STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Trusses:
• Analysis of trusses
• Deflection in trusses
• Force in redundant trusses
• I.L.D. ( Influence Line Diagram ) for forces in truss members

Analysis of Trusses:
Concept-1:
Assumptions in the analysis of Trusses:
(i) It is assumed that all the loads are applied only at the joints (otherwise if the loads are applied at the
intermediate locations of the members, then they will bend and the structure cannot be called as a truss. It
is called a frame.)
(a)

(ii) All the members assumed to be straight and connected by so smooth pins (otherwise, if the members are
curved, then B.M. developed in those members and the structure cannot be called as truss.)
(b)

(iii) B.M due to self-weight of member is neglected.

Concept-2:
In a truss, total number of members (m) & the total number of joints (j) are related by,
m = 2j − 3 (If this condition is satisfied, Then we get stable triangulated truss)
Example: For first 3 joints
3 members
For each additional joints => 2 members
So, m = 2j − 3
Note:
If, m = 2j − 3 → Perfect, stable truss
m < (2j − 3) → Unstable or deficient truss
m > (2j − 3) → Redundant or over rigid truss
Example:
For the truss shown in figure B.M. exists in the members
(a) AB (c) AB & AC both
(b) AC (d) No members
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Answer:
(d) No members
Note:
The assumptions in the analysis of trusses are made to ensure that the members are subjected to either tension
or compression only BM is zero, everywhere in the truss.

Example:
The truss shown in figure is
(a) Perfect (c) Redundant
(b) Deficient (d) None
Solution:
m = 2j − 3
m=6
J=4
6 > (2X4 − 3) so, redundant
i.e. (c)

Concept-3:
Analysis of Trusses:
(a) Method of joints: It is a special case of method of section only
(b) Method of sections
(a) Method of Joints:
(i) Equilibrium of a joint is considered in method of joints.
(ii) Procedure:
Step 1: Find the support reactions, considering equilibrium of the entire truss.
Step 2: Consider equilibrium of a joint where only 2 unknown member forces are available & use  x = 0,
y = 0 to find them. Similarly, proceeded to the other joints (we have to select a joint where only two unknowns
are available because we have only 2 equations of equilibrium at any joints)
A = 0 => 0 = 0
M = 0 becomes useless equation

Note:
(i) If arrow mark is away from the joints, it means that force in the member is tensile.

(ii) If arrow mark is toward the joints, it means that force in the member is compressive.

(iii) At a joint if three members are meeting two members are in line with each other (collinear) then force in
the third member is always zero. (If there is no external load at that joint)
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 y = 0 => FAC sin = 0 (Collinear)
sin   0
FAC = 0

(iv) If two non-collinear forces on meeting at a joint & there is no external load at that joint, then forces in both
members will be zero.

x = 0 => FAB = 0 y = 0 => FACsin = 0

y = 0 => FAC = 0 => FAC = 0
x = 0 => FAB = 0
Example:
(1) For a truss shown in figure, find force in the member BD
F.B.D of Joint D

y = 0 => FBD = 0

(2) FBD =?
FBD = 10KN (T)

(3) FBC =?
F.B.D of joint C

x = 0 => + FBC = 0 FBC = 0

y = 0 => FCD = 0 FCD = 0 FBB = 10KN (Comp.)
…. FAB = 0
(4) The support reactions are
x = 0

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 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −ve
[+ve ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]
 − HA + 10 cos450 = 0
10
 HA = 2 KN - - - - - - - (i)
√
MD = 0
[+ve (Clockwise) − ve(Anti Clockwise)]
 + VA X 2 + 10 X 0 = 0
 VA = 0kN
y = 0
[↑+ve ↓−ve]
 VA + VD − 10sin450 = 0
10
 VD = 2 kN
√
Form F.B.D at A
10
FAD = 2 kN(T)
√
(5) For the truss shown in figure the members having zero force are

FAJ, FCJ, FDI, FGH = 0

(6) Find AC

Answer:
Since the lengths of the members are not known, we cannot find support reaction directly so IST consider F.B.D
of joint B and Find the force FAB then consider F.B.D of joint A to find F AC.
F.B.D of joint B
Use sine rule
FAB FBC 20
0 = 0 =
sin120 sin150 sin900
FAB = 20.sin1200
FAB = 17.32KN (comp.)
F.B.D of Joint A
x = 0 => −17.32 cos600 + FAC = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −ve
[+ve ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] FAC = 8.66KN (T)
Note:
If only 3 forces are meeting at a joint use sine rule to find the unknown quickly. In the above case at joint B, if
we use x = 0, y = 0 we have to solve 2 simultaneous equation to find the F AB. It will waste our time.
x = 0 => + FABcos600 − FBCcos300 = 0 - - - - - - - (i)
y = 0 => + FABsin600 − FBCsin300 − 20 = 0 - - - - - - - (ii)
Method of Sections:
(i) Equilibrium of a section of a truss is considered in method of sections.
(ii) The advantage of method of sections is that force in any intermediate member can be found directly without
finding forces in any other members.
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(iii) Procedure:
Step 1: Find the support reactions considering equilibrium of the entire truss.
Step 2: Cut the member under consideration by a section ① – ① and consider equilibrium of either L.H.S of
① – ① or R.H.S. ① – ① and use x = 0, V = 0, M = 0, to find the unknown forces.
Important Points:
(i) Cut the member such that entire truss is divided into two separate parts.
(ii) Preferably, don’t cut more than 3 members (because, in method of sections we have only 3 equations of
equilibrium)
(iii) Cut the member such that all the cut members do not meet at one joint. (If they meet at one joint, then M
= 0, becomes useless equation and it becomes a method of joints problem.)
Example:
For the truss shown in figure find force in the member BC.

Solution:
Cut BC by ① – ①
Consider equilibrium of R.H.S of ① – ①
ME = 0 => − FCB X 3 − 5 X 3 = 0
[+ (CW); –(ACW)] => FCB = − 5 KN
{-ve sign implies that out assumed direction for FBC is wrong. So, arrow must be toward joint so
FCB = 5KN (comprn)}

Example:
Find FCE

Solution:
Cut CE by ① – ①
Equilibrium of R.H.S by ① – ①
{Then keep arrow marks on R.H.S of ① – ① only}
y = 0 => +5 − FCE sin450 = 0 {y = 0 is used because FCB, FED are eliminated in the expression}
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[↑+, ↓ -] => FCE = 0
sin45
=> FCE = 5√2KN (Tension)

Question:
Find FAB

Solution:
5
 Cut AB by ① – ①
Equilibrium of L.H.S of 1-1 {so arrows are kept at L.H.S of ① – ①}
MD = 0
[+ve(CW); -ve(ACW)] => +FAB X 3 − 20 X 3 = 0
FAB = 20KN (Tension)

Example:
Find FAB.

Solution:
Always use method of sections to find force in intermediate member.
Cut AB by ① – ①
L.H.S of ① – ①
y = 0
[(+)(-)] => +10 − 10 + FABsin450 = 0
E A sin450 ≠ 0
 FAB = 0

Example:
Find FAB.

Solution:
Cut AB by ① – ①
Equilibrium of upper side of ① – ① (so arrows are kept upper side of ① – ①)
MD = 0
[+ - ] => 20 X 4 − FAB X 4 = 0
FAB = 20KN (T)
FBC, FCD, FDE produce zero moment about D.

Note:
(i) FGH = FHE = 0
(ii) FFK = 0, FEG = 20KN (comp.)
(iii) FGK =? FGI =?
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 F.B.D of Joint G
FGK FGI 20
0 = =
sin225 sin450 sin900
FGK = 20.sin2250 = 14.14KN (Tension)
FGI = 20.sin450 = 14.14KN (Comp.)

