Here is the concise definition of “composition”: the way a writer crafts words, sentences, and

paragraphs to create a coherent work.

Possessive pronouns are words that show ownership or possession of someone or

something.
 Mine: Used to indicate that something belongs to you
 Hers: Used to indicate that something belongs to her
 Ours: Used to indicate that something belongs to you and one or more others
 His: Used to indicate that something belongs to a male person or entity
 "The dog is mine"

 "Jessie says this chair is hers".

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what
they are.

Person Thing

All everyone everybody everything

Part (positive) someone somebody something

Part (negative) anyone anybody anything

None no one nobody nothing

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that ends in "-self" or "-selves" and is used when the subject
and object of a sentence are the same
 "I believe in myself"
 "I fell over and hurt myself"
 "Would you like to pour yourself a drink?"
 "They had to cook for themselves"
Demonstrative pronouns are words that point to specific people, things, or ideas, and are
used to highlight something that has already been mentioned or is clear from the context. The
four demonstrative pronouns in English are "this," "that," "these," and "those"

A relative pronoun is a word that connects a noun or pronoun to a part of a sentence that
comes before it. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are dependent clauses
that provide additional information about the preceding noun or noun phrase.

 Who: Refers to a person as the subject of the verb

 Whom: Refers to a person as the object of the verb
 Which: Refers to an animal or thing
 What: Refers to a nonliving thing
 That: Refers to a person, animal, or thing
A singular noun is a word that refers to one person, place, thing, or idea. For example, "man",
"woman", "beach", "city", "chair", "computer", "apple", "cinnamon", "trash", "hat", "wind",
and "rain" are all singular nouns.

To make a singular noun plural, you usually add an "s" or "-es" to the end of the word.
However, some nouns, known as irregular nouns, don't follow this rule. For example, "child"
becomes "children".

A concrete noun is a noun that describes a physical entity that can be perceived with the five
senses:

 Things: A phone, hat, pencil, cookie, bed, or hamster

 Places: France, the post office, or Timbuktu
 People and animals: A dog, doctor, Jamal, or grandmothers
 Invisible things: Air or music
 Microscopic things: Bacteria or atoms
 Imaginary or fantasy things: Unicorns or the character Katniss Everdeen
Concrete nouns are different from abstract nouns, which refer to things that can't be directly
perceived, like ideas, theories, concepts, happiness, condemnation, ethics, and time.

A collective noun is a noun that refers to some sort of group or collective—of people, animals,
things, etc.

 a board of directors.
 a body of men.
 a bunch of crooks.
 a caravan of gypsies.
The definition of an interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that is used as a subject in a
question.

An example of an interrogative pronoun being used in a question is: Who is coming to my

house tomorrow? Interrogative pronouns should not be confused with relative pronouns,
although they have many overlapping examples.

ABSTRACT NOUN
 a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.

"the website contains considerably more abstract nouns than hard facts"

An intensive pronoun is a word that emphasizes a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Intensive

pronouns are often used to add emphasis or intensity to a statement, or to imply that
something out of the ordinary has happened.
 "I did it myself"
 "The players themselves decided the lineup"
 "The umpire himself questioned the call"
A countable noun is a noun that can be counted and separated into individual units.
Countable nouns can be expressed in plural form, usually by adding an "s" to the singular
form. For example, "cat--cats," "season--seasons," "student--students".
 A car, three cars
 My cousin, my two cousins
 A book, a box full of books
A subject pronoun is a pronoun that performs the action in a sentence. It is the person or
thing that is the subject of the verb. Subject pronouns are usually placed at the beginning of a
sentence, before the verb.
 I: First person singular
 You: Second person singular
 He: Third person singular male
 She: Third person singular female
 It: Third person singular inanimate
 We: First person plural
 They: Plural subject pronoun
Proper noun
1. a name used for an individual person, place, or organization, spelled with initial capital letters,
e.g., Larry, Mexico, and Boston Red Sox.

Uncountable nouns, also known as noncount or mass nouns, are nouns that cannot be
counted or quantified. They are always singular and cannot be made plural by adding "-s" or "-
es"

Liquids, like oil and water

Feelings and ideas, like knowledge or patience

Weather words
Personal pronouns replace nouns in sentences to make them easier to read and shorter.

I, me, you, we, us, he, him, she, her, they, them

Subject-verb agreement is a grammatical rule that states that the verb in a sentence must
match the subject in number, person, and sometimes gender. In English, the verb only needs
to match the subject's number.

Here are some rules for subject-verb agreement:

Singular and plural

If the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular. For example, "The dog drinks his
water every day".

Compound subjects

When subjects are joined by "and", the verb is usually plural. For example, "Cats and dogs
fight". However, if the subjects describe one idea or thing, the verb should be singular. For
example, "Peace and quiet is needed".

Linking verbs
A linking verb, such as "is", "are", "was", "were", or "seem", agrees with its subject, not its
complement. For example, "Joe's favorite dessert is blueberry muffins".

Collective nouns

Some collective nouns, like "team", "company", "city", and "state", are singular and take
singular verbs. Others, like "team members", "company leaders", and "city officials", are plural
and take plural verbs.

Distance, time, and money

When considered as a unit, distances, periods of time, and sums of money use a singular verb.
For example, "Three miles is too far to walk".

"Of" and "a lot", "some", or "all"

When a sentence uses "of" and "a lot", "some", or "all", the noun after the "of" determines
whether the verb should be singular or plural. For example, "A lot of the pie has disappeared".
ANALOGY
: a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect. b. :
resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike : similarity.

METHAPHOR

A metaphor is a figure of speech that implicitly compares two unrelated things, typically by
stating that one thing is another
Life is a highway. Her eyes were diamonds. He is a shining star. The snow is a white blanket.

SIMILE
a word or phrase that compares something to something else, using the words like or as.
As cold as ice. Swim like a fish. As light as a feather. Fight like cats and dogs.
 The main difference between an independent clause and a dependent clause is that an
independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause cannot
Independent clause
A group of words that has a subject and verb, and expresses a complete thought. For example,
"Dinner was not served".
 Dependent clause
A group of words that has a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought. For
example, "Because we forgot to shop". Dependent clauses are also known as subordinate clauses.
 Subordinating conjunctions
Dependent clauses start with subordinating conjunctions, such as "while", "that", or "unless".
 Coordinating conjunctions
Words that connect phrases, clauses, or groups of words that are equally important. Examples of
coordinating conjunctions include "for", "and", "nor", "but", "or", "yet", and "so".
 Placement
Dependent clauses can appear before or after an independent clause in a sentence.
 Combining clauses
To combine two independent clauses, use a comma before a coordinating conjunction. To combine
two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction, use a semicolon.
Adverbs provide context in a sentence by describing how, when, where, and to what extent
something occurs

An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can be used
to describe the qualities of someone or something independently or in comparison to
something else. Examples: Adjectives in a sentence I like old houses. The boy is tall and
skinny.