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Image Fundamentals (CH 2)

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8 views23 pages

Image Fundamentals (CH 2)

Uploaded by

Al Imran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fall 2023

CSE 427 (Digital Image Processing)

Topic - 2: Image Fundamentals

Course Teacher:
Mayen Uddin Mojumdar
Senior Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Daffodil International University
Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 2
Simple Image Representation

0 (width-1)
0
Represent an
image as a 2D
array.
Indices represent
the spatial
location Picture Element (pixel)
Values represent
light intensity (height-1)

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 3


Types of Image
1. Binary Images
It is the simplest type of image. It takes only two values i.e, Black and White or 0 and 1. The binary image consists
of a 1-bit image and it takes only 1 binary digit to represent a pixel. Binary images are mostly used for general
shape or outline.

For Example: Optical Character Recognition (OCR).

Binary images are generated using threshold operation. When a pixel is above the threshold value, then it is turned
white('1') and which are below the threshold value then they are turned black('0')

4
Types of Image
2. Gray-scale images
Grayscale images are monochrome images, Means they have only one color. Grayscale
images do not contain any information about color. Each pixel determines available different
grey levels.

A normal grayscale image contains 8 bits/pixel data, which has 256 different grey levels. In
medical images and astronomy, 12 or 16 bits/pixel images are used

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Types Of Image
3. Colour images

Colour images are three band monochrome images in which, each band contains a
different color and the actual information is stored in the digital image. The color
images contain gray level information in each spectral band.

The images are represented as red, green and blue (RGB images). And each color image
has 24 bits/pixel means 8 bits for each of the three color band(RGB).

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Imaging

Imaging means “image acquisition”


The process of sensing our surroundings and then representing the
measurements that are made in the form of an image

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 7


Active and Passive Imaging

Imaging can be active or passive


Passive: No external source is required. Uses the energy sources already
present in the scene.
Cameras without a flash
Night vision goggle

Active: External source is required.


MRI
X-Rays
Radar
Scanner
Cameras with a flash

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 8


Sampling and Quantization
The sensors placed in the image acquisition device capture the projected continuous
image. Later, this digitizes to form a digital image suitable for real-time applications. For
example, let’s see the difference between a continuous and digital image:

A digital image consists of coordinates and . Additionally, it contains the function’s


amplitude. Quantization refers to digitizing the amplitudes, while sampling refers to
digitizing the coordinate values.

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 9


Example Explained
Black- Low intensity
Grey- Slightly higher intensity
Blue- Medium Intensity
light Blue-High Intensity
white-Very high intensity

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Sampling and Quantization..

11
Image Coordinate System

Coordinate system is conventionally defined as:


(0,0)
x

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 12


13
Image File Formats

Typical format involves a header followed by the pixel data

Magic Number Header Pixel Data (in some format … perhaps compressed)

•Magic Number – a unique identifier that identifies the file format


•Header – miscellaneous information about the image. Image size, palette, compression method, etc…
•Data – the pixel data in some format

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 14


Image File Formats

Typical format involves a header followed by the pixel data

Magic Number Header Pixel Data (in some format … perhaps compressed)

PNG OxD3PNG

GIF GIF89a

JPEG OxFFD8FFE0JFIF\0

PPM ASCI P3

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 15


Image File Formats

BMP – Windows Bitmap


MacPaint – Macintosh format
PPM – (PBM, PGM, PPM)
GIF – Unisys owned format
PNG – Generic replacement for GIF
JFIF - JPEG
FITS – Flexible Image Transport System

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 16


PBM, PGM, PPM

These formats are simple and easy to encode/decode.


The ASCII variants are ideal for image transmission.

Magic Number Image Type Storage


P1 binary ASCII
P2 grayscale ASCII
P3 RGB ASCII
P4 binary native
P5 grayscale native
P6 RGB native

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 17


PGM ASCII Format

magic number
P2
comment # small little image
7 7 255
width height max_value 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
120 120 120 33 120 120 120
120 120 120 33 120 120 120
pixel values 120 33 33 33 33 33 120
120 120 120 33 120 120 120
120 120 120 33 120 120 120
120 120 120 120 120 120 120

Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 18


Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 19
Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 20
Dr. M. S. Uddin, CSE Dept, JU 21
Acknowledgement

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Shorif Uddin


Dept. of CSE
Jahangirnagar University

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THANKS…

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