Example:
Find AB.

Note:
• Since all the joints have a minimum of three members’ method of joints cannot be used directly.
• Method of sections also cannot be used directly because the minimum of 4 members are getting cut and
unwanted members are not meeting at one joint.
• Since the structure and loading are symmetrical forces in the members CA & CE must be equal.
Solution:
F.B.D of Joint C
y = 0
[↓+, ↑- ]
 − 20 + FCE sin300 + FCA sin300 = 0 (because of symmetry FCE = FCA)
0
2FCAsin30 = 20
FCA = 20 KN (T)
Joint A
x = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −ve
[+ve ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]
 − FABcos300 + 20cos300 = 0
FAB = 20 KN (comp.)

Example:
Find forces in the member of truss shown in figure.

Solution:
Step-1: Find support reaction
x = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −ve
[+ve ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] => −HC = 0
=> HC = 0 - - - - - - - (i)
MC = 0
[+ -] => − 2 X 7.3 − 1 X 3.6 + VE X 1.8 = 0
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VE = 1.6 = 10KN
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 VE = 10KN - - - - - - - (ii)
Fy = 0
[↓+, ↑- ] => +VE + VC − 2 − 1 = 0
VC = −7KN (It means VC acts downwards)
Step-2: Forces in the member of truss.
Joint A
2.4 4
tan  = 1.8 = 3 = 53.130
y = 0
[↑+ ↓- ]
 + FADsin53.130 - 2 = 0
FAD = 2.5 KN (comp)
x = 0
 − FADcos53.130 + FAB = 0
FAB = 1.5 KN (Tension)
To find FDE & FDB:
Cut DB by ① – ①
L.H.S of ① – ①
y = 0 => - 2 + FBDsin53.130 = 0
2
[↑(+)↓(-)] => FDB =
𝑠𝑖𝑛53.130
=> FDB = 2.5KN (T)
MB = 0
[+ - ] => − 2 X 3.6 + FDE X 2.4 = 0
7.2
FDE =
2.4
FDE = 3 KN (comp)
Joint C
y = 0
=> +FCE sin 53.130 − 7 = 0
7
=> FCE =
sin53.130
=> FCE = 8.75KN (comp.)
x = 0
=> + 8.75 cos53.130 − FCB = 0
FCB = 5.25 KN (T)
To find FBC
Cut BE by ②-②
R.H.S of ②-②
y = 0
[↑(+)↓(-)] => − FBEsin53.130 + 10 − 7 = 0
3
=> FBE =
sin53.130
=> FBE = 3.75 KN (comp.)

Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy & Stability of Structures:

Concept 1:
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Static Indeterminacy: (DS):
(DS = Dse + Dsi)
Static Indeterminacy

External Indeterminacy (Dse) Internal Indeterminacy (Ds)

Deals with internally reactions
(or) forces in excess of
Deals with no. of unknown support
{ } equilibriium equation
reactions in excess of equilibrium equation
Internal forces are axial
{ forces S. F B. M }
Concept 2:
External Indeterminacy (Dse): It is the number of unknown reactions in excess of equilibrium equation.
Example:
(i) For Beams:
Dse = r − S
=6−3
Dse = 3 degree

Note:
If we know the reaction at C & D, we can find BM at B, C & D. So, BM at B, C & D are not treated as unknown
but moment at A is taken as unknown because external support moment is developed at A.

(ii) For Trusses:

Dse = r − S
=4−3
Dse = 1

(iii) For frames:

Dse = r − S
r=3+2+2
=7
Dse = 7 − 3
Dse = 44
Internal Indeterminacy (Dsi):
It deals with internal forces that we cannot find using equations of equilibrium.
(i) For Beam: There is no internal indeterminacy for beam (because if we know all the support reactions, we
can find all the internal forces i.e axial force, S.F, B.M at any section. So, there is no internal indeterminacy)

(ii) For Trusses:

Dsi for trusses = m (2j − 3)
If, m = 2j − 3 -> Perfect, stable truss
m < 2j − 3 -> Deficient (or) unstable
m > 2j − 3 -> Internal redundant truss
Dsi = m − (2j − 3)
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(iii) For Frames:
Dsi = 3 X C
C = no. of cuts necessary to open closed cells in the frame
3 stand for {axial force, S.F, B.M.}
Dsi = 3 x 3 = 9degree
Internal forces at any cut section = 3 (A.F, S.F, B.M)

Concept 3:
Static Indeterminacy: (Ds = Dsi + Dse) {without considering Dse & Dsi separately}
(i) For Beam:
Ds = Dse + Dsi = Dse = r − s {Dsi = 0}
Ds = r − s
(ii) For Truss:
Ds = Dse + Dsi
Ds = (m + r) − 2j
Where
m + r = Total no of unknowns
2j = Total no of equation of equilibrium
{At each joint, there are 2 equation of equilibrium available (x = 0, y = 0)}
(iii) For Frame:
Example: Find Ds for frame as shown in figure.
Ds = 3 X C
=3X9
DS = 27

For finding static indeterminacy of frames, cut the frame such that each part of the frame looks like a stable
cantilever frame. Then static indeterminacy Ds = 3 X C
Where, C= No. of cuts necessary to make stable cantilever frames.
Example:
Find DS for the frame as shown in figure.

Solution:
Ds = 3 x C – no. of reactions unnecessary added to make them stable cantilever frame
C=9
DS = 3 x 9 -1 -2 -1
at A at B at C → Reaction added at C to make it stable cantilever
↓
Reaction added to at B to make it stable cantilever
Ds = 23

Example:
Find DS in given figure.
Solution:
10
DS = 3 X C − (no. of reactions unnecessary added to
make them stable cantilever frame)
= 3 X 9 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1
at A at B at C at D at E at F
DS = 17
Note:
At D there is an internal hinge. So, two moments are unnecessary added to make it as a rigid joint (not 3) b/c 3rd
moment is known from equilibrium condition) so, we deducted 2 at D.

Question:
Find DS in given figure.
Solution:
C=2
DS = 3 X C – no. of unnecessary added
= 3 X 2 -2 -1
at A at B
Ds = 3

Question:
Find DS in given figure?
Solution:
DS = 3 X C − (no. of reactions added
to make cantilever frame)
= 3 X 8 -3 -3 -3
at A at B at C
DS = 15

Note:
At support ‘C’ 3 members are meeting. To make C as a rigid joint, we have to apply 3 moments. The summation
of the 3 moments will be equal to support moment reaction at C. So, we subtracted 3 at C.
Example:
Find DS for the bow string girder shown in figure.

Solution:
Ds = 3 X C − no. of reactions unnecessary added to make them stable cantilever frames
=3X6 -1 -2
at A at B
DS = 15
At A, one moment reaction is added to make it as a fixed support
At B, 2 reactions are added to make it fixed support
DS = 3 X C = 3 X 24
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 DS = 72

Principle of Transmissibility:
The external effect of a force is not changed when it is replaced anywhere along its line of action but internal
effect may change.

External Effect Internal Effect

Equilibrium Tension
Equilibrium Compression

Kinematic Indeterminacy (or) Degree of Freedom (DK):

(1) It is number of independent displacements in a structure. (The no of displacements are counted only at the
joints).
(2) If the cross-section changes or material changes or straight member meets a current member, then those
locations are treated as joints.
Example:

No. of joints = 2{A.B}

{Free end is treated as a joint because the cross-section changed to 0}
Example:
② & ③ are treated as joint because straight members are meeting the curved members at these locations.

(3)
(i) Dk for Beams:
(a) DK = 0
DS = 3

(b) DK = 3 (H, V, )

DS = 0
(c) Find DK
DK = 0 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 → If members are extensible (can elongate)
A B C D
DK = 3 → if member are inextensible (don’t elongate)
DK = 3 (B, C, D)
HB = HD = HC = 0

Note:
• If the members are inextensible then the deformation of each member in its own direction is not possible.
• It nothing is mentioned, then treat the member as extensible.

