L) Deduce the transformation constant and half-life of 226Ra if the radon gas in secular equilibrium with 1 g Ra exerts a partial pressure of 4.Bx 10-a mm Hg in a L-L flask and if the half-life of radon is 3.8 days. I Ans: (10 Marks)
2) Calculate the specific activities of 1aC and 35S, given that their half-lives are 5730 yr and B7 days, respectively. Ans: (5 Marks)
1of B rli ? g af carbon from a piece of wood found in an ancient temple is a n alyze rl and found to have an activity of 10 transformations/
minutel'gram, what is the age of the wood if the current specific activity of i.4C (5730 yr) in carbon is assumed to have been constant at 15 iransformations/minute/gram? (5 Marks)
1) (physically) 1.0 Ci of 32P (Ep-,x = 1.71 MeV) is inside a
A very small source lead shield just thick enough to prevent any beta particles from emerging. What is the bremsstrahlung energy flux at a distance of 10 cm from the source (neglect attenuation of the bremsstrahlung by the beta shield)? Ans: (10 Marks)
2 ofB '.ii-rmillum bronze, an alioy containingg}a/o Cu (atomic weight = G8.57) and ii% Al (atomic weight = 26.98) by weight, has a density of 7,6 g/cm3. ii'hat are the linear and mass attenuation coefficients for 0.4 MeV gamma :dvs if lhe cross sections for Cu and Al for this quantum energy are 9.91 ;nd 4.45 b? (10 Marks)
<) A worker accidentally spills 3700 Bq (10 pCi) of a32P
solution over an area of 10 cm2 on her skin. What is the dose rate to the contaminated skin.? Where, For 32P: Emax = L.7L MeY and E-"rn = 0.7 MeV. i ns: (5 Marks)
3 of B ''culate the dose rate to :'r at a concentration the skin of a person immersed in a large cloud of of 37 kBq/ms (to-s pci/mL). where BsKr ' ':ta emitter that is transformed is a pure to ssRb uy it u emission of a beta particre rnaximum energS) is 0.622 Mev .;lilt and whose average energ y is 0.246
(5 Marks)
', 0.1-Mev ;::';:il.:::^:i,::,:,::j:rj' :r equar enersy ,ux. rn one case, we have a phoron frux of 2000 photons/ energy is 2 Mev and the flux is cmz/s. tn'il .;."#."i"":'.ffffn; 100 photons/cmz/s. calculate the for the t*' t'diation fields' wherq dose rates the energy coefficients for muscle are p (0.1 MeV) 0.0252 "uro.ption inS:. = cmz/gana ,,r b uus p"(2.0 F \4.u MeV) 0,025TCmz/g, wrtry ) = V,UZ5'/ cmz/g.
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4ofB , ri. L0-Ci 60Co source failed to be retracted into its shield. The operator rvalks toward the source at a rate of 1 m/s, and, at a distanceoflmfrom the sou:rce, he stops, looks at the exposed source for 15 s, realizes that the source :is not in the shield, and leaves at a rate of 2 m/s. What is his dose l commitment from this exposure? ,ins: (15 Marks)
5 ofB 'i survey meter, whose time constant is 4 seconds reads 10 mR (100 p Sv) ;:*r hour while measuring the radiation from a dental X-ray exposure of ,i.08 second" .:) What was the actual exposure rate? l) Wtrat would have been the dose to the dental hygienist if she had been - at the point of measurement? ,,: (10 Marks)
ii-) A counting standard whose transformation rate is given as 1000t30
min-1 is used to determine the efficiency of a counting system. The measured count rate is 200+10 min-l. What is the efficiency of the counting system and the precision of the measurement? Ans: (10 Marks)
6 of B :Z-) Define only five from the following: a) Linear Energy Transfer b) Synchrotron radiation c) Specific activity d) Kerma e) The atomic attenuation coefficient - 0 Absorbed dose .,\ns: (10 Marks)
7 of B Assiut University ./-\ -' ,S{i&\ -. Program: Diploma Faculty of Science ;Hffi3 I r4ffil* r I
a) There are many mechanisms of the neutron-nuclear interactions. Discuss four of them in terms of
the interaction cross-section, neutron energy, and the mass number of the target nucleus.
b) Define the multiplication factor, k, discussing how it determines the degree of the nuclear criticality.
