programme of the University of Oldenburg and the Uni-
versity of Groningen. He works on cross-linguistic influence in third lan-
guage acquisition, more specifically the influence of German and English
on the acquisition of L3 Dutch and its didactic consequences. He is also a
lecturer for Dutch Linguistics at the Department of Dutch Studies at the
University of Oldenburg.
Matthias Hutz is Professor of Applied Linguistics and English Language
Teaching at the University of Education in Freiburg, Germany. His main
research interests include the study of second-language acquisition, pragmat-
ics as well as multilingual education in various contexts (e.g., in immersion
schools) and various aspects of foreign language learning and teaching (e.g.,
the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar). He offers pre-service teacher
training courses in various fields of Applied Linguistics, Bilingual Education
as well as Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL).
Christian Koch has been a research assistant for Applied Linguistics and Didac-
tics of Romance Languages at the University of Siegen in Germany since
2014. He previously completed his training as a secondary school teacher for
French, Spanish, and Italian. In 2019, he obtained his doctorate with a thesis
on polyglot language competence as a result of extensive learning. He also
works on other topics of language acquisition such as the analysis of spoken
learner language and the integration of heritage languages in the foreign lan-
guage classroom.
Natalia Marakhovska is an Associate Professor in the Foreign Languages
Faculty at Mariupol State University, Ukraine. She has recently joined the
Department of English Language and Literature at the Faculty of Education,
Masaryk University, Czech Republic, under the programme “Masaryk Helps
Ukraine” aimed to support Ukrainian students, academics and their families.
In her PhD thesis, she examined the pedagogical conditions for develop-
ing leadership qualities of pre-service teacher trainees. Her research interests
include self-actualization and leadership in teacher education, internationali-
zation and inclusion in higher education settings, open education, and design
of language materials as open educational resources.
List of Editors and Contributors xiii
Camila Meirelles is a doctoral student at the Paraná Federal University (UFPR)
in Brazil. Her main research interest is German teacher education. Since
2018, she conducts research on the pluricentric approach in teacher educa-
tion at the universities of Rio de Janeiro. She is also interested in other areas
such as language policy and development of teaching materials for German as
a Foreign Language.
Joanna Pfingsthorn has been a researcher at the Department of Foreign Lan-
guage Education at the University of Bremen in Germany since 2019. Her
main research interest is inclusive education in foreign language teaching.
From 2007 to 2019, she worked as a lecturer and research associate at the
Institute of English and American Studies at the University of Oldenburg,
where she trained prospective English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teach-
ers. She holds a PhD in Foreign Language Education from the University of
Oldenburg, an MSc in Cognitive Science from the University of Amsterdam
and a BA in Psychology from Jacobs University Bremen.
Claudia Polzin-Haumann holds the chair of Romance Linguistics at the Depart-
ment of Romance Languages and Literatures at Saarland University, Germany.
Her research focusses on Romance Linguistics, especially concerning French
and Spanish: Contrastive linguistics, pluri- and multilingualism, language
politics, metalinguistic discourse and language awareness, language learning
and teaching, text and variational linguistics, and (history of) grammar of the
Romance languages. She is a member of the UniGR-Center for Border Studies
and several research groups and has contributed to numerous research pro-
jects in the field of Applied Linguistics. She is co-director of the Institut für
Sprachen und Mehrsprachigkeit and has been Vice-President for European and
International Relations at Saarland University from 2017 to 2021.
Bernhard Pöll has been Full Professor of Romance Linguistics at the University
of Salzburg, Austria, since 2012. His research focuses mainly on linguistic
norms as well as their diversification over time. Besides his interest in socio-
linguistics, he has also worked on (meta-) lexicography/lexicology (especially
collocational lexicography) as well as grammar theory. His most recent works
include a state-of-the-art article on Spanish pluricentricity and codification
(2021) and the second edition of a manual of French outside France (2022).