(ii) DK For trusses:

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Note:
At each joint in a truss, there are two independent displacements only (Horizontal and vertical displacement)
Rotation of the member in a truss is not considered (because if a member rotates, and then it is means that it
buckled. It means that the structure failed. For a failed structure the question of finding D K will not arise.)

Example:
Find DK?
Solution:
DK = 2
HA = VA = HC = VC = 0

Example:
Find DK?
Solution:
Dk = 9

Example:
Find DK?
Solution:
Dk = 6{HB, VB, B, HC, VC, C}
(If member are extensible)
Note:
• At a rigid joint in a frame the no. of independent displacement = 3
• If the members are inextensible the deformation of each member in its own direction is not possible.
DK = 3 {B, C, HB}
VB = VC = 0
HC = HB
• At a rigid joint, all members rotate by the same angle so we have to consider only one rotation for all
members meeting at that joint.
At a point joint in a frame, all members can rotate independently so we have to count rotation of all
members meeting at that joint.

Example:
Find DK ?
Solution:
DK = 46

Example:
Find DS & DK
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Solution:
C=4
DS = 3 X C − No. of reactions added to make stable cantilever
=3X0−1−2
DS = 9
DK = 24

Releases in Structure:
(1) Axial Thrust Release:

DK = 4 {2 horizontal displacement, 1 vertical displacement, 1 rotation}

(2) Shear Release:

DK = 4 {2 Vertical displacement, 1 horizontal & 1 rotation}

(3) Moment Release:

DK = 4 {2 rotations, 1 vertical displacement, 1 horizontal displacement}

.
Example:
Find DS & DK
Solution:
No. of cut C= 2
DS = 3 X C − no. of reactions added to make stable cantilever.
=3X2 -1 -1 -1 -1
at C at H at E at G
DS = 2
DK = 19

Stability of Structure:
Stability of Structure

External structure Internal Structure

Deals with support reactions Deals with stability within the structure

(1) External Stability:

For the structure to be externally stable, the minimum no. of reactions are 3 (corresponding to three
equations of equilibrium, the three reactions must be non con-current and non-parallel)
Example:

14
 (There are 3 reactions but they are parallel so when a horizontal force is applied a rigid body translation
occurs i.e. it forms a mechanism)
Note:
Though there are 3 reactions the structure is unstable then it is called geometrically unstable structure.
Example:
Externally unstable (Statically Unstable)
Note:
If the reactions are less than three and the structures become unstable, then it is called statically unstable.
Example:

Externally unstable (Geometrically Unstable)

Note:
Though there are 3 reactions they are concurrent these reactions cannot offer any resistance to moment so it
is geometrically unstable structure.
(2) Internal Stability:
It deals with the stability with in the structure.
Example:

Externally stable but internally unstable (Due rigid body rotation due to a hinge)
So, the structure is classified as unstable
Example:

Mechanism forms in ABC, So unstable

Example: For trusses:
(a)

m=9 m = 2J − 3 (Unstable)
J=6 9 = 2 X 6 − 3 (Unstable)
Note:
Though m = 2J − 3 is satisfied, panel shear cannot be resisted by right panel of the truss. So, the structure
collapses due to panel shears. So it is classified as unstable.
(b)

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 The internal panel DEF is supported by 3 member forces AD, CE & BF.
All the three features are meeting at one point. So, rigid body rotation takes place for panel. DEF so
the structure is classified as unstable.
Example:
The pin jointed truss ABCD is supported by 3 links as shown in figure. The structure is
(a) Statically unstable
(b) Stable determinate
(c) Geometrically unstable
(d) Stable indeterminate
Answer:
(c) Geometrically unstable

Note:
Since the truss ABCD is supported by 3 links and three linked forces are concurrent it is geometrically unstable.

Example:
For the given loading the structure as shown in figure is
(a) Unstable
(b) Stable Determinate
(c) Stable indeterminate
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Stable indeterminate

Example:
The structure shown in figure is
(a) Unstable
(b) Stable, determinate
(c) Stable indeterminate to 5 degree
(d) Stable indeterminate to 2 degree
Answer:
(d) Stable indeterminate to 2 degree
 C=2
Ds = 3 X C − no of reactions added to make stable cantilever
= 3 X 2 -2 -2
at A at B
=2

Example:
The structure shown in figure is
(a) Unstable
(b) Stable determinate
(c) Stable indeterminate
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Stable determinate

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 m=2 so internally unstable
J=3 Dsi = m − (2J − 3) = −1
m < 2J − 3 Dse = r − s = 4 − 3 = 1
2<3X2−3
2<3 so, externally redundant
Note:
The lack of 1 member is compensated by an additional horizontal reaction at the support so, structure is stable
4 determinate.

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures:

{Analysis of continuous beam, frame, deflection of frames}

Analysis of Continuous Beam:

(A) Moment distribution method (Developed by Hardy cross)
(B) Slope deflection method (Developed by Money)
(C) Kanis method
(D) Claypeyron’s theorem of 3 members.

(A) Moment Distribution Method:

Concept-1: Carry Over Moment (C.O.M):

Carry over moment or Inducted moment or Reacting moment:

It is developed to make slope zero at A.
It is the moment developed at one end due to applied moment at the other end.
𝑚
Case (i): When far end is fixed, C.O.M =
2
Case (ii): When far end is hinged, C.O.M = zero

C.O.M.
MA = 0 {0, because, slope A need not become zero}
Case (ii): For cantilever beam COM = −m

{COM is opposite to applied moment} COM {(or) reacting moment}

Concept-2: Carry Over Factor (C.O.F):

It is the ration of induced moment and applied moment.
Case (i): When far end is fixed
Induced moment m⁄
2 1
COF = = = {I.M. and A.M. are in same direction}
Applied moment m 2
Case (ii): When far end is hinged

17
 I.M 0
COF = = =0
A.M m
Case (iii): For cantilever beams
I.M −M
COF = =
A.M M
COF = -1 {applied moment and I.M. are opposite to each other}

Concept-3: Stiffness Factor (S):

It is moment required to produce unit rotation at a joint.
Case (i): When far end is fixed
4EI
S.F. (s) =
l
Case (ii): When far end is Hinged
3EI
S.F (s) =
l
Case (iii): For cantilever beam
EI
S.F (s) =
l
mI
B = =1
EI
EI
m=
l
Concept-4: Relative Stiffness (K):
It is the ratio of moment of inertia and the length of the member.
Case (i): When far end is fixed
𝐼
K=
𝑙
Case (ii): When far end is hinged
3𝐼
K=
4𝑙
Case (iii): When far end is free
K=0
{Due to free end, rigid body rotation takes place and the member will not bend}

Concept-5: Distribution Factor (D.F.):

It is the ratio in which the applied moment (M) is shared by various members meeting at a joint.
𝐾
D.F =
𝐾
Note:
The sum of the D.F. for all members meeting at a joint = 1

Concept-6: Moment Area Method:

18
• It is a semi analytical method to find slope & deflection in beams. It is useful when I values are different for
different lengths and finding the area of B.M.D. and C.G. of area of B.M.D. is simple.
• Mohr’s Theorem-I:
A
θ=
EI

The angle between the 2 tangents drawn on the elastic line is given by the area of the B.M.D between
those 2 tangent divided by EI
A
Q=
EI
• Mohr’s Theorem-II:
The deviation of point B away from the tangent drawn at A (i.e  = BB’) is given by the moment of the area
𝐴𝑥̅
of the B.M.D about B divided by EI (BB’ = ) where 𝑥̅ is measured from BB’
𝐸𝐼
Ax
̅
 = BB’ =
EI
Note:
To find A
1st find BB’ using Mohr’s Theorem-II, then l x A = BB’
BB′
A =
l