Question 2 (30 Marks. 15 per each)
a) A nuclear reactor has a complex construction. Describe, briefly, the basic elements of the nuclear
reactor core.
b) Define the following five terms:
Reactor thermal power; Plant electrical power; Core power density; Fuel loading; and Fuel
enrichment.
Ouestion 3 f3O Marks- 15 ner each'l
a) "Control rods represent a negative reactivity". Discuss this sentence showing the role of these
rods to control the power generated from the reactor.
b) Define the following four terms:
Excess reactivity; Shutdown margin; Control element worth; and Total control element worth.
Dr. Mohamed Omer
Faculty of Science
Assiut University
Postgraduate Exam.
Sep. 2015
Diploma in Physics
Biophvsics (533 Pl
Time allowed:3 hours
Trv on all of the followine: (total Degree: 100 Marks)
l- Write on:
A - Types of Radiation. B - Radiation Energy. C - Natural Radioactive Series. D - lnduced Radioactivity .
(10 Marks each)
ll- Discuss fully:
A - The mechanism of radioactive decay and unit of
radioactivity.
B - The interaction of radiation with the matter.
C - Absorption of energy (absorbed dose, equivalent dose,
effective dose). (20 Marks each) Good 1uck.......... Faculty of science Date: 8 Decemberr2015 Physics Department Time:3 hours Written Examination for the Qualification of (Biophysics Diploma) Nuclear Medicine Physics and Equipments (531P)l Teachins Stafft Prof. Dr. Abdrulaztz Abualfadl
Answer 5 questions from the following: [20 marks for eachl
1- (a)- What is the difference between ordinary x-ray and nuclear medicine examinations? (b)- An X-ray tube is operated at a peak voltage of 100 kV and the beam current is 40 mA. (i) What is the power of the machine? (ii) How many electrons reach the machine every second? (iii) How many photons are released every second? (iv) What is the ma_ximum energy of each photon? What is its wavelength? [Data: e = 1.6 x 10-re C; h:6.63 x 10-34 Js; c:3 x 108 m/s]
2' (a)- Show how the intensifier screen and image intensifier tubes are used to reduce the exposure of a patient? (b) How filters are most useful for shaping the x-ray beam to increase the number of photons that are best for imaging certain tissues and to reduce those that increase patient dose or decrease image contrast?
3-(u)- Write short notes on thecharacteristics of single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) instrumentation? (b)- Compare between CT and PET scanners and Why PET scanner can be combined with CT scanner into a single machine?
4-(")- What are PET radioisotopes? And how radioisotope produced?
(b) Explain in brief radioisotope generator and specialized hospital-based cyclotrons?
5-(u)- Define the following:
i- Partial rings and panel geometry used in PET scanners iii- The non-collinearity of the gamma rays in PET scanners. (b)- What are the benefits versus risks in nuclear medicine exam? What are the limitations of general nuclear medicine?
6- (a)- Show the main differences between SPECT and Anger camera scanners? (b)-Write in brief on the function of collimator in gamma camera?
GOOD LUCK Assiut University Faculty of Science physics Department Biophysics Diploma. Final Exam, Sep. 6,2015 Course. Radiation doses ,"r.ri"rent (530p) ll Time: 3 hours Ir (Total mark= 100 Marks) Answer the foilowing quesm Question 1 (25 marks) Derive the following equation N(r) = N (O1s-tt
Question2 (25 marks) A Vial containing ee*T. is rabered 3mci at g p.m. what is the activity at B a.m. on the same day? (DF (T hr)=9.4451.
Question 3 (25 marks) Distinguish between different types of radiation detectors.
Question 4 (25 marks) Explain the electronic instrumentation for radiation detection systems.
Good luck Course coordinator: Dr. Hany Tawfik El_Gamal
