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Workshop on Real Analysis and Complex Analysis

N K R Govt. Arts College
Problem Sheet
January 3, 2025

(1) Prove the following: [These are very important limits]

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(i) lim p = 0 for any constant p > 0 .
n→∞ n

(ii) lim n1/n = 1 .

n→∞

(iii) lim p1/n = 1 for any positive constant p .

n→∞
(iv) lim rn = 0, r ∈ (−1, 1).
n→∞
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(2) Let x1 = 1 and xn+1 = (2xn + 3) for all n ∈ N .
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(i) Show that |xn | < 2 and xn ≤ xn+1 for all n ∈ N .
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(ii) Show that {xn }∞1 converges to .
2
√ √ ∞
(3) Let x1 = 2 , and xn+1 = 2 + xn for all n ∈ N . Prove that the sequence (xn )1 converges.
Find its limit.
(4) Let 0 < r < 1 and {yn }∞
1 ⊂ R be a sequence such that |yn − yn+1 | < r
n
for all n ∈ N . Prove
that {yn }∞
1 converges. [Hint: Show that it is a Cauchy sequence.]
∞ √ √
X n+1− n
(5) Prove or disprove that √ converges.
n=1
n
1 1 1 1
(6) Prove that 2
+ 3 + 2 + 3 + · · · converges. Also show that both Ratio and Root Tests fail.
1 2 3 4
 
1 1
(7) Consider the sequence sin | n ∈ N . Choose the statement that is true.
n n
(a) 0 is the limit (b) 1 is the limit.
(c) −1 is the limit. (d) 0, 1, −1 are all limits of its subsequences.
∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 X (−1)n
(8) Given that = log 2, the sum is.
n=1
n n=1
n(n + 1)
(a) 1 − 2 log 2 (b) 1 + log 2 (c) (log 2)2 (d) −(log 2)2 .

(9) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous and f (x0 ) > 0 for some x0 ∈ (a, b). Show that there is a δ > 0

such that f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ⊂ [a, b] .

Z b
(10) Suppose f : [a, b] −→ [0, ∞ is continuous. Prove that if f (x) dx = 0,
a
then f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b] .
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1 ∞
(11) For x ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N , define fn (x) = . Determine if (fn )1 converges uniformly or
Z 1 Z1 1+ nx
not. Justify. Show that lim fn (x) dx = lim fn (x) dx.
n→∞ 0 0 n→∞
∞
x2 X
(12) For x ∈ R and n ∈ N ∪ {0}, define gn (x) = . Find the sum gn (x) and determine
(1 + x2 )n n=0
if the convergence is uniform or not. Justify.

(13) For x ∈ R and n ∈ N define fn (x) = 1 if −n ≤ x ≤ n , otherwise fn (x) = 0. Let f (x) = 1 for

all x ∈ R . Use − definition to prove that for each r ∈ R , lim fn (r) = f (r) .
n→∞
√
nx2 + n cos(5x)
(14) For x ∈ R and n ∈ N define fn (x) = .
n
Use − definition to prove that for each r ∈ R , lim fn (r) = r2 .
n→∞

(15) For x ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N define gn (x) = xn (1 − x). Prove that lim gn (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ [0, 1]. Is
n→∞
the convergence uniform? Justify.
nx ∞
(16) For x ∈ R and n ∈ N define fn (x) = 2 x2
. Determine if (fn )1 converges uniformly or
Z 1 1 + n
Z 1
not. Justify. Show that lim fn (x) dx = lim fn (x) dx.
n→∞ 0 0 n→∞

(17) For x ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N define fn (x) = xn . Prove that lim fn (x) = 0 for every x ∈ [0, 1].
n→∞
Z 1 Z 1
∞
Show that lim fn (x) dx = lim fn (x) dx. Does (fn )1 converge uniformly on 0, 1] ?
n→∞ 0 0 n→∞
Justify.
nx ∞
(18) For x ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N define gn (x) = . Determine if (gn )1 converges uniformly or not.
n+x
Justify.
x ∞
(19) For x ∈ R and n ∈ N define fn (x) = . Find f such that (fn )1 converges uniformly
1 + nx2
to f on R . Show that lim fn0 (x) dx 6= f 0 (x),
n→∞

x2n ∞
(20) Let fn (x) = 2n
for x ∈ R and n ∈ N . Find the pointwise limit of (fn )1 and determine
1+x
if it converges uniformly or not. Justify.

(21) For x ∈ R and m ∈ N define fm (x) = lim (cos(m!xπ))2n . Find fm for each m ∈ N . Find
n→∞
∞
the pointwise limit of (fm )1 . Is the convergence uniform? Why or why not? .
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∞
(22) Let (gn )1 be a sequence of continuous functions converging to g uniformly on [a, b] .
Pick out the true statements:
(i) If each gn is Riemann integrable over [a, b] , then g is Riemann integrable [a, b] .
(ii) If each gn is continuously differentiable, then g is continuously differentiable.

(iii) If xn → x , then gn (xn ) → g(x) as n → ∞ .

n ∞
(23) For x ∈ (0, 1) and n ∈ N define fn (x) = . Prove that (fn )1 converges to 0 pointwise
1 + nx
∞
but not uniformly on (0, 1) . Show that (fn )1 converges uniformly on [a, 1) for every a ∈ (0, 1).

Some References
[1] R. Courant, F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Volume I,
Springer Verlag.
[2] K.A. Ross, Elementary Analysis: Theory of Calculus,

Springer Verlag.
[3] R.G. Bartle and D.R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis,
John Wiley.

[4] R.P. Boas, A Primer of Real Functions,

Mathematical Association of America.
[5] N.L. Carothers, Real Analysis,
Cambridge University Press.

[5] Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis,

McGraw Hill.
[6] S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Mathematical Analysis,

Birkhauser.