Example:
For the beam shown in figure what is the slope at A ?
Solution:
l X A = BB’
BB′
A =
l
Ax̅
BB’ = EI
1 l wl 1 l wl 2 l
( X X ) X x̅ ( X X )X( X )
2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2
= =
EI EI
wl3
BB’ = 48EI
BB′ wl2
A = = 48EI
l

Note:
• I =, means it is a rigid member so, member AC will not bend it remains as a st. line as shown in figure.
• In the above problem the deflection at center is
l l wl2
yc = 2 X A = 2 X 48EI
wl3
yc = 96EI

Example:
19
 1
Prove that COM = when far end is fixed.
2
Solution:
BB′
A = =0
l
Ax̅
BB’ = 0 => =0
EI
Ax̅ = 0
1 l 1 2l
[( x l x m) x ] − [( x l x mA ) x ]=0
2 2 2 3
m
mA = 2
So , when for end is fixed
m
COM = 2

Question:
4EI
Prove that SF (s) = l when far end is fixed.
Solution:
Stiffness factor = s = moment required to produce unit
m
rotation =  B
B
AA′
B =
l
1 2l 1 m l
Ax̅ [( X l X M) X ]− [( X l X )X ]
2 3 2 2 3
AA’ = EI = EI
ml2
= 4EI
ml
B = 4EI
mB m 4EI
So, stiffness factor = S = = ml =
B ( ) l
4EI

Example:
A propped cantilever is loaded as shown in figure then moment at A is?
(a) 20KNm (Clock-wise)
(b) 20KNm (Anti clock-wise)
(c) 40KNm (Clock-wise)
(d) 40KNm (Anti clock-wise)
Answer:
(a) 20kNm
COM has same direction as that of applied moment in this case.

Example:
Find mA in following figure?
Solution:

Remove the cantilever portion and replace it by its moment wxl at O as shown in figure.
20
Since the 3 members are identical this moment is distributed to 3 members equally.
m wl
M0A = M0B = M0C = =
3 3
wl⁄ wl
3
Since the far end is fixed, half of this moment is carried over to A so m A = =
3 6

Example:
For the beam shown in figure C.O.F. CAB.

Solution:
Induced moment at B
COF = CAB =
Induced moment at A

Example:
For the continuous beam shown in figure moment required to produce unit rotation at B is?
Solution:
3EI 4EI
M=( ) +( )
l BC l BA
3EI 4EI
= +
3 4
M = 2EI

Example:
For the continuous beam shown in figure, moment at B is?

1st Step:
Note:
Assumptions in moment distribution method:

21
(i) Clockwise end moments are taken as (+ve) & anti-clock-wise end moments are taken –ve while distributing
the end moments.
(ii) Sagging B.M is taken as +ve & Hogging B.M. is taken as –ve while drawing B.M.D
(iii) Axial and shear deformations are neglected and only B.M is considered in the analysis.
(iv) Clockwise rotation taken as +ve and anticlockwise rotations are taken as –ve.

Solution:
Step-1: Fixed End Moment
Span AB

−wl2 −12 X 42
mfab = = = -16KNm
12 12
mfba = + 16KNm
Span BC

−wl −8 X 4
mfbc = = = -4KNm
8 8
Mfcb = +4KNm
Step-2: Distribution Factor:
Note: If only one member is meeting at a joint then its D.F. is one. So D.F. at A & C = 1
Joint Member K k D.F = 𝐊⁄
𝐊
BA 3I 0.5
B 4L 3I
3I
= 44 8
BC 3I 0.5
44

22
Step-3: End Moment Distribution:

Joint A B C
D.F. 1 0.5 0.5 1
F.E.M’s -16 +16 -4 +4
Release A & C +16 -4
C.O.M. +8 -2
Net F.E.M’s 0 +24 -6 0
Release or Balancing -9 -9
C.O.M. 0 0
Final End Moment 0 +15 -15 0

B.M at B in the span BA (or) BC = 15KNm (hogging)

Step-4: Support Reactions:

Reactions due to applied loads 24KN () 24KN () 4KN ()
Reactions due to end moments 15 3.75 () 3.75 () 3.75 ()
= 3.75𝐾𝑁 ()
4
VA = 2.25KN () VB = 35.5KN () VC = 0.25KN ()

Note:
S.F. exactly under a point load is indeterminate that is why we calculated S.F. at R.H.S. of B & L.H.S. of B but not
at B.
B.M. exactly under a couple is indeterminate. That is why wherever there is a couple we calculate B.M. at L.H.S.
& R.H.S. of that couple but not at couple.

Example:
For the continuous beam shown in figure, find B.M. at A?

Solution:
Step-1: F.E.M.’s:
Mfab = Mfba = Mfbc = Mcb = 0
Mfcd = -4 X 2
= -8KNm
Mfcd = -4

Step-2: Distribution Factor:

23
 Joint Member K k D.F = 𝑲⁄𝑲
BA I 0.5
B 4 I
2
3I I
BC = 0.5
43 4

Step-3: End Moment Distribution:

Joint A B C D
D.F. 1 0.5 0.5 1 0
F.E.M’s 0 0 0 0 -8
Release ‘C’ +8
C.O.M. +4
Net F.E.M’s 0 +4 +8 -8
Release or Balancing -2 -2
C.O.M. -1 0
Final end Moment -1 -2 +2 +8 -8

B.M at A = 1KNm (Hogging)

Step-4: Support Reactions:

Reactions due to loads 0 () 0 () 0 () 0() 4()

Reactions due to moments 3 = 0.75 () 10 3.33 ()

0.75KN () = 3.3 ()
4 3
Final reactions VA = 0.75KN () 4.08KN ()VB 7.33KN ()VC

Example:
For the frame shown in figure, moment at A is?

Solution:
Step-3: End Moment Distribution

Joint A B C
D.F. 1 0.5 0.5 1
F.E.M’s 0 0 -9 +9
Release ‘C -9
C.O.M. -4.5
Net F.E.M’s 0 0 -13.5 0
Release or Balancing +6.75 +6.75
C.O.M. 3.375 0
Final End Moment 3.375 6.75 -6.75 0

24
So, moment at A = 3.375 KNm
Step-1: F.E.M’s
−12 X 32
Mfbc = Mfbc = 0: Mfbc =
12
= -9KNm
Mfcb = +9KN-m
Step-2: D.F.
Joint Member K k D.F
BA I 0.5
B 4 I
2
3I
BC 0.5
43
Example:
In the above problem axial force in the member AB is?
Solution:
Step-4: Support Reactions:
So, Axial force in AB = 20.25KN (Compression)
Axial force in BC = 2.53KN (Compression)

Step-5: S.F.D, B.M.D, A.T.D (Axial Thrust Diagram):

Example:
For the frame in figure moment at A is?

