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Data Communication and Networking

Data communication for MCA notes

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8 views7 pages

Data Communication and Networking

Data communication for MCA notes

Uploaded by

irshad9838186
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUESTION

what is line coding in digital communication?

ANSWER

Line Coding
Line coding in digital communication refers to the process of converting
digital data (a sequence of binary bits: 1s and 0s) into a format (a signal)
that can be transmitted over a communication medium, such as copper
wires, optical fibers, or wireless channels.

The line-coded signal represents the digital data as electrical or optical


pulses suitable for transmission while ensuring efficient use of the
channel and reliable reception at the receiver.

The process of converting binary data into a sequence of bits of the


digital signal is known as Line coding. It is also known as digital PAM
formats.

Purpose of Line Coding

1. Signal Transmission: Convert binary data into a physical


signal (voltage, current, light).

2. Synchronization: Ensure the sender and receiver stay


synchronized.

3. DC Component Reduction: Minimize low-frequency or DC


components in the signal.

4. Error Detection: Help identify errors during transmission.


5. Bandwidth Efficiency: Optimize the use of available
bandwidth.

Types of Line Coding Schemes


Line coding schemes are categorized based on how bits (1s and 0s) are
represented in the signal.

The main types are:

1. Unipolar

2. Polar

3. Bipolar

4. Manchester Coding

1. Unipolar Line Coding

Definition: Uses a single voltage level (positive or zero) to


represent binary data.

Bit Representation:

1 → Positive voltage

0 → Zero voltage

Example: Unipolar Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ).

Advantages: Simple to implement.

Disadvantages:

Has a large DC component.


No synchronization for long sequences of 1s or 0s

2. Polar Line Coding

Definition: Uses two voltage levels, one positive and one


negative, to represent binary data.

Bit Representation:

1 → Positive voltage

0 → Negative voltage

Types of Polar Coding:

Polar NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): Voltage remains constant for each bit


duration.

Polar RZ (Return-to-Zero): Voltage returns to zero in the middle of each


bit duration.

NRZ-Level (NRZ-L): 1 → Positive, 0 → Negative.

NRZ-Inverted (NRZ-I): A transition at 1; no transition at 0.

Advantages: Reduces the DC component compared to


unipolar coding.

Disadvantages: Still prone to synchronization issues for long


bit streams.

3. Bipolar Line Coding

Definition: Uses three voltage levels: positive, negative, and


zero.

Bit Representation:
1 → Alternates between positive and negative voltage.

0 → Zero voltage.

Example: Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)

Ok1 → Alternates between +V and -V.

0 → Voltage remains at 0.

Advantages:

Eliminates DC components.

Reduces error detection issues.

Disadvantages: More complex to implement.

4. Manchester Coding

Definition: Combines data and clock signals to ensure


synchronization.

Bit Representation:

1 → Transition from low to high voltage in the middle of the bit.

0 → Transition from high to low voltage in the middle of the bit.

Advantages:

Self-synchronizing (clock signal is embedded).

No DC component.

Disadvantages: Requires higher bandwidth (double the bit


rate).
Applications of Line Coding

1. Unipolar Coding: Used in simple systems (low-cost, short


distances).

2. Polar Coding: Used in legacy systems and some wired


communication systems.

3. Bipolar Coding: Common in older telecommunication


systems (e.g., T1 lines).

4. Manchester Coding: Used in Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), RFID


systems, and other data transmission systems.

Need of Line coding:


We always come across different types of data such as text, numbers,
graphical images, audio, and video. These all data are stored in
computer memory in form of a sequence of bits. As shown below, line
coding converts bit sequences into digital signals.

There are several techniques for converting an analog signal to a digital


signal. However, digital data can also be obtained from sources such as
computers. The information obtained from such a source is inherently
discrete. When this type of discrete signal is transmitted over a
band-limited channel, it becomes dispersed. That is, the pulses spread
out and overlap each other, causing distortion. This distortion is known
as inter-symbol interference. To avoid this, we should not send the
discrete signal while it is on the transmission medium. Instead, this data
is converted into a Pam format or line code compatible with the
baseband channel before being sent over a baseband communication
channel. Line codes refer to the various pulse formats that are used
depending on the situation.

Properties of line codes:


1. No DC Component:

Every communication system such as a cable system does not allow the
transmission of a dc signal over them.

So because of that line signal must have a zero average value.

2. Self-clocking (synchronizing capability):

Symbol or bit synchronization is necessary for every digital


communication system.

A sufficient amount of zero crossings must occur in the line code


waveform for the receiver to be in synchronization.

It implies that a transition must always occur after a predictable interval;


this property is referred to as the inherent synchronizing or cloaking
characteristic.

3. Bandwidth compression:

The bandwidth of the line code should be as small as possible.

Comparatively to the other codes, the multilevel course requires less.

4. Differential encoding:

For communication systems where the transmitted waveform


occasionally experiences an inversion, differential encoding is helpful.

The polarity of the encoded waveform is flipped during differential


encoding without impairing the ability to identify data.

5. Noise immunity:

The selected line code should have a very high noise immunity (ability to
minimize the effects of noise).
This is necessary to have a minimum number of errors introduced due to
noise.

6. Minimum crosswalk:

The crosswalk should be minimized which is transmitted present


between adjacent channels.

Conclusion
Line coding is crucial in digital communication as it converts binary data
into physical signals suitable for transmission. The choice of line coding
scheme depends on factors like bandwidth, synchronization needs, and
the presence of DC components. For example, Manchester coding is
widely used where synchronization is critical, while bipolar coding is
preferred for reducing DC components.

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