Mônica Savedra is Professor of German Language at the Modern Foreign Lan-
guages Department at Fluminense Federal University (UFF) in Brazil where
she conducts research and supervises postgraduate students in the field of
sociolinguistics, with emphasis on language contact, with special attention
to languages of immigration, in the context of bilingualism, plurilingualism,
and pluricentric languages. Since 2013, she coordinates the Research Labora-
tory on Linguistic Contact at UFF (LABPEC- UFF).
xiv List of Editors and Contributors
Julia Schlüter is Associate Professor of English Linguistics at the University of
Bamberg, Germany. Her research interests lie in the areas of phonological
and grammatical variation in British and American English past and present,
empirical – especially corpus-based – methodologies, and applications of lin-
guistic insights and techniques to the teaching of English.
Katharina Wieland has been a research assistant for didactics of Romance
languages (French, Spanish, Italian, and Catalan) at Humboldt University
Berlin, Germany, since 2009. She works on plurilinguism, pluricultural lan-
guage teaching, and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
pedagogy, drama pedagogy, and the use of digital media in inclusive l anguage
learning settings.
Acknowledgments
The editors are indebted to the following colleagues who have acted as external
referees for individual chapters of this book: Christoph Bürgel, Bärbel Diehr,
Stefan Dollinger, Susanne Ehrenreich, Sandra Jansen, Colette van Kerckvoorde,
Daniel Reimann, Truus De Wilde, and Bénédict Wocker. Sincere thanks also
go to Nicole Hober and Sina Hanke of the University of Bremen, Germany, for
their invaluable support in the preparation of the final book manuscript. The
editors would also like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (Funding ID: 01JA1612) and the universities of Bamberg, Bremen
and Salzburg for financing this Open Access publication. Thanks are also due to
Emilie Coin and AnnaMary Goodall at Routledge for their continuing support
and guidance during the publication process as well as Lydia Pryce-Jones and
Benjamin Ahlborn of State and University Library Bremen for their help and
advice in preparing the Open Access publication.
1 Introduction
Pluricentric Languages and
Language Education – Implications
and Innovations
Marcus Callies and Stefanie Hehner
The forces of colonization and decolonization in the 19th and 20th centuries,
as well as the ongoing globalization and technologization of the early 21st cen-
tury, have brought about the global spread and diversification of a number of
pluricentric languages that have formed several supra-regional standards. The
diversity of these languages and the equal value of their different varieties is
largely unquestioned in linguistics, but not so in language teaching as they pose
important questions and challenges for language education and its goals in the
21st century. At the same time, several long-standing principles of second/
foreign language teaching are being questioned, such as the adherence to ide-
alized standard varieties and their associated cultural conventions as the only
target varieties in teacher education and the language classroom. For example,
English has experienced both an increasing worldwide diversification and stand-
ardization beyond British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) and has
established itself as the global lingua franca, a development that impacts the field
of English language education. Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT;
Rose & Galloway, 2019) and the closely related approach of (Teaching) English
as an International Language (TEIL; Callies, Hehner, Meer & Westphal, 2022)
are the most visible manifestations of a current trend toward a paradigm shift.
Some of the implications and challenges that the dynamics of pluricentric
languages pose for language education have also been discussed, sometimes
for much longer, with reference to other languages than English, most impor-
tantly Spanish (see, e.g., Arteaga & Llorente, 2009; Del Valle, 2014; Lipski,
2009; Leitzke-Ungerer & Polzin-Haumann, 2017; Moreno-Fernández, 2000;
Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 2019), and, to a lesser extent, French
(see, e.g., Frings & Schöpp, 2011; Polzin-Haumann, this volume), but also for
less widely taught languages such as German (Arnett & Levine, 2012, 2007;
Hägi, 2006), Portuguese (Koch & Reimann, 2019; Moreira Reis, 2017; Souza
& Melo-Pfeifer, 2021), and Dutch (see De Belder & Hiemstra, this volume).