Solution:
25
Step-1: F.E.Ms: {Assume B is fixed or rigid joint}
−wl −10 X 4
Mfab = 8 = 8 = -5KNm
Mfba = +5KNm
−wl −20 X 4
Mfbc = 8 = 8 = -10KNm
Mfcb = +10KNm
Step-2: D.F.
There is no D.F. at joint B because B is a hinged joint. D.F. is calculated for the members meeting at a rigid joint
only.
Step-3: End moment distribution

Joint A B C
D.F.
F.E.M’s -5 +5 -10 +10
Release ‘B’ -5 +10
C.O.M. -2.5 +5
Final End Moment -7.5 0 0 +15
Example:
In the above problem support reactions are?
Solution:
Step-4: Support Reactions:

HA = 6.25KN (→) HC = 13.75KN (→)

VA = 6.88KN () MC = 3.12KN ()
mA = 7.5KN (anti-clock-wise)) MC = 15KNm (clock-wise)

B.M.C
No. of P.O.C. = 2

26
Moment Distribution Method:

Fixed end moment:

− 100 X 2 X 32
MFAB = = −75KN − m
52
100 X 3 X 22
MFBA = = 48KN − m
52
− 20 X 52
MFBC = = −41.66KN − m
12
− 20 X 52
MFCB = = +41.66KN − m
12
− 50 X 4 X 22
MFCD = = −22.2KN − m
62
50 X 2 X 42
MFDC = = 44.44KN − m
62

Distribution factor:
Joint Member K EK 𝐊
Distribution factor = 𝐄𝐊
4EI 8 1
B BA EI
5 10 2
BC 4EI 1
5 2
C CD 4EI 22 6
EI
5 15 11
CB 4EI 5
6 11

Moment distribution:

27
Question:

Fixed end moment:

− 50 X 3 X 22
MFAB = = −24KN − m
52
50 X 2 X 32
MFBA = 52
= 36KN − m
− 15 X 42
MFBC = = −20KN − m
12
− 15 X 42
MFCB = = 20KN − m
12
− 50 X 2 X 32
MFCD = = −36KN − m
52
50 X 3 X 22
MFDC = = 24KN − m
52

Distribution factor:
Joint Member K EK 𝐊
Distribution factor = 𝐄𝐊
B BA 4EI 14 4
EI
5 5 14
BC 4EI(25) 5
4 7
C CB 4EI(2I) 14 5
EI
4 5 7
CD 4EI 4
5 14

Moment distribution:

28
Question:

Fixed end moment:

− 20 X 10 X 10
MFAB = = −166.67KN − m
12
20X 102
MFBA = = 166.67KN − m
12
− 200 X 5 X 52
MFBC = = −125KN − m
102
100 X 5 X 52
MFCB = = 125KN − m
102
− 20 X 102
MFCD = = −166.67KN − m
1.2
20 X (10)2
MFDC = = 166.67KN − m
12

Distribution factor:
Joint Member K EK 𝐊
Distribution factor = 𝐄𝐊
B BA 3EI 7EI 3
10 10 7
BC 4EI 4
10 7
4EI 7EI 4
C CB
10 10 7
CD 3EI 3
10 7

Moment distribution:

29
To find Horizontal reaction:
NB = 0
10
− HA X 10 – 20 X 10 X 2 + 175.06 = 0
HA = −82.5KN

To find vertical reaction:

30
Mc = 0
 RA X 10 – 175 – 100 X 5 + 175 = 0
.

500
 RA = 100 = 50KN
H = 0
RA + RD = 100
 RD = 100 – 50 = 50KN

Portal Frames with Side Sway:

Concept-1:

If the column end conditions cross-sectional area and length are some and loading is symmetrical then the frame
will not sway in any direction. If any one of these conditions is not satisfied then the frame sways either to the
left or to the right.

Concept-2:

Note:
Frame is symmetrical but loading is not symmetrical so the frame sways to the right due to horizontal force P.
If the frame sways due to applied horizontal force alone then it is called pure sway.

Concept-3:

Frame sway to the left

Note:
Loading is symmetrical but frame is not symmetrical so it sways it sways towards weak column side.

Concept-4:

31
Note:
To decide in which direction of frame sways cut the frame at center and check in which direction the cantilever
frame is deflecting. The frame will also sway in the same direction.

Concept-5:

Concept-6:
Sinking of Supports:
(a)

(b)

Question:
Analyse the beam by moment distribution method

Solution:
MFAB = 0
MFBA = 0
−50 x 5 x 5
MFBC = 12
= − 104.17KN – m
50 X5 X 5
MFCB = 12 = 104.17KN-m
MFCD = 0, MFDC = 0

32
Distribution factor:
Joint Member K EK 𝐊
Distribution factor = 𝐄𝐊
B BA 4EI 6EI 1
10 5 3
BC 4EI 2
5 3
C CB 4EI 8EI 1
5 5 2
CD 4EI 1
5 2

Horizontal reaction:
− HA X 10 + 23.35 + 47.31 = 0
HA = 7.066KN →
−75.78−37.85
HD = = − 22.7KN
5

Sway force: (Unbalanced force)

S = 7.06 – 22.7 = − 15.64KN
Sway analysis:
− 6EI − 6EI
mFAB = l2 X  = 102 X 
− 6EI − 6EI
mFBA = X= X
l2 102
6EI
mFCD = 
52
− 6EI
mFBA 102 1
mFCD
= 6EI =4
− 2
5
Let mFBA = −10KN – m
mFCD = −40KN – m

33
Horizontal reaction: For sway:
10+10
HA = + 10 = +2KN
20+30
HD = + 5 = 10KN
S’ = Sway factor = +2 + 10 = +12KN
S +15.64
Sway factor = r = S′ = +12 = +1.30
Sway moment +10 +10 -10 -20 +20 +30
Sway factor +1.3 +1.3 +1.3 +1.3 +1.3 +1.3
Actual sway moment +13 +13 -13 -26 +26 +39
Non – sway moment 23.35 23.35 -47.31 75.78 75.78 -37.85
Final moment 36.35 36.35 -6031 49.28 49.26 1.15

Actual horizontal reaction (Considering swag moment also):

36.35+60.31
HA = = 9.6KN
10
−49.28+1.15
HD = 5
= − 9.6KN

Slope Deflection Method (Developed by Maney):

Concept-1:
Slope Deflection Equation:

34
By adding 4 deflected shapes of beam we got final deflected shape so we can add 4 moments to get final
moment at A & B
4EI 2EI 6EIS
MAB = −Mfab + l A + l B − l2 = Final end moment at A for span AB
2EI 4EI 6EIS
MBA = −Mfba + A ± B − = Final end moment at B for span BA
l l l2
Rearranging
2EI 3S
MAB = −Mfab + (2A + B − )
l l
2EI 3S
MBA = −Mfba + (2B + A − ) Slope deflection equation
l l

Concept-2:
Assumptions in slope deflection method:
(i) Clockwise end moment is taken as positive and anticlockwise end moment is taken as negative while writing
slope deflection equation.
(ii) Sagging B.M. is taken as +ve and Hogging B.M taken as –ve while drawing B.M.D.
(iii) Axial and shear deformations are neglected.
(iv) Clockwise rotation is taken as +ve & anticlockwise rotation are taken as –ve.
(v) With respect to the left support if the right support sinks downward then  is taken as +ve for that span.
(vi) With respect to the support if the right support moves upward then  is taken as –ve.

6EI
To get ( ), ‘’ is taken as –ve, in slope deflection equation.
l2
Note:
• In slope deflection method, the unknown are slopes and deflections (i.e independent displacement) so if the
kinematic indeterminacy or degree of freedom (DK) is less then use S.D.M to find the end moments quickly.
• The no of equations necessary in slope deflection method to find unknowns equal to D K.

