Lecture 04

Topics:
● Memory unit: RAM, ROM, Cache Memory and processing with memory.
● Motherboard,
● Expansion slots, computer buses, ports and power supply.

Memory Unit: RAM, ROM, Cache Memory, and Processing with Memory
The memory unit in a computer is essential for storing data and instructions needed by the processor to
perform tasks. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory, meaning it only holds
data while the computer is on. RAM is used for storing data temporarily while applications are running,
making it possible to switch between programs quickly. For example, when you open a web browser or a
game, they are loaded into RAM so the processor can access them rapidly.

ROM (Read-Only Memory), on the other hand, is non-volatile memory, meaning it retains data even
when the computer is off. ROM typically stores essential instructions like the computer’s startup
sequence, which is loaded every time you turn on your computer.

Cache Memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed
data and instructions. This allows the CPU to access critical data faster than retrieving it from RAM,
boosting performance. Together, these types of memory enable efficient data processing, helping the
computer handle everything from basic tasks to complex computations smoothly.

Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the components, enabling
them to communicate with each other. It holds the CPU, memory (RAM), and essential chips, and
provides slots for additional components like a graphics card or sound card.

The motherboard acts like a central hub, linking input devices (keyboard, mouse) and output devices
(monitor, speakers) to the CPU and memory. It also contains the chipset, which manages data flow
between the processor, memory, and peripherals, ensuring smooth communication.

Motherboards come in various sizes (form factors) like ATX and MicroATX, designed for different types
of computers. They include essential components such as the BIOS or UEFI firmware, which controls
startup and basic hardware functions.

The motherboard’s design, speed, and compatibility with other hardware components significantly
influence the overall performance and capabilities of a computer.
Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are connectors on the motherboard that allow users to add new features or enhance
existing capabilities by installing additional cards. Common types of expansion slots include

● PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect),

These slots enable users to insert expansion cards like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and
storage controllers. For instance, a gaming enthusiast might add a high-performance graphics card to
improve visual rendering, while an office computer might include a network card to connect to a wired
network.

Expansion slots give computers flexibility and customization, allowing users to upgrade components
based on their specific needs. These slots also future-proof computers to some extent, as new cards can be
added to support emerging technologies, making expansion slots a valuable feature for enhancing a
computer’s functionality.

Computer Buses
A computer bus is a system of electrical pathways on the motherboard that connects the CPU, memory,
and other components, allowing data to flow between them. The data bus carries actual data, the address
bus specifies where the data should go, and the control bus sends signals to coordinate the actions of
various components.

Buses operate at high speeds, enabling the CPU to quickly access memory, storage, and input/output (I/O)
devices like the keyboard or printer. For example, when you save a document, the data bus transfers the
file from RAM to the hard drive. There are also external buses, like USB and Thunderbolt, that connect
external devices to the computer.

Buses come in different sizes (widths), measured in bits, which determine how much data can be
transferred at a time. A wider bus allows more data to flow, improving overall system performance. By
enabling fast data transfer, computer buses are essential for efficient processing and smooth
communication within the system.

Ports
Ports are interfaces on a computer that allow you to connect external devices, such as USB drives,
keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers. Each type of port is designed for a specific function.

● USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are the most common, providing connections for many
devices like flash drives and external hard drives.
 ● HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) ports allow you to connect monitors and
projectors for high-quality video output.
● Ethernet ports are used for wired internet connections, and audio ports are for headphones or
microphones. Ports can be found on the motherboard or connected through expansion cards and
are critical for enabling the computer to interact with external devices.
● In recent years, Thunderbolt and USB-C ports have become popular for their high-speed data
transfer and charging capabilities.

Ports allow for the flexibility and expandability of a computer, as users can easily plug in various devices
to add functionality or transfer data.

Power Supply
The power supply is a crucial component that converts electrical power from a wall outlet into a form
usable by the computer’s internal components. Known as the Power Supply Unit (PSU), it provides
different voltage levels for the CPU, motherboard, drives, and peripherals. The power supply ensures that
each component receives the appropriate amount of energy to operate safely and efficiently. It connects
directly to the motherboard and, through various cables, supplies power to other parts like the hard drive,
graphics card, and fans.

Modern power supplies have safety features to prevent overheating, short circuits, and power surges.
Power supplies are rated by wattage, with higher wattage units capable of supporting more powerful
hardware. For example, a gaming PC with a high-end graphics card and processor might need a 750-watt
PSU, while a basic desktop may only require 300 watts.

The power supply is essential for the stable functioning of the computer, as it provides consistent and
regulated power, enabling all components to perform optimally.