Like in GELT/TEIL, these discussions address the implications of the global
dissemination and use of pluricentric languages for teaching with the aim of
innovating language education. Most importantly, these implications relate to
the integration of linguistic diversity and variation in curricula, textbooks, and
through sufficient input in teaching, e.g., in terms of a “didactics of pluricentric
DOI: 10.4324/9781003248552-1
2 Marcus Callies and Stefanie Hehner
Spanish” (Reimann, 2017, pp. 73–79; see also Leitzke-Ungerer & Polzin-
Haumann, 2017, and the contributions by Polzin-Haumann, Koch, Corti &
Pöll, and Wieland, this volume), as well as the consideration of multilingualism
and the promotion of multi- and intercultural awareness.
This book fills a gap in that it moves the discussion of contemporary norms,
aims, and approaches to pluricentric languages in language education beyond
English and provides a multilingual, comparative perspective that includes
Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, and Vietnamese. The book maps
out the pedagogical implications of the global spread and diversity of pluricentric
languages for language education; documents, compares, and evaluates existing
practices in the teaching of these languages; and showcases new approaches that
take account of the said languages’ linguistic diversity and variability. The con-
tributions address the following central questions:
References
Arnett, C., & Levine, G. S. (Eds.). (2012). More than a culture capsule: Teaching
Switzerland and Austria in the German curriculum. Special focus issue of Die
Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German, 45(2), 163–175.
Arteaga, D., & Llorente, L. (2009). Spanish as an international language: Implications for
teachers and learners. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
6 Marcus Callies and Stefanie Hehner
Callies, M., Hehner, S., Meer, P., & Westphal, M. (Eds.). (2022). Glocalising teaching
English as an international language: New perspectives for teaching and teacher education
in Germany. London and New York: Routledge.
Del Valle, J. (2014). The politics of normativity and globalization: Which Spanish in the
classroom? The Modern Language Journal, 98, 358–372.
Frings, M., & Schöpp, F. (Eds.). (2011). Varietäten im Französischunterricht. Stuttgart:
ibidem.
Hägi, S. (2006). Nationale Varietäten im Unterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Frankfurt/
Main: Peter Lang.
Hägi, S. (Ed.). (2007). Plurizentrik im Deutschunterricht. Special issue of Fremdsprache
Deutsch, 37.
Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 6(2). (2019). Special issue on Spanish in the global
era: ideology, language varieties and curriculum design/El español en la era global: ide-
ología, modelos de lengua y diseño curricular.
Koch, C., & Reimann, D. (Eds.). (2019). As Variedades do Português no Ensino de
Português Língua Não Materna. Tübingen: Narr.
Leitzke-Ungerer, E., & Polzin-Haumann, C. (Eds.). (2017). Varietäten des Spanischen
im Fremdsprachenunterricht. Ihre Rolle in Schule, Hochschule, Lehrerbildung und
Sprachenzertifikaten. Stuttgart: ibidem.
Lipski, J. M. (2009). Which Spanish(es) to teach? ADFL Bulletin, 41, 48–59.
Moreira Reis, L. (2017). Teaching Portuguese as a foreign/non-native language through
a pluricentric and intercultural point of view. Journal of the National Council of Less
Commonly Taught Languages, 21, 265–292.
Moreno-Fernández, F. (2000). Qué español enseñar. Madrid: Arco/Libros.
Perez, D., Hundt, M., Kabatek, J., & Schreier, D. (2021). Introduction: English and
Spanish in contact – World languages in interaction. In D. Perez, M. Hundt, J. Kabatek,
& D. Schreier (Eds.), English and Spanish: World languages in interaction (pp. 1–9).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pöll, B. (2021). Spanish today: Pluricentricity and codification. In D. Perez, M. Hundt,
J. Kabatek, & D. Schreier (Eds.), English and Spanish: World languages in interaction
(pp. 163–183). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reimann, D. (2017). Rezeptive Varietätenkompetenz: Modellierung einer Teilkompetenz
zwischen funktionaler kommunikativer Kompetenz und Sprachbewusstheit. In
E. Leitzke-Ungerer, & C. Polzin-Haumann (Eds.), Varietäten des Spanischen
im Fremdsprachenunterricht. Ihre Rolle in Schule, Hochschule, Lehrerbildung und
Sprachenzertifikaten (pp. 69–95). Stuttgart: ibidem.