Example:
A 4 span continuous beam is fixed at both ends the no of equation necessary in S.D.M is?
(a) 3 (c) 5
(b) 4 (d) 2
Answer:
(a) 3

DK = 3 {In S.D.M. axial deformations are neglected}

DK = 5 (if member are extensible) B+ C + D = 0

Example:

35
For the continuous beam shown in figure slope at B is?

Solution:
Step-1: F.E.M.’s:
−wl2 −12 X 42
Mfab = 12 = 12 = -16KN-m
mfba = 16KNm
Mfbc = -16KNm
Mfcb = 16KNm
Step-2: Slope Deflection Equation:
2EI 3δ
MAB = Mfab + (2A + B − )
l l
2EI
= −16 + (0 + B − 0)
4
EI
= −16 + 2 B

2EI 3δ
MBA = Mfba + (2B + A − )
l l
2EI
= 16 + ( 2B + 0 − 0)
4
= 16 + EIB
2EI 3δ
MBC = Mfbc + (2B + C − )
l l
2EI
= −16 + 4 ( 2B + 0 − 0)
= −16 + EIB
2EI 3δ
MCB = Mfcb + (2C + B − )
l l
2EI
= 16 + (0 + B − 0)
4
EI
= 16 + 2 B
Step-3: Equilibrium Equation:
DK = 1 (B) (axial deformations neglected)
So we require one equilibrium equation
MBA + MBC = 0 - - - - - - (i)
[16 + EIB ] + [−16 + EIB ] = 0
EIB = 0 => B = 0

Observation:
At a joint if the sum of F.E.Ms is zero then slope at that joint is zero.

Example:
For the frame in figure find the slope at B?

36
Solution:
Step-1:
DK = 1 { 𝐵 }
For cantilever beams slope Deflection equation cannot be written because free end deflects.
So we require 1 equilibrium equation
MBA + MBC + MDB = 0
MfBD + MBD = 16KNm
MBD = 16KNm
2EI 3δ
MBC = Mfbc + (2B + C − )
l l
2EI
= −16 + ( 2B + 0 − 0)
4
= −16 + EIB
2EI 3δ
MBA = 0 + 4 (2B + C − l )
= EIB
+16 + [−16 + EIB ] + [ EIB ] = 0
MBD MBC MBA
B = 0
Sum of F.E.M. at B = 0, So, B = 0

Example:
In the above problem moment at B for the member BA is zero.

MCD = 0 B = CE = 0 {Sum of F.E.Ms = 0}

Example:
A propped cantilever is loaded as shown in figure slope at B is?
Solution:
DK = 1
So, one equilibrium is required
MBA = 0 - - - - - - - (i)
2EI 3δ
MBA = Mfba + (2B + A − )
l l
wl2 2EI
0= + (2B)
12 l
4EI wl2
l
(B) = − 12
wl3
B = − 48EI {-ve sign indicates anticlockwise rotation}

Slope Deflection Method:

Question:

37
Fixed end moment:
−10 X 52
MFAB = = −20.83KN – m
12
10 X 52
MFBA = = 20.83KN – m
12
−100 X 4 X 22
MFBC = = −44.44KN – m
62
100 X 2 X 42
MFCB = = 88.88KN – m
62

Slope deflection equation:

2EI
MAB = MFAB + l (2A + B )
2EI
 MAB = −20.83 + (B ) −1
5
2EI
MBA = MFBA + (2B + A )
l
2EI
 MBA = 20.83 + (2B ) −2
5
2EI
MBC = MFBC + (2B + c )
l
2EI
 MBC = MFBC + (2B + C ) −3
6
2EI
MCB = MFCB + (2C + B)
l
2EI
 MCB = 88.89 + 6 (2C + B) −4
For equilibrium of joint B,
MB = 0, MBC + MBA = 0
2EI 2EI
 − 44.44 + (2B + C ) + 20.83 + (2B) =0
6 5
22EI 2EI
 B + C = 23.61 −5
15 6
 MC = 0
2EI 4EI
 88.89 + 6 B + 6 C = 0
2EI 4EI
 B + C = − 88.89 −6
6 6
B = 1.51/EI
C = + 158.05/EI
From equation (1)
2EI 51.51
MAB = −20.83 + 5 (− ) = −41.76KN – m
EI
From equation (2)
2EI 51.51
MBA = 20.83 + 5 (−2 X ) = −21.04KN – m
EI
From equation (3)
MBC = 21.04KN – m
From equation(4)
MCB = 0
.

Question:

Fixed end moment:

38
 −30 X 4 X 4
MFAB = = −40KN – m
12
30 X 4 X 4
MFBA = = 40KN – m
12
−60 X 2 X 22
MFBC = = − 30KN – m
42
60 X 2 X 22
MFCB = = 30KN – m
42
−60 X 2 X 42
MFCD = = − 53.33KN – m
62
60 X 4 X 22
MFDC = = 26.67KN – m
62

Slope deflection equation:

2EI
MAB = MFAB + l (2A + B )
2EI
 MAB = − 40 + (B) −1
4
2EI
MBA = MFBA + (2B + A )
l
2EI
 MBA = 40 + 4
(2B ) −2
2EI
MBC = MFBC + (2B + C )
l
2EI
 MBC = − 30 + 4
(2B + C ) −3
2EI
MCB = MFCB + (2C + B)
l
2EI
 MCB = 30 + (2C + B) −4
4
2E(2I)
MCD = MFCD + (2C + D )
L
2EI
 MCD = − 53.33 + (2C + D ) −5
l
2E(2I)
MDC = MFDC + (2D + C )
L
2EI
 MDC = 26.67 + (2D + C ) −6
3
For equilibrium of point B,
MB = 0
2EI 2EI
 40 + 2 X B – 30 + 4 (2b + C) = 0
EI
 10 + (EI)B + (EI)B + 2 (C) = 0
EI
 (2EI) B + ( 2 )C = − 10 −7
For equilibrium of point C,
MC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
EI 2EI
 30 + 2 (2C + B) – 53.33 + 3 (2C + D) = 0
EI 4 2EI
 (EI)C + 2 (B) + (3 EI)C + ( )D = 23.33
3
7 EI 2EI
 (3 EI)C + 2 (B) + ( 3 )D = 23.33 −8
For equilibrium of point D,
MD = 0
2EI
26.67 + 3 (2D + c) = 0
4EI 2EI
( ) D + ( ) C = −26.67 −9
3 3

39
Solving equation 7, 8 and 9
B = −12.1/EI
C = 28.41/EI
D = −55.37/EI
So,
2EI 12.1
MAB = −40 + 4 (− EI ) = − 46.05KN – m
From equation 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
MBA = 27.9 KN – m
MBC = − 27.9KN – m
MCB= 52.35KN – m
MCD = −52.35KN – m
MDC = 0

Question:

Support B shrink by 10mm

EI = 4000KN – m2
Fixed end moment:
−100 X 3 X 22
MFAB = = −48KN – m
52
100 X 2 X 32
MFBA = = 72KN – m
52
75 X 2 X 42 75 X 4 X 22
MFBC = − ( + ) = −100KN – m
62 62
75 X 2 X 42 75 X 4 X 22
MFCB = + = 100KN – m
62 62

Slope deflection equation:

2EI 3
MAB = MFAB + l
(2A + B − l )
2EI 3 X 0.01
 MAB = − 48 + (B − ) −1
5 5
2EI 3
MBA = MFBA + (2B + A − l )
l

40
 2EI 3 X 0.01
 MBA = 72 + (2B − ) −2
5 5
2EI 3
MBC = MFBC + (2B + C − )
l l
2EI 3 X 0.01
 MBC = − 100 + (2B + C − ) −3
6 6
2EI 3
MCB = MFCB + (2C + B − )
l l
2EI 3 X 0.01
 MCB = 100 + 6 (2C + B − ) −4
6
For equilibrium of point B,
MB = 0
MBA + MBC = 0
2EI 0.03 2EI 0.03
72 + (2B − ) – 100 + (2B + c − )= 0
2 5 6 6
2 X 4000 0.03 2 X 4000 0.03
 72 + 5
(2B − 5
) – 100 + 6
(2B + c − 6
)= 0
 3200B – 9.6 + 72 – 100 + 1333.33C + 2666.67B – 6.67 = 0
 5866.67B + 1333.33C = 44.27 −5
For equilibrium of point C,
MC = 0
MCB = 0
2EI 3 X 0.01
 100 + (2 + B −
C )
6 6
2 X 4000 3 X 0.01
 100 + (2C + B − )=0
6 6
 1333.33B + 2666.67C = −93.33 −6
Solving 5 and 6
B = 0.017
C = − 0.0437
So,
2 X 4000 0.03
MAB = −48 + (0.017 − ) = −30.4KN – m
5 5
2 X 4000 0.03
MBA = 72 + (2 X 0.017 − ) = 116.8KN – m
5 5
2 X 4000 0.03
MBC = −100 + (2 X 0.017 + (− 0.0437) − ) = − 116.6KN – m
6 6
2 X 4000 0.03
MCB = 100 + (2 X 0.0437 + 0.017 − )=0
6 6

41
Question:

Fixed end moment

MFAB = 0
MFBA = 0
− 10 X 6 X 6
MFBC = = −30KN – m
12
10 X 6 X 6
MFCB = = 30KN – m
12
MFCD = 0
MFDC = 0

Slope deflection equation

2EI
MAB = MFAB + l (2A + B )
2EI
 MAB = (B ) −1
4
2EI
MBA = MFBA + (2B + A )
l
2EI
 MBA = (2B) −2
4
2EI
MBC = MFBC + (2B + C )
l
2EI
MBC = −30 + (2B + C ) −3
6
2EI
MCB = MFCB + (2C + B)
l
2EI
 MCB = 30 + (2C + B) −4
6
2EI
MCD = MFCD + (2C + D )
l
2EI
 MCD = (2C ) −5
4
2EI
MDC = MFDC + (2D + C )
l
2EI
 MDC = 4 (C) −6
For equilibrium of point B,
MBA + MBC = 0
2EI 2EI
(2B ) – 30 + (2B + C ) = 0
4 6
2 EI
 (EI)B + (3 EI)B + ( 3 )c = 30
5 EI
 (3 EI)B + ( 3 )C = 30 −7
For equilibrium of point C,

42
MCD + MCB = 0
2EI 2EI
(2C ) – 30 + (2C + B ) = 0
4 6
2 EI
 (EI)C + (3 EI)c + ( 3 )B = − 30
5 EI
 (3 EI)C + ( 3 )B = − 30 −8
Solving equation 7 and 8,
22.5 22.5
B = EI , C = − EI
So,
MAB = 11.25KN – m
MBA = 22.5KN – m
MBC = −22.5KN – m
MCB = 22.5KN – m
MCD = − 22.5KN – m
MDC = − 11.25KN – m

Strain Energy Method:

Strain energy due to bending:
l M2x
U = ∫0 dx
2EI

Question:
Find total strain energy

x 2 2
10 (20 X x X 2) 10 (10x2 )
U = ∫0 dx = ∫0
dx
2EI 2EI
10
10 100x4 50 10 4 50 x5 106
= ∫0 dx = ∫0 x dx = X[ ] =
2EI EI EI 5 0 EI

Question:
Find strain energy

Taking moment about B,

RA X 15 – 50 X 5 = 0
250
RA = 5 = 16.7KN
RB = 50 – 16.7 = 33.3KN
l M2
U = ∫0 2EI dx
10 M21 5 M22
= ∫0 dx + ∫0
dx
2EI 2EI
10 (33.3x) 2 5 (16.7x)2
= ∫0 dx + ∫0
dx
2EI 2EI
10 1108.9(x)2 5 278.89(x)2
= ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI

43
 1108.9 278.89
= X 103 + X 125
2EI 2EI
1.52 X 106
= EI

Question:
Taking moment about B1
RA X 10 – 100 X 4 = 0
RA = 40KN
RA = 60KN
l M2 6 M21 4 M22
U = ∫0 2EI dx = ∫0 dx + ∫0
dx
2EI 2EI
6 (40x) 2 4 (60x) 2
= ∫0 2EI dx + ∫0 2(2EI) dx
1600 6 2 3600 4 2
= ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx
2EI 0 4EI 0
6
1600 x3 3600 64
= [ ] + X
2EI 3 0 4EI 3
= 76800/EI

Question:

Member Origin Limit M

BC C 0 – 10 − 50 X x
BA B 0 – 15 50 X 10

L M2 10 (−50x)2 15 (500)2
U = ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
EI 2EI 2EI
10 2500(x)2 15 250000
= ∫0 dx + ∫0 2EI dx
2EI
10
2500 x3 250000
= [ ] + [x]15
0
2EI 3 0 2EI
2500 X 1000 250000 X 15
= +
2EI X 3 2EI
833333.3+3750000 2291666.65
= =
2EI EI

Question:

Member Origin Limit M

AB A 0 – 20 20 X x X x2/
BC B 0 – 25 20 X 20 X 10

44
 2
20 (10x2 ) 25 (4000)2
U = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI
100 20 4 16000000 25
= ∫ x dx + ∫0 1 dx
2EI 0 2EI
20
100 x5 16000000
= [ ] + [x]25
0
2EI 5 0 2EI
100 32 X 105 6
16 X 10 X 25
= 2EI X +
5 2EI
64 X 106 400 X 106 464 X 106
= + =
2EI 2EI 2EI

Castigliano’s Theorem:
Ist Theorem:
In a linear elastic structure partial derivative of the strain energy w.r.t a load is equal to the deflection of the
point where load is acting. The deflection being measured in the direction of load.
Let, U = Total strain energy of the beam
1, 2, 3 = Deflection under load P1, P2, P3
Then according to Castigliano’s Is theorem,
∂U ∂U ∂U
1 = ∂P 2 = ∂P 2 = ∂P
1 2 3
∂U
D1 = ∂M
1

Question:

Find the deflection at free end of cantilever beam as shown in figure.

20 M2 20 (−Px)2
U = ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx
EI 2EI
20
20 P2 x2 P2 x3
= ∫0 EI = 2EI [ 3 ]
2EI 0
P2 8000
= 2EI X 3
Now using Castigliano’s Ist theorem,
∂U 2P 8000 8 X 104
B = ∂P = 2EI X =
3 3EI

Question:

Find deflection at C
RA X 15 = P X 5
RA = P/3
RB = 2P/3
P 2 2P 2
10 ( x) 5 ( 3 x)
U= ∫0 32EI dx + ∫0 2EI dx
2
10 P x 2 2
5 4P x 2
U= ∫0 18EI dx + ∫0 18EI dx
10 5
P2 x3 4P2 x3
U = 18EI [ 3 ] + 18EI [ 3 ]
0 0
P2 X 103 500P2
U= +
54EI 54EI

45
 ∂U (40 X 103)+(20 X 103) 6 X 104
C = ∂P = =
54EI 54EI

Question:

Find the critical deflection at B using Castigliano’s theorem

Solution:
Let’s introduce a imaginary load P at B,
x 5
Mx = −P.x – 5x.2 = −Px – 2x2
5 2
2
10 (−Px−2x )
U = ∫0 dx
2EI
2 2 25 4 3
10 P x + x +5Px
4
= ∫0 dx
2EI
10
1 P2 x2 25 x5 5Px4
= 2EI [ + + ]
34 5 4 0
1 103 25 X 10 5 5 X 102
= [ P2 + + P]
2EI 3 20 4
∂U 1 2 X 10 3 5 X 104
B = ∂P = 2EI [ P+0+ ]
3 4
As P = 0
5 X 104
So, B = 8EI

Question:

Find deflection at C
Let’s take 50KN as P
So,

Taking moment about A,

P X 40 = RB X 30
40P 4
RB = 30 = 3 P
4 P
RA = P – 3 P = − 3
Member Limit Origin M
AB 0 – 30 A − P/3.x
BC 0 – 10 C − P.x
L M2x
U = ∫0 dx
2EI
P 2
30 (−3 .x) 10 (−P.x)2
= ∫0 2EI dx + ∫0 2EI dx
30 P2 x2 10 P2 x2
= ∫0 9.2EI dx + ∫0 2EI dx
30 10
1 P2 x3 P2 x3
= 2EI [[ ] + [ ] ]
27 0 3 0