Rose, H., & Galloway, N. (2019). Global Englishes for language teaching. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Souza, A., & Melo-Pfeifer, S. (Eds.). (2021). Portuguese as a heritage language in Europe –
A pluricentric perspective. Campinas: Pontes Editores.
PART I
PLURICENTRICITY
AND LANGUAGE
TEACHING
ADDRESSING A CONCEPTUAL
INTERFACE
2 Pluricentric Languages and the
Teaching of Spanish and French
Strengthening Disciplinary Links*
Claudia Polzin-Haumann
2.1 Introduction
In the topic of linguistic pluricentricity, various aspects are discussed that are
also essential in foreign language learning and teaching, especially questions
concerning norm (and variation) and language (learning) awareness. This is
why an interdisciplinary dialogue can be beneficial for both linguistics and
language learning and teaching. Tracing the development of the role of var-
iation and standard in language learning and teaching (research), Leitzke-
Ungerer and Polzin-Haumann (2017) show that, even though the fields
have started to recognize each other’s research, there is no close connection
between variational linguistics and foreign language learning and teaching.
In French and Spanish language education in Germany, the topic of language
varieties has hardly been systematically dealt with so far; research findings are
only slowly integrated in the classroom reality although there are at least gen-
eral references to linguistic variation in many curricula (cf. Polzin-Haumann,
2008, p. 153).
Taking this gap into consideration, this chapter argues that the dialogue
between the disciplines needs to be strengthened and established more. It
starts with a synopsis of the current state of research on pluricentricity in
French and Spanish linguistics and language learning and teaching research
and a comparison of them. These two languages show a specific normative
architecture and standardization history; their pluricentricity is differently
shaped and the research discussions are conducted in different ways. In the sec-
ond part, I will discuss the challenges and the potentials of a ‘pluricentricity-
sensitive’ teaching of Spanish and French, referring, among other things, to
the results of textbook analyses and emphasizing the variety of different dis-
ciplines that should be in dialogue with each other. The chapter ends with
conclusions and an outlook.
* I sincerely thank Fabienne Korb for her great support in preparing this chapter.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003248552-3
10 Claudia Polzin-Haumann
[…] los medios de comunicación masiva han pasado a ser un actor relevante
en el contexto de la normatividad lingüística actual por el mero papel que
asumen en el imaginario de las sociedades y las actitudes y decisiones que
de ahí derivan.
‘The mass media have become a relevant player in the context of cur-
rent linguistic normativity because of the mere role they play in the imagi-
nary of societies and the attitudes and decisions that derive from this’ (my
translation).
(Greußlich & Lebsanft, 2020, p. 24)
As this short overview shows, the main categories to describe French and Spanish
as pluricentric languages are the empirical description of linguistic variation and
the metalinguistic dealing with language varieties in different contexts such as
language policies, normative discourse, etc. Variation always implies a reference
to norm(s) and standard(s); furthermore, it provides an essential reference point
for speaker judgements, whether in relation to their own language use or the
language use of others.
Obviously, significant differences between Spanish and French as pluricen-
tric languages can be observed. Research on Spanish as a pluricentric language
seems to be further developed; there seems to be a deeper understanding of
the significance of the concept for the history and present of Spanish (cf. Prifti,
2021). Spanish language varieties are more accepted and used as standard
(cf. Lebsanft & Tacke, 2020a). The important role of mass media in shaping
plurinormative spaces and the forms of communication associated with them are
also analyzed concerning Spanish (cf. Greußlich & Lebsanft, 2020). In contrast,
despite certain tendencies observed at the periphery of the francophone world
where other French language varieties start to gain in importance (Pöll, 2017,
12 Claudia Polzin-Haumann
p. 82), French is still very often associated only with France and means French
French. Tensions between the center (France, Paris) and the periphery are more
clearly perceivable. Variation has a more normative connotation.
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