46
 P2 27 X 103 103
= [ + ]
2EI 27 27
P2 4
= X 103 X
2EI 3
∂U 2P 4
c = ∂P = 2EI X 103 X 3
2 X 50 X 4 X 103
=
6EI
400 X 103 2 X 105
= =
6EI 3EI

Question:

Find deflection at C?
Taking moment about A,
30 + (P X 70) = RB X 50
30+70P 3+7P
 RB = 50 = 5
3+7P −(3+2P)
RA = P – =
5 5
Member Limit Origin M
AB 0 – 50 A 3+2P
−( ).x
5
BC 0 – 20 C
− Px – 30
3x+2Px 2
50 (− 5
) 20 (− Px−30)2
U = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI
50 9x2+4P2x2 +6Px2 20 P2 x2 +900+60Px
= ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI
50 20
1 9x2 4P2 x3 6Px 3 2
P x 3 60Px2
= 2EI [[ + + ] + [ + 900x + ] ]
3 3 3 0 3 3 0
1 3) 4 8 X 103 60 X 400
= 2EI [(3 X 125 X 10 + (3 X 125 X 10 P ) + (2 X 125 X 103 P) + (
3 2
P2) + (900 X 20) + ( P)]
3 2
∂U 1 8 16 X 103 60 X 400
c = ∂P = 2EI [( 3 X 125 X 103 P) + (2 X 125 X 103 ) + ( P) + ( )]
3 2
As, P = 0
So,
1 24 X 103
c = 2EI [(250 X 103 ) + ( )]
2
262 X 103 131 X 103
= =
2EI EI

Question:

Find the vertical and horizontal deflection at B

x = Rsin
Mx = −P.12sin

47
= −10Psin
l M2
U = ∫0 2EI dx

(−10Psin)2
= ∫02 Rd
2EI

1000 2 2
= P ∫0 sin2 d
2EI

103 2 2
= P ∫0
(1 − cos2)d
4EI

103 2 [ sin2 2
= 4EI P − ]
2 0
 P2
= 8 X EI X 103
∂U 2P 
Vertical deflection at B = ∂P = X 8 X 103
EI
 105
=8 X unit
EI
Mx = −50Rsin - P(R – Rcos)
= −50Rsin − PR(1 − cos)
 
M2 [−50Rsin −PR(1−cos)]
U = ∫02 dx = ∫02 Rd
2EI 2EI

∂U 2[−50Rsin −PR(1−cos)] X R(1−cos)
Horizontal deflection at B = ∂P = ∫0 2
2EI
Rd
As P = 0

∂U 2[−50Rsin .R(1−cos)] .R
= ∫02 d
∂P 2EI

−50R3
= ∫0 2[sin − sincos]d
EI
3 
−50R 2 [sin
sin2
= ∫0
− ] d
EI 2

−50R3 cos2 2
= [−cos + ]
EI 4 0
−50R3   cos0
= [−cos + cos + cos0 − ]
EI 2 4 4
−50R3 (−1) 1
= [0 + + 1 − 4]
EI 4
−50R3 1 −50R3 1
= [− + 1] = [ ]
EI 2 EI 2
−25R3 −25 X 103
= ==
EI EI

Question:

Member Limit Origin M

AB 0 – 10 B − P X 10
BC 0 – 10 C − P.x
10 (− P.10)2 10 (− P.x)2
U = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI
10 100(P)2 10 (P)2 (x)2
= ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI

48
 100P2 10 P2
10
= 2EI
∫0 1. dx + ∫ x 2 . dx
2EI 0
10
100P2 P2 x3
= [x]10
0 + 2EI [ 3 ]
2EI 0
2
P X 10 4 P2 X 103
= +
2EI 6EI
∂U 2P X 104 2P X 103
Vertical deflection C = ∂P = +
2EI 6EI
106 105 1.03 X 106
= + =
EI 3EI EI

Member Unit Origin M

AB 0 – 10 C − Px.x – 100.10
BC 0 – 10 B − 100.x

10 (−Px .x− 103 )2 10 (−100x)2

U = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI
10 P2x .x2 + 106 +(2 X 103.Px ) 10 (x)2 104
= ∫0
2EI
dx + ∫0 2EI
dx
10 10
1 P2x .x3 1 x3
= [ + 106 . x + (2 X 103 . Px )x] + [104 . ]
2EI 3 0 2EI 3 0
1 P2x .103 1 107
= [ + 107 + (2 X 104 . )Px ] + [ ]
2EI 3 2EI 3
∂U 1 2Px .103 1
= Horizontal deflection at C = 2EI [ ]+ (2 X 104 )
∂P𝑥 3 2EI
As Ps = 0
104
So, cx = EI
.
Question:

Find horizontal and vertical deflection at C.

For vertical consider imaginary load P at C in vertical direction.
Member Limit Origin M
AB 0 – 15 B −P.10 – 100.10.5
BC 0 – 10 C − P.x – 100 X x X x/2
x 2
15 (−P.10−100.10.5)2 10 (−P.x−100.x.2)
U= ∫0 dx + ∫0
dx
2EI 2EI
3
∂U 15 2(−P.10−(5 X 10 )) 10 2(−P.x−50x2 )
cy = ∂P = ∫0 (−10)dx + ∫0 (−x)dx
2EI 2EI
10
10 1 P2 x3 50x4
= + EI [10Px + (5 X 103 )x]15
0 + EI [ + ]
3 4 0
10
10 1 50x4
cy = [(5 X 10 3)
x]15
0 + [ ]
EI EI 4 0
10 1 50 X 104
= EI [5 X 103 X 15] + EI [ ]
4
87.5 X 104 87.5 X 105
= = unit
EI EI
For horizontal deflection consider an imaginary load P at C in horizontal direction.
49
 Member Limit Origin M
AB B 0 – 15 − P.x – 100.10.10/2
BC C 0 – 10 − 100.x.x/2
2
2 x2
15 (−Px−5 X 103 ) 10 (−100. 2 )
U =∫0 dx + ∫2
dx
2EI 2EI
∂U 15 2(−Px−5 X 103 )
= cx = ∫0 dx
∂P 2EI
As P = 0
15 2(−5 X 103)(−x)
 cx = ∫0 dx
EI
15
5 X 103 x2
= [ ]
EI 2 0
5 X 103 15 X 15
=( X )
EI 2
5.625 X 105
= EI

Question:

Find horizontal and vertical deflection at D

For vertical consider a load P at D in vertical direction.
Member Origin Limit M
AB B 0 – 10 − 10 X 5 – P X 10
BC C 0–5 (− 10.x) – P(5 + x)
CD D 0–5 − P.x
2
10 (−50−10.P)2 10 (−10.x−P(5+x)) 5 (−P.x)2
U = ∫0 2EI
dx + ∫0 2EI 2EI
dx + ∫0 dx
∂U 10 2(−50−10.P)(−10) 10 2(−10.x−P(5+x))(−5x) 5 2P(x)2
Dy = ∂P = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx + ∫0 dx
2EI 2EI 2EI
As P = 0,
10 2(−50)(−10) 5 50x+10x2
Dy = ∫0 dx + ∫0 dy
2EI EI
5
500 1 10x3
Dy = |x|10
0 + |25x 2 + |
EI EI 3 0
5 X 103 1 10 X 5 X 5 X 5
= + EI [25 X 5 X 5 + ]
EI 3
5 X 103 1
= + EI(1041.66)
EI
6041.66
= EI
*